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Science Bio Quiz 1 > Science Bio Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Science Bio Quiz 1 Flashcards

0
Q

what causes antibiotic resistance?

A

overuse

misuse

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1
Q

what are effects of antibiotic resistance?

A

limits effectiveness if antibiotics

patients with resistant infections cannot be treated

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2
Q

what are the three types of gene mutations?

A

deletion- one base missing
addition- extra base added
subtraction- one base substituted for another

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3
Q

what are the three types of effects the mutations can have?

A

positive- benefits
negative- harms organism or reduces probability that organisms with the mutation can produce offspring
neutral- does not affect an organism or doesn’t increase or decrease survival rate of the organism

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4
Q

what are mutagens?

A

substances or factors that can cause mutations in DNA
damages DNA –> instructions stored in genes are changed –> proteins in cell won’t be made correctly (wrong proteins are made)

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5
Q

how can you correct mutations?

A

gene therapy

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6
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

contains master set of instructions
produces enzymes
contains DNA

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7
Q

what does the master set of instructions in the nucleus determine?

A

what each cell will become
it’s function
how things are done
when it grows, divides and dies

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8
Q

what instructions do DNA contain?

A

instructions to make

proteins
enzymes

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9
Q

what is gene therapy?

A

techniques to alter & repair mutated genes to make them function normally
currently risky
highly experimental
only used for diseases without known cures

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10
Q

what is another name for DNA

A

double helix

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11
Q

what is DNA made of

A

2 strands wrapped around each other in a spiral

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11
Q

what is DNA made of

A

2 strands wrapped around each other in a spiral

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12
Q

what is each side of the ladder made of

A

phosphate

sugar

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12
Q

what is each side of the ladder made of

A

phosphate

sugar

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13
Q

what are the “steps” of the ladder made of ?

A

4 nitrogen bases

C= cytosine
G= guanine
A= adenine
T= thymine
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13
Q

what are the “steps” of the ladder made of ?

A

4 nitrogen bases

C= cytosine
G= guanine
A= adenine
T= thymine
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14
Q

which bases are paired?

A

A and T

C and G

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14
Q

which bases are paired?

A

A and T

C and G

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15
Q

what is a set of 3 bases called?

A

a codon

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15
Q

what is a set of 3 bases called?

A

a codon

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16
Q

what are “messages” created by

A

order of the bases, which determines which proteins and enzymes are produced

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16
Q

what are “messages” created by

A

order of the bases, which determines which proteins and enzymes are produced

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17
Q

where is DNA mostly found

A

in the nucleus

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17
where is DNA mostly found
in the nucleus
18
where does DNA exist in the nucleus
in chromatin
18
where does DNA exist in the nucleus
in chromatin
19
what does chromatin contain
DNA and protein
19
what does chromatin contain
DNA and protein
20
what happens when cells are preparing to divide
the coiled DNA uncoils to make protein that the cell needs
20
what happens when cells are preparing to divide
the coiled DNA uncoils to make protein that the cell needs
21
what had to happen to make chromatids
chromatin coils up very tightly
21
what had to happen to make chromatids
chromatin coils up very tightly
22
what is a chromosome made of?
2 chromatids
22
what is a chromosome made of?
2 chromatids
23
in a nucleus, how are chromosomes found?
in pairs
23
in a nucleus, how are chromosomes found?
in pairs
24
how many pairs are in (a) human? corn? cow?
human- 46, or 23 pairs corn- 20, or 10 pairs cow- 60, or 30 pairs
24
how many pairs are in (a) human? corn? cow?
human- 46, or 23 pairs corn- 20, or 10 pairs cow- 60, or 30 pairs
25
what is a karyotype
a picture of chromosomes
25
what is a karyotype
a picture of chromosomes
26
in humans which pair of chromosomes indicates what sex we are?
the 23rd pair
26
in humans which pair of chromosomes indicates what sex we are?
the 23rd pair
27
what does the 23rd pair in a female look like? a male?
XX (has 2 X chromosomes) for female XY (has 1 X and 1 Y chromosome) for male
27
what does the 23rd pair in a female look like? a male?
XX (has 2 X chromosomes) for female XY (has 1 X and 1 Y chromosome) for male
28
what are genes? where are they found?
small segments of DNA | found on chromosomes in a specific place
28
what are genes? where are they found?
small segments of DNA | found on chromosomes in a specific place
29
protein
each cell in our body has the same genetic information stored in the chromosomes only certain genes are "read" in each cell to make proteins required by THAT cell
29
protein
each cell in our body has the same genetic information stored in the chromosomes only certain genes are "read" in each cell to make proteins required by THAT cell
30
what do different proteins do to each cell
makes each cell unique in function
30
what do different proteins do to each cell
makes each cell unique in function
31
what are some examples of how protein makes cells unique in function?
``` muscle cells epithelial cells nerve cells photoreceptor cells glandular cells blood cells ```
31
what are some examples of how protein makes cells unique in function?
``` muscle cells epithelial cells nerve cells photoreceptor cells glandular cells blood cells ```
32
True OR False can proteins be enzymes?
True
32
True OR False can proteins be enzymes?
True
33
what do enzymes do?
help and speed up chemical reactions that take place in your body cells
33
what do enzymes do?
help and speed up chemical reactions that take place in your body cells
34
what do digestive enzymes do?
help break down food and nutrients
34
what do digestive enzymes do?
help break down food and nutrients
35
True OR False proteins cannot be hormones
False proteins can be hormones, growth hormones
35
True OR False proteins cannot be hormones
False proteins can be hormones, growth hormones
36
can proteins be structural?
yes, keratin is made if protein examples••• hair, horns, hoofs, claws, feathers, shells, nails
36
can proteins be structural?
yes, keratin is made if protein examples••• hair, horns, hoofs, claws, feathers, shells, nails
37
what are proteins made from?
DNA instructions
37
what are proteins made from?
DNA instructions
38
DNA instructions :
DNA --> instructions are copied into --> RNA--> RNA leaves nucleus --> delivers message to ribosome --> protein is made in the ribosome --> transported through the endoplasmic reticulum --> Golgi body --> vesicle --> out of the cell for different functions
38
DNA instructions :
DNA --> instructions are copied into --> RNA--> RNA leaves nucleus --> delivers message to ribosome --> protein is made in the ribosome --> transported through the endoplasmic reticulum --> Golgi body --> vesicle --> out of the cell for different functions
39
cell wall?
- provides support for cell | - keeps cell from bursting when in a moist environment
40
cell membrane?
- controls flow of materials in and out of the cell | - separates inside of cell from its external environment
41
cytoplasm?
- contains organelles and other life supporting materials | - -> such as water and sugar
42
organelle?
- carries out certain functions in a cell | - ensure cell's survival
43
mitochondria?
-glucose into energy
44
chloroplast?
-changes energy from sun into glucose
45
ribosome?
-manufactures protein
46
protein?
- needed for cell's survival | - needed to carry out necessary activities
47
ER?
- transport system for materials made in cell | - -> protein
48
vesicle?
-transport new proteins from ER to Golgi body
49
Golgi body?
- sorts & packages proteins for transport | - vesicle forms off end to carry to cell membrane
50
nuclear membrane?
-protects contents of nucleus
51
nuclear pore?
-controls flow if materials in/out of the cell
52
nucleus?
- directs all cell's activities | - membrane free

Science Bio Quiz 1 (1 decks)

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