Science and Philosophy Terms

Question 1

Empiricism

Answer 1

OLD Empiricism = is the idea that knowledge is based on direct sensory experience rather than innate ideas that exist independent of experience.

NEW Empiricism = experiment, gain knowledge and then form conclusions

Question 2

Geocentric Theory

The geocentric theory = Ptolemaic system

Answer 2

The Earth was at the center of the universe and heaven was outside of stars (Ancient and Medieval belief)
Accepted by the Church

Question 3

Heliocentric Theory

Answer 3

the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the universe.

Extra: Historically, heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism, which placed the Earth at the center.

Question 4

Enlightenment

Answer 4

A period of time (1650’s to 1800s’) when thinkers began to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society and human behavior.

Extra:
Reason – through reason society can be set free
Nature – human nature was good and reasonable
Happiness - if you live by the laws of nature
Progress - by use of reason we would see improvements in people
Liberty – freedoms, especially individual freedoms and rights

Question 5

Philosophes

Answer 5

These enlightened thinkers were called Philosophes

Question 6

Deism

Answer 6

The belief in the existence of a God or supreme being but a denial of organized religion.

Viewed God as a clockmaker, who created the universe and now lets it operate independently, free from intervention.
Therefor organized religion, rules etc.. is unnecessary

Question 7

Romanticism

Answer 7

A revolt against the Enlightenment period and a reaction against the rationalization of nature and sole dependence on the mind.

Question 8

Primal/Irrational

Answer 8

\+Medieval Christianity+
-Bellarmine
\+Romanticism+
-Blake and Wordsworth
\+Primal Man+
-Dostoevsky
-Nietzsche
-Freud

-Darwin?

Question 9

Instinctual/Rational

Answer 9

\+Scientific Revolution+
-Copernicus
-Galileo
-Newton
\+Enlightenment+
-Paine

Question 10

Natural Selection

Answer 10

all species of life have evolved over time from common ancestors

Question 11

Evolution & Survival of the Fittest

Answer 11

Charles Darwin

that organisms best adjusted to their environment are the most successful in surviving and reproducing.

Question 12

Free Will/Determinism

Answer 12

Free Choice is an illusion –The only free action is one w/o cause, which of course is nothing.

Question 13

The Unconscious

Answer 13

a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of conscious awareness.

Question 14

ID

Answer 14

Drives of the id are considered to be inborn, instinctual drives operating within the unconscious

Question 15

Ego

Answer 15

the ego is the decision making part of the brain that mediates between the id and the super-ego. It is referred today as our self-perception.

Question 16

Super Ego

Answer 16

your moral compass and learned behaviors. It controls how we behave and conform within the constraints of society’s “norms.”