Science and Technology Flashcards
“Learning new facts”
“Discoveries”
“Solving Problem”
Science
Define Science
It is the intellectual and practical activities encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiments.
“Creating”
“Inventing”
“Things that fulfill our needs and desires”
“Perform certain functions”
Technology
Define Technology
It is the application of understanding of natural laws to the solution of practical problems.
What BCE did S&T in the Ancient time started
599 BCE
The Ancient time is divided into 3 periods, enumerate them
Stone Age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic)
Bronze Age
Iron Age
What time period of S&T is this:
Stone tools have been the first technology or craft
S&T in the Ancient time
What time period of S&T is this:
Early tools were some broken pebbles, then improved by flaking pieces of a core, creating distinctive shapes with a single cutting edge. They are made by our direct ancestors (Homo Habilis and Homo Rudolfelis).
S&T in the Ancient time
What characterized S&T in the Ancient time?
This time is characterized by:
(i) Hunting & Gathering
(ii) Use of fire
(iii) Agricultural revolution
(iv) Use of metal instead of tools
(v) Pottery/ ceramic
What time period of S&T is this:
Civilization began to rise (manufacturing, trading, villages has rules, etc.)
S&T in the Ancient time
What BCE did S&T in “Antiquity” started?
600 through 529 BCE
What time period of S&T is this:
Started with the rise of the Greek civilization
S&T in “Antiquity”
With the rise of Greek civilization, what new things or activities started?
Developed institutions (The Academy, Lyceum, Museum)
They were the first to believe that humans could understand the universe using reason alone rather than through mythology or religion.
The Greek Civilization
What characterized the S&T in “ Antiquity “?
This time is characterized by the war between religion and science (Dark Ages)
What time of S&T is 530 through 1452 BCE?
S&T in the middle ages
What happened in the decline of science in Europe and what time of S&T is this?
The use of currency replaced by barter Trade ceased entirely Poverty was endemic People suffered from wars, piracy, famine, and epidemics From S&T in the middle ages
During the S&T in the middle ages, what was the Chinese philosophy developed?
The Chinese philosophy developed theories of matter and living beings.
What time of S&T is this:
Revival of Science started during the last centuries of the first millennium
S&T in the middle ages
During the S&T in the middle ages, what happened when the technology revolution took place?
Vast improvements in communication and transportation
When did Renaissance and the Scientific revolution take place?
1453 though 1659
During the Renaissance and the Scientific revolution, what motivated the smaller communities to find new ways to function?
The depletion of population in Europe (Black Death)
Enumerate what happened when the Renaissance and the Scientific revolution took place? There are 7 of them
New atmosphere encouraged the development of art, science and technology
The state recognized the importance of technology of defense and trade
Kings engaged engineers to improve the fortification and weapons
Technology became fully accepted
Many artists like Leonardo DA Vinci became architect and technologists
Mathematics was introduced into universities which became the basis of the arts and technology
Time of Colonization, adventure, and exploration
When did the Scientific Revolution started?
It started with the Publication of the Copernicus’s heliocentric theory and Vesalius’ anatomy.
Who opposed the Heliocentric theory of Copernicus?
Both the Catholic Church and the Protestant Church Martin Luther.
What defended the Copernican System?
When the church lifted its ban on the publication
During the Scientific revolution, what did the explorers discovered?
The explorers discovered a wealth of previously unknown plants and animals
What did Galileo introduce during the Scientific revolution?
Galileo introduced the experimentation in Science
Enumerate last 2 events during the scientific revolution
Factories operated, patent laws and the stock market began, printed books became the means to spread technological improvements
Design of a machine developed into an art (gadgets)
What began in 1660 through 1734 BCE
Scientific Method: Measurements and Communication
In the study of natural phenomena, what is used as the basis of the scientific method?
Newton’s Principia
It is explained by Mathematical laws and is an approach to science not necessarily antagonistic to religion.
Natural Phenomena
What took place during the 1660 through 1734 BCE?
Separation of physics and metaphysics (philosophy)
Who fought during the separation of physics and metaphysics (philosophy) and what were they fighting about?
Newton vs. Descartes on gravity
What became the pillars of scientific activity?
Observation and Experimentation
What changed when the observation and experimentation became the pillars of scientific activity?
Scientists recorded phenomena in terms of numbers
Classification of plants, animals, minerals and fossils became a trend
What did science become during 1660 through 1734?
Science became shared activity
What was the mean of communication during 1660 through 1734?
Societies and journals (Printing press)
What took place during the 1735 through 1819 BCE?
The Enlightment and the Industrial Revolution
What happened when The Enlightment and the Industrial Revolution took place?
Emphasizing the reasoning and order
Profound change in philosophical thinking
When did emphasize the reasoning and order began?
It began with a Linnaean scheme for classifying organisms
What is mechanical philosophy?
A belief that all phenomena could be explained by a set of mechanical laws
There are two philosophies emerged during The Enlightment and the Industrial Revolution, name them. Who reconcile them?
Empiricism and Rationalism
Emmanuel Kant
What envisioned all existence as continuous
Great chain of Being
When did the industrial revolution occur?
18th century
During the industrial revolution, what changes?
Development of machine that would make work faster or more efficient
During the industrial revolution, what became the new form of publication?
Encyclopedia
What profession during the industrial revolution was one of the great inventions?
Engineer
The blooming years of S&T in the 19th century
1820 through 1894
What started the S&T in the 19th century?
It started with the discovery of electromagnetism by Hans Christian Oersled
Enumerate the changes of Science and the teaching of science during the 19th century
(i) Cell Biology
(ii) Organic Chemistry
(iii) Archeology
(iv) Psychology
(v) Anthropology
What century, when Science became professional?
19th Century
When did the Rise of Modern S&T occur?
1895 through 1945
What happened when the Rise of Modern S&T took place?
A large number of scientists
Science became much more of a communal effort
Science started to have an effect on society directly
Science became highly successful in explaining the nature of matter, mechanism of chemical reactions, fundamental process of life, and the general structure of the universe
