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Science Bio Quiz 1 > Science Bio Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Science Bio Quiz 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

what causes antibiotic resistance?

A

overuse

misuse

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1
Q

what are effects of antibiotic resistance?

A

limits effectiveness if antibiotics

patients with resistant infections cannot be treated

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2
Q

what are the three types of gene mutations?

A

deletion- one base missing
addition- extra base added
subtraction- one base substituted for another

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3
Q

what are the three types of effects the mutations can have?

A

positive- benefits
negative- harms organism or reduces probability that organisms with the mutation can produce offspring
neutral- does not affect an organism or doesn’t increase or decrease survival rate of the organism

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4
Q

what are mutagens?

A

substances or factors that can cause mutations in DNA
damages DNA –> instructions stored in genes are changed –> proteins in cell won’t be made correctly (wrong proteins are made)

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5
Q

how can you correct mutations?

A

gene therapy

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6
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

contains master set of instructions
produces enzymes
contains DNA

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7
Q

what does the master set of instructions in the nucleus determine?

A

what each cell will become
it’s function
how things are done
when it grows, divides and dies

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8
Q

what instructions do DNA contain?

A

instructions to make

proteins
enzymes

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9
Q

what is gene therapy?

A

techniques to alter & repair mutated genes to make them function normally
currently risky
highly experimental
only used for diseases without known cures

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10
Q

what is another name for DNA

A

double helix

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11
Q

what is DNA made of

A

2 strands wrapped around each other in a spiral

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11
Q

what is DNA made of

A

2 strands wrapped around each other in a spiral

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12
Q

what is each side of the ladder made of

A

phosphate

sugar

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12
Q

what is each side of the ladder made of

A

phosphate

sugar

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13
Q

what are the “steps” of the ladder made of ?

A

4 nitrogen bases

C= cytosine
G= guanine
A= adenine
T= thymine
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13
Q

what are the “steps” of the ladder made of ?

A

4 nitrogen bases

C= cytosine
G= guanine
A= adenine
T= thymine
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14
Q

which bases are paired?

A

A and T

C and G

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14
Q

which bases are paired?

A

A and T

C and G

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15
Q

what is a set of 3 bases called?

A

a codon

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15
Q

what is a set of 3 bases called?

A

a codon

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16
Q

what are “messages” created by

A

order of the bases, which determines which proteins and enzymes are produced

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16
Q

what are “messages” created by

A

order of the bases, which determines which proteins and enzymes are produced

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17
Q

where is DNA mostly found

A

in the nucleus

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17
Q

where is DNA mostly found

A

in the nucleus

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18
Q

where does DNA exist in the nucleus

A

in chromatin

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18
Q

where does DNA exist in the nucleus

A

in chromatin

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19
Q

what does chromatin contain

A

DNA and protein

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19
Q

what does chromatin contain

A

DNA and protein

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20
Q

what happens when cells are preparing to divide

A

the coiled DNA uncoils to make protein that the cell needs

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20
Q

what happens when cells are preparing to divide

A

the coiled DNA uncoils to make protein that the cell needs

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21
Q

what had to happen to make chromatids

A

chromatin coils up very tightly

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21
Q

what had to happen to make chromatids

A

chromatin coils up very tightly

22
Q

what is a chromosome made of?

A

2 chromatids

22
Q

what is a chromosome made of?

A

2 chromatids

23
Q

in a nucleus, how are chromosomes found?

A

in pairs

23
Q

in a nucleus, how are chromosomes found?

A

in pairs

24
Q

how many pairs are in (a)
human?
corn?
cow?

A

human- 46, or 23 pairs
corn- 20, or 10 pairs
cow- 60, or 30 pairs

24
Q

how many pairs are in (a)
human?
corn?
cow?

A

human- 46, or 23 pairs
corn- 20, or 10 pairs
cow- 60, or 30 pairs

25
Q

what is a karyotype

A

a picture of chromosomes

25
Q

what is a karyotype

A

a picture of chromosomes

26
Q

in humans which pair of chromosomes indicates what sex we are?

A

the 23rd pair

26
Q

in humans which pair of chromosomes indicates what sex we are?

