Science Flashcards

1
Q

Acid

A

A substance with a pH less than 7

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2
Q

Adaptive immune system

A

A kind of passive or active immunity in which antibodies to a particular antigen are present in the body

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3
Q

Adrenal

A

A gland above the kidney that produces hormones to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and other functions

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4
Q

Aveoli

A

Microscopic air sac in the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

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5
Q

Anatomical position

A

Standard positioning of the body; standing; feet together; arms to the side; head, eyes and palms of hands forward

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6
Q

Anion

A

A negatively charged ion

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7
Q

Antibody

A

A specific blood protein produced in response to a specific antigen

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8
Q

Antigen-presenting cells (APC)

A

A cell that displays foreign antigens with major histocompatibility complexes on their surfaces

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9
Q

Antigens

A

A molecule that elicits a response from immune cells

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10
Q

Antimicrobial

A

A substance that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms with minimal damage to the host

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11
Q

Anus

A

The opening of the rectum from which solid waste is expelled

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12
Q

Arteries

A

Blood vessels that deliver blood from the heart to other parts of the body

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13
Q

Asthma

A

A lung disease characterized by inflamed, narrow airways and difficulty breathing

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14
Q

Atom

A

The most basic complete unit of an element

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15
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

The part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates unconscious body functions such as breathing and heart rate

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16
Q

Axon

A

A nerve fiber that carries a nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body

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17
Q

B cell

A

Lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow and make antibodies in response to antigens

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18
Q

Barrier

A

A divider between parts of the body

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19
Q

Base

A

A substance with a ph greater than 7

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20
Q

Bias

A

Prejudice in favor of or against an idea

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21
Q

Boiling point

A

The temperature at which a liquid boils and turns into vapor

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22
Q

Boiling

A

The transition of liquid to gas when a substance has acquired enough thermal energy

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23
Q

Bolus

A

A mass of food that has been chewed and swallowed

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24
Q

Bone

A

Hard, calcified material that makes up the skeleton

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25
Q

Brittle bone disease

A

A group of genetic disease that affect collagen and results in fragile bones

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26
Q

Bronchi

A

The main passage directly attached to the lungs

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27
Q

Bronchioles

A

Small passages in the lungs that connect bronchi to the alveoli

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28
Q

Canaliculi

A

Microscopic canals in ossified bone

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29
Q

Capillary

A

A small blood vessel that connects arterioles to venules

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30
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugar and starches composed of monosaccharides

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31
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

The system comprised of heart and blood vessels

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32
Q

Cartilage

A

Tough, elastic connective tissue found in parts of the body such as the ear and on ends of long bones

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33
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that increases the rate of chemical reaction without undergoing permanent chemical change

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34
Q

Cation

A

A positively charged ion

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35
Q

Cause

A

An element that makes up something

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36
Q

Cell

A

The basic structural unit of an organism from which living things are created and at which level of life functions can take place

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37
Q

Cellular function

A

Process that include growth, metabolism, replication, protein synthesis, regulation and movement

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38
Q

Cervix

A

The passage that forms the lower part of the uterus

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39
Q

Chemical equation

A

Mathematic representation of a chemical reaction

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40
Q

Chemical properties

A

Characteristics of a material that present during a chemical reaction or chemical change

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41
Q

Chromatid

A

One of the two duplicates of a chromosome formed during the cell cycle

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42
Q

Chromosome

A

A structure made of condense DNA and histone proteins that contains genetic information

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43
Q

Chyme

A

The semifluid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine

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44
Q

Collagen

A

The primary structural protein of connective tissue that adds tensile strength to the matrix of bones

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45
Q

Complement

A

The group of proteins in blood serum and plasma that works with antibodies to destroy particular antigens

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46
Q

Compound

A

A substance made of two or more elements

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47
Q

Conclusion

A

An end judgement based on data

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48
Q

Condensation

A

The transition of gas to liquid

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49
Q

Constrict

A

To become narrower

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50
Q

Contraction

A

The process of leading to shortening or development of tension in a muscle

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51
Q

Control variable

A

Something kept constant during an experiment

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52
Q

Covalent bond

A

A chemical bond in which electrons pairs are shared between atoms

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53
Q

Critical point

A

The temperature at which the liquid and gas phase of a substance have the same density

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54
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

A genetic disorder that affects the lungs and other organs, characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing up sputum, and lung infections

