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MCAT: Bio/ Biochem > Science Capstone > Flashcards

Science Capstone Flashcards

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1
Q

What do ligaments connect?

A

Bone to Bone

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2
Q

What do tendons connect?

A

Bone to Muscle

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3
Q

How are muscles connected to other muscles?

A

muscles aren’t generally connected to other muscles

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4
Q

What’s the key idea behind organic extraction? (extracting an organic molecular out of an organic solvent)

A

move the organic molecule into an aqueous layer by either:

1: Protonating it with an Acid
2: Deprotonating it with a Base

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5
Q

Organic Extraction: How would you remove phenol from a non polar (organic) solvent?

A

phenol is weakly acidic, so it needs a strong base to deprotonate it effectively

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6
Q

Organic Extraction: How would you remove a strong organic acid from the organic layer?

A

a strong acid needs a weak base to deprotonate it and move it into the aqueous layer

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7
Q

Organic Extraction: What would sodium chloride be used to extract?

A

nothing! it’s not protonating or deprotonating any organic acids or bases

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8
Q

Name the three types of muscle.

A

Skeletal / Cardiac / Smooth

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9
Q

What muscle type is striated and under voluntary control?

A

Skeletal Muscle

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10
Q

What muscle type lacks striations and is involuntary?

A

Smooth Muscle

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11
Q

Why are cardiac muscles seen as using characteristics of skeletal and smooth muscle?

A

cardiac muscle is striated (like skeletal muscle) but is under involuntary control (like smooth muscle)

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12
Q

How do muscle tissues undergo anaerobic respiration? What do they produce?

A

in anaerobic conditions muscle tissues can undergo fermentation, making lactate from pyruvate

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13
Q

___ is responsible for muscle fatigue.

A

Lactate / Lactic Acid (fermentation byproduct from muscles working in anaerobic conditions)

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14
Q

The release of calcium++ ions from the ____ ___ is responsible for muscle contractions.

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

Where in the nephrons is the majority of water reabsorbed?

A

the collecting duct

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16
Q

The collecting duct of the nephrons is under the control of ADH (Anti-diruetic hormone). What does ADH do?

A

ADH increases the collecting duct’s permeability to make the filtrate become more concentrated (more water is reabsorbed)

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17
Q

What happens to the collecting duct to make dilute urine?

A

it has to be impermeable to water (caused by decreased ADH levels)

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18
Q

Where does Glomerular filtration occur?

A

Bowman’s Capsule

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19
Q

What’s the furthest structure from the collecting duct in the nephron?

A

Bowman’s Capsule

20
Q

What effect does changing filtrate tonicity (by concentration / dilution) have on urine pH?

A

No Effect: only active secretion of H+ ions into filtrate affects urine pH

21
Q

___-molecular forces are the bonding interactions between separate compounds.

A

Intermolecular forces

22
Q

___-molecular forces are the bonding interactions within a single compound. (it’s playing with itself)

A

Intramolecular forces

23
Q

Is a compound’s boiling point dependent on the strength of it’s inter- or intra- molecular forces?

A

Intermolecular forces

24
Q

Can aldehydes participate in H-bonding?

A

No, they can do dipole-dipole interactions with each other through their polar carbonyl groups.

25
Q

What can carboxylic acids form using hydrogen bonding that makes their boiling points very high?

A

dimers

26
Q

___ are cells in the bone that dissolve bone to release Ca++. They are analogous to macrophages for their digestive abilities.

A

Osteoclasts.

27
Q

The reactivity of a carboxylic acid derivative to a nucleophilic acyl substitution is determined by what?

A

the strength of it’s leaving group (this is why acyl halides are so reactive! and why amides are the least reactive derivative of carboxylic acids)

28
Q

Why are amides the least reactive derivative of carboxylic acids?

A

they’re so darn stable! their leaving group has attachment issues and wants to stay forever.

29
Q

___ Synthesis is a two-step process to make amino acids.

A

Strecker

30
Q

Name the two steps of Strecker Synthesis of amino acids.

A

1: Aminonitrile formation
2: Protonation of aminonitrile, and attack by water to make a carboxylic acid out of the nitrile

31
Q

The ___ layer is the topmost layer of skin that serves as a barrier and protects our internal organs from the outside.

A

Epidermal (epithelial in nature)

32
Q

___ is any kind of biological tissue that has an extensive ECM. This can include bone and loose types of this tissue that holds organs and epithelia in place.

A

Connective Tissue

33
Q

Loose connective tissues hold epithelia and organs in place. Name two types of it.

A

1: Collagen
2: Fibrous Connective Tissue (ligaments and tendons)

34
Q

Is epithelial tissue a type of muscle tissue?

A

no

35
Q

What shifts peaks downfield in H1 NMR?

A

deshielding by electronegative groups, like the hydrogens sharing a carbon with a chlorine will be desuhielded

36
Q

When can you make a singlet in H1 NMR?

A

if all the hydrogens in that group / singlet are chemically identical (that doesn’t mean attached to the same carbon necessairly, but it can)

37
Q

How do we split peaks in 1H NMR?

A

Splitting Rule: a hydrogen’s peak is split by n+1, where n = number of hydrogens on adjacent carbons

38
Q

This type of spectroscopy measures the wavelengths of light absorbed by a molecule by shining light through that molecule. Larger molecules and conjugated molecules tend to absorb larger wavelengths.

A

UV/ Vis

39
Q

What serves as the backbone of DNA?

A

sugars linked by phosphodiester bonds to phosphate groups

40
Q

A ___ bond is formed when an OH is lost from the carboxyl of one amino acid and an H is lost from the amino of another amino acid in the form of water.

A

Peptide Bond

41
Q

Peptide bonds are ___ linkages and have ___ geometry.

A

Amide ; Planar

42
Q

An IR peak in the region of 1680-1750cm^-1 represents what functional group?

A

carbonyl (C=O)

43
Q

An IR peak in the region of 3000-3500cm^-1 represents what functional group?

A

alcohol (-OH)

44
Q

An IR peak in the region of 1200-1400cm^-1 represents what functional group?

A

a single C-C bond

45
Q

An IR peak in the region of 2800-3000cm^-1 represents what functional group?

A

a C-H bond

46
Q

What is the Founder Effect?

A

a form of genetic drift: a change in gene frequencies that occur as a result of chance; when a smaller population is isolated from the larger population, and hence has a different allele distribution from the original, larger population

MCAT: Bio/ Biochem (7 decks)

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