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Science A (Core): Chemistry (I) - The Basics > Science A (Core): Chemistry (I) - The Basics > Flashcards

Science A (Core): Chemistry (I) - The Basics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an atom made up of?

A

Atoms contain a nucleus (made of protons and neutrons) and electrons which orbit around in shells

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2
Q

How are the number of protons and electrons related?

A

The number of protons = the number of electrons (atoms have no overall charge)

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3
Q

How many types of atom does an element have?

A

An element has only one type of atom (there are around 100 different types of atom, e.g. gold, oxygen, copper etc…)

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4
Q

How are elements represented and where are they found?

A

Elements are shown by a symbol beginning with a capital letter

All elements are shown in the periodic table

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5
Q

Where are elements with similar properties found in the periodic table?

A

Elements with similar properties are put into columns (e.g. group 1 are all similar, group 2 are all similar etc…)

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6
Q

Which group are the noble gases found in and where are the alkali metals found in?

A

Noble gases are found in group 0

Alkali metals are found in group 1

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7
Q

In the periodic table what does the mass number and atomic number of an element shown?

A

Mass number: protons + neutrons

Atomic number: protons (∴ electrons)

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8
Q

How do electrons fill up around atoms in the shells?

A

Electrons are found in shells: 2 can fill the first shell then 8 can fill the others

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9
Q

Draw out the electrons surrounding nitrogen (which has 7 electrons)

A

2 electrons in the first shell and 7 in the second shell

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10
Q

How do atoms join together to form compounds?

A

Atoms can give / take electrons (ionic bonding)

Atoms can share electrons (covalent bonding)

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11
Q

Draw an example of a covalent bond between two non-metals

A

Two non-metal atoms share a pair of electrons

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12
Q

Draw an example of an ionic bond between a metal and a non-metal

A

The metal atom loses an electron (becomes a +ve ion) and the non-metal atom gains an electron (becomes a –ve ion)

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13
Q

What happens to the number of atoms during a reaction?

A

Atoms are not lost or made in a chemical reaction (the reactants you start with = the products you end with)

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14
Q

What is limestone and what is it used for?

A

Limestone is calcium carbonate (dug up from the ground and used as a building material)

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15
Q

What happens when limestone (CaCO3) is heated?

A

Calcium carbonate is thermally decomposed into calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

Calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

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16
Q

What happens when limestone (CaCO3) is added to acid?

A

Calcium carbonate is broken down into a salt, water and carbon dioxide

This is why buildings can get damaged from acid rain

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17
Q

What happens when calcium oxide is added to water?

A

Calcium oxide reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide (limewater)

Calcium oxide + water → calcium hydroxide

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18
Q

How is limestone useful?

A

Limestone is used to make cement (heated with clay)

Cement can be mixed with sand and water to make mortar

Cement can be mixed with sand, water and gravel to make concrete

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19
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using limestone as a building material?

A

Advantages: limestone is cheap, is easily cut and concrete is extremely useful

Disadvantages: quarrying limestone causes noise, pollution and is ugly. Limestone is also damaged by acid rain

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20
Q

How can metals be extracted?

A

Some metals are found as ores – they can be mined, extracted and purified

21
Q

Which metals can be extracted using carbon?

A

Metals below carbon can be extracted using it (reduction)

22
Q

What is electrolysis?

A

Electrolysis uses electricity to break down substances (like purifying aluminum)

Electricity breaks the substance into ions which move to a charged electrode

23
Q

Draw a simple diagram of electrolysis

A

More reactive metals than carbon must be extracted using electrolysis

24
Q

What is bioleaching?

A

Bioleaching uses bacteria to extract copper from an ore

25
Q

What is phytomining?

A

Phytomining is where plants are grown in soil with copper in it – the plants absorb the copper and when burnt leave the copper behind

26
Q

Why is recycling important?

A

There are finite resources so recycling is important (less rubbish; saves energy; saves money etc…)

27
Q

What are the properties of metals?

A

Metals are strong, bendy and conduct well (some like aluminum are light / some like titanium don’t rust etc…)

28
Q

What is an alloy?

A

An alloy is a mixture of two materials (one of which is a metal) getting the best properties of each

E.g. iron + carbon make steel which is easily shaped, hard and does not corrode

29
Q

What is crude oil and how is it used?

A

Crude oil is a hydrocarbon – it needs to be split into fractions to be useful (such as petrol, diesel, natural gas etc…)

30
Q

What is an alkane?

A

An alkane is a hydrocarbon with the formula:

CnH2n+2

31
Q

What is an alkene?

A

An alkene is a hydrocarbon (with a double bond) with the formula:

CnH2n

32
Q

How is crude oil used and what associated problems are there?

A

Crude oil is used as a fuel – however it will run out one day and also produces a lot of CO2 when burnt which can lead to global warming

Fossil fuels also release sulfur dioxide when burnt which can lead to acid rain

33
Q

What is global warming?

A

Global warming is caused by carbon dioxide released due to burning fossil fuels causing the Earth’s temperature to warm

34
Q

What is global dimming?

A

Global dimming is caused by particles from fossil fuel burning blocking sunlight

35
Q

What is cracking and how does it work?

A

Cracking makes long hydrocarbons shorter (which are more useful)

Cracking requires heat to break down the hydrocarbons

36
Q

Draw out a diagram for cracking and say what it produces

A

Cracking produces alkanes and alkenes

37
Q

What is the test for an alkene?

A

Bromine water – goes from red/orange to colourless if an alkene is present (containing a double bond)

38
Q

How is ethanol (alcohol) produced?

A
39
Q

What can be used to make polymers?

A

Alkenes can be joined together to form polymers (e.g. many ethane molecules form poly(ethane))

40
Q

What are the properties and uses of polymers?

A

Polymers are used for waterproof clothing, tooth fillings, plasters etc… however most do not biodegrade (meaning they need to be recycled)

41
Q

How are plant oils obtained and used?

A

Plant oils can be crushed and pressed to release their oil

Vegetable oils are used in foods (have lots of energy) and are used in cooking as they have higher boiling points than water so they cook the food quicker

They can also be used as fuels such as biodiesel

42
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated?

A

Saturated: no double bond; bromine water stays red/orange if added; carry a high risk of heart disease

Unsaturated: C=C double bond; change bromine water colourless; lowers risk of heart disease

43
Q

What is an emulsion?

A

An emulsion is something which does not mix (such as oil and water) – they are thick and used as ice cream, moisturisers, salad dressing etc…

44
Q

What is an emulsifier?

A

Emulsifiers are added to emulsions to stop them separating

45
Q

What is Wegener’s theory of continental drift?

A

Continents fit like a jigsaw and matching fossils and rocks suggest the continents are constantly shifting

46
Q

What is the structure of the Earth like?

A

Earth has an inner core, outer core, mantle and crust

Tectonic plates are constantly shifting around (but can move quickly such as during an earthquake)

47
Q

What is contained in Earth’s atmosphere?

A

The atmosphere is made of nitrogen (79%); oxygen (20%); argon (1%) and other gases

48
Q

How has Earth’s atmosphere changed over time?

A

Early atmosphere lots of methane and carbon dioxide

Water condensed to form oceans and much less carbon dioxide (with tress beginning)

Trees release oxygen and carbon dioxide levels reduced

Science A (Core): Chemistry (I) - The Basics (1 decks)

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