A

the 23rd pair

27
Q

what does the 23rd pair in a female look like? a male?

A

XX (has 2 X chromosomes) for female

XY (has 1 X and 1 Y chromosome) for male

27
Q

what does the 23rd pair in a female look like? a male?

A

XX (has 2 X chromosomes) for female

XY (has 1 X and 1 Y chromosome) for male

28
Q

what are genes? where are they found?

A

small segments of DNA

found on chromosomes in a specific place

28
Q

what are genes? where are they found?

A

small segments of DNA

found on chromosomes in a specific place

29
Q

protein

A

each cell in our body has the same genetic information stored in the chromosomes

only certain genes are “read” in each cell to make proteins required by THAT cell

29
Q

protein

A

each cell in our body has the same genetic information stored in the chromosomes

only certain genes are “read” in each cell to make proteins required by THAT cell

30
Q

what do different proteins do to each cell

A

makes each cell unique in function

30
Q

what do different proteins do to each cell

A

makes each cell unique in function

31
Q

what are some examples of how protein makes cells unique in function?

A 
muscle cells
epithelial cells
nerve cells
photoreceptor cells
glandular cells
blood cells
31
Q

what are some examples of how protein makes cells unique in function?

A 
muscle cells
epithelial cells
nerve cells
photoreceptor cells
glandular cells
blood cells
32
Q

True OR False

can proteins be enzymes?

A

True

32
Q

True OR False

can proteins be enzymes?

A

True

33
Q

what do enzymes do?

A

help and speed up chemical reactions that take place in your body cells

33
Q

what do enzymes do?

A

help and speed up chemical reactions that take place in your body cells

34
Q

what do digestive enzymes do?

A

help break down food and nutrients

34
Q

what do digestive enzymes do?

A

help break down food and nutrients

35
Q

True OR False

proteins cannot be hormones

A

False

proteins can be hormones, growth hormones

35
Q

True OR False

proteins cannot be hormones

A

False

proteins can be hormones, growth hormones

36
Q

can proteins be structural?

A

yes, keratin is made if protein

examples••• hair, horns, hoofs, claws, feathers, shells, nails

36
Q

can proteins be structural?

A

yes, keratin is made if protein

examples••• hair, horns, hoofs, claws, feathers, shells, nails

37
Q

what are proteins made from?

A

DNA instructions

37
Q

what are proteins made from?

A

DNA instructions

38
Q

DNA instructions :

A

DNA –> instructions are copied into –> RNA–> RNA leaves nucleus –> delivers message to ribosome –> protein is made in the ribosome –> transported through the endoplasmic reticulum –> Golgi body –> vesicle –> out of the cell for different functions

38
Q

DNA instructions :

A

DNA –> instructions are copied into –> RNA–> RNA leaves nucleus –> delivers message to ribosome –> protein is made in the ribosome –> transported through the endoplasmic reticulum –> Golgi body –> vesicle –> out of the cell for different functions

39
Q

cell wall?

A
  • provides support for cell

- keeps cell from bursting when in a moist environment

40
Q

cell membrane?

A
  • controls flow of materials in and out of the cell

- separates inside of cell from its external environment

41
Q

cytoplasm?

A
  • contains organelles and other life supporting materials

- -> such as water and sugar

42
Q

organelle?

A
  • carries out certain functions in a cell

- ensure cell’s survival

43
Q

mitochondria?

A

-glucose into energy

44
Q

chloroplast?

A

-changes energy from sun into glucose

45
Q

ribosome?

A

-manufactures protein

46
Q

protein?

A
  • needed for cell’s survival

- needed to carry out necessary activities

47
Q

ER?

A
  • transport system for materials made in cell

- -> protein

48
Q

vesicle?

A

-transport new proteins from ER to Golgi body

49
Q

Golgi body?

A
  • sorts & packages proteins for transport

- vesicle forms off end to carry to cell membrane

50
Q

nuclear membrane?

A

-protects contents of nucleus

51
Q

nuclear pore?

A

-controls flow if materials in/out of the cell

52
Q

nucleus?

A
  • directs all cell’s activities

- membrane free

Science Bio Quiz 1 (1 decks)

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