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55
Q

Data

A

A collection of information

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56
Q

Density

A

The amount of mass per volume

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57
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Organic molecule with a double-helix structure that contains genetic information for the transmission of inherited traits

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58
Q

Deoxyribose sugar

A

The sugar portion of a deoxyribose nucleotide

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59
Q

Dependent variable

A

What is measured in an experiment as a possible effect after another variable is changed in that experiment. (Result of the experiment)

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60
Q

Deposition

A

The transition of a gas to a solid without passing through the liquid stage

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61
Q

Dermis

A

The middle layer of the skin

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62
Q

Diastole

A

The portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart refills with blood

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63
Q

Diffusion

A

Passive movement of substances form areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

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64
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

A cross between parents of heterozygous at two specific genes

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65
Q

Dilate

A

To become wider

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66
Q

Directional terminology

A

Words use to explain relationships of locations of anatomical elements (distal, posterior, medial, etc)

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67
Q

Dominant

A

An allele or trait that is always expressed if present

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68
Q

Effect

A

A result of a cause

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69
Q

Electron

A

A negatively charged atomic particle

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70
Q

Element

A

Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

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71
Q

Empirical

A

Based on observation

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72
Q

Enzymatic digestion

A

The break down of food by enzymes for absorption

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73
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein produced by a living thing that acts as a catalyst

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74
Q

Epidermis

A

The outer layer of the skin

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75
Q

Estrogen

A

Female sex hormones

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76
Q

Evaporation

A

The transition of liquid to gas that happens with or without the substance acquiring enough thermal energy to reach its boiling point

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77
Q

Excretion

A

Elimination of metabolic waste from the body

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78
Q

Experiment

A

A scientific procedure to test a hypothesis

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79
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

Tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus

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80
Q

Freezing

A

The transition of a liquid to a solid

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81
Q

Gallbladder

A

Organ that stores bile

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82
Q

Gas

A

A state of matter that does not have a definite volume or shape and is highly compressible

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83
Q

Gene

A

The unit of hereditary information; a sequence of nucleotides that occupies a fixed position on a chromosome

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84
Q

Genotype

A

The set of alleles that determine the trait being studied

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85
Q

Gland

A

An organ that secrets substances

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86
Q

Graduated cylinder

A

A narrow cylinder with measurement marks or gradations that is used to measure liquid volume

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87
Q

Group

A

A column of elements in the periodic table with common chemical properties

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88
Q

Gram

A

Metric unit of mass

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89
Q

Haversian canal

A

Channels in bone that contain blood vessels and nerves

90
Q

Heart

A

The muscle that pumps blood throughout the body

91
Q

Hemoglobin

A

The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body

92
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical messenger produced by a gland and transported by the bloodstream that regulates specific processes in the body

93
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A noncovalent bond resulting from the attractive interaction between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom bonded to another electronegative atom

94
Q

Hypothesis

A

A prediction based on research that states a possible outcome of an experiment

95
Q

Immunoglobulin

A

An antibody

96
Q

Independent variable

A

An item or aspect of an item that is manipulated or changed in an experiment as a possible cause

97
Q

Inheritance

A

Transmission of characteristics to offspring

98
Q

Innate immune system

A

A collection of nonspecific barriers and cellular response that serve as an inborn first and second line of defense against pathogens

99
Q

Integumentary system

A

An organ system comprised of skin and its associated organs

100
Q

Involuntary

A

Without intentional control

101
Q

Ion

A

A positively or negatively charged atom or molecule

102
Q

Ionic bond

A

The bond between two oppositely charged ions

103
Q

Kidneys

A

The pair of organs that regulate fluid balance and filter waste from the blood

104
Q

Large intestine

A

Also known as the colon, where vitamins and water are absorbed before feces are stored for elimination

105
Q

Length

A

Measurement of distance from end to end

106
Q

Leukocyte

A

White blood cells that protect the body agains disease

107
Q

Lining cells

A

Flattened bone cells that come from osteoblast

108
Q

Lipids

A

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids made with a high ratio of carbon to hydrogen

109
Q

Liquid

A

A state of matter that has definite volume but not definite shape

110
Q

Liter

A

Metric unit of liquid volume

111
Q

Liver

A

Organ that produces bile, regulates glycogen storage, and preforms other bodily functions

112
Q

Long bones

A

Long hollow shafts containing yellow bone marