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My study notes > science biology ae year 10 > Flashcards

science biology ae year 10 Flashcards

Defintions

1
Q

DNA

A

The molecule that determines the characteristics of most living things

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2
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA that expresses certain traits

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3
Q

Chromosome

A

A long DNA molecule wrapped around proteins

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4
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Are chromosomes that carry the genes that determine the sex of an individual

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5
Q

Sex chromosomes in Male

A

Males have one x and one y chromosomes

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6
Q

Haploid

A

Is a cell that contains only one set of chromosomes

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7
Q

Diploid

A

a cell that contains two sets of chromosomes

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8
Q

Homologous

A

Are chromosomes that contain alleles of the same genotype

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9
Q

Non-Homologous

A

Are chromosomes that contain alleles of different gene types

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10
Q

Karyotype

A

Is an individual’s complete set of chromosomes

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11
Q

Nucleotide

A

Nucleotides are used to create DNA and RNA

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12
Q

Base Pairing Rule

A

Is a set of rules for the regulated form of base pairing between one purine (A,G) and one pyrimidine (T,C)

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13
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

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14
Q

Triplet

A

A sequence of three nucleotides that determines one amino acid

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15
Q

RNA

A

Partial copies of DNA that look similar but are shorter and missing one side of the helix

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16
Q

Telomere

A

Are structures made from DNA sequences and proteins found at the ends of chromosomes

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17
Q

Gametes (sex cells)

A

Are an organism’s reproductive cell

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18
Q

Somatic cells

A

The cells in the body except the egg and sperm cells

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19
Q

Autosomes

A

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome (22 pairs)

20
Q

Sex chromosomes in female

A

Females have two x chromosomes

21
Q

Mitosis

A

The process of making new body cells

22
Q

Meiosis

A

Is the type of cell division that creates egg and sperm cells into two new cells

23
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The process in which the cytoplasm of the cell is divided

24
Q

Crossing over

A

the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes during meiosis

25
Q

Fertilization

A

The process by which two gametes fuse to become a zygote developing into new organisms.

26
Q

Identical twins

A

Occurs when a single egg cell is fertilized by a single sperm cell and the zygote splits into two

27
Q

Fraternal Twins

A

When two separate eggs are fertilised by two separate sperm

28
Q

Inheritance

A

The process of transmission of genes from parent to offspring

29
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an organism

30
Q

Phenotype

A

An individual’s observable traits

31
Q

Allele

A

One of two or more versions of a genetic sequences at a particular region on a chromosome

32
Q

dominant Gene

A

The relation ship between two versions of a gene that overpowers the other

33
Q

Recessive gene

A

A trait that is expressed only when a genotype is homozygous

34
Q

Homozygous

A

You inherit the same version of the gene from each parent. Two matching genes

35
Q

Heterozygous

A

You inherit a different version of a gene from each parent

36
Q

Pure Breeding

A

When self fertilized, produces offspring with the same observable traits

37
Q

Hybrid

A

An offspring of two animals or plants of different species

38
Q

Carrier

A

A person who can pass an inherited genetic/disease on to their children but who does not have the disease

39
Q

Complete dominance

A

a condition where in the dominant allele completely masks the effect on the recessive allele

40
Q

Gregor mendel

A

Discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance

41
Q

Number of chromosomes in a body cell (somatic cell)

A

46 chromosomes

42
Q

Number of chromosomes in a gamete (sex cell)

A

2 chromosomes

43
Q

Punnet Sqaure

A

A table in which all of the possible outcomes for a genetic cross between two individuals when known genotypes are given

44
Q

Pedigree

A

A chart that diagrams the inheritance of a trait or health condition through generations of a family

45
Q

Monosomy

A

The condition in which only one chromosome from a pair is present in cells rather than the two copies usually found in diploid cells

46
Q

Trisomy

A

A deviation in chromosome number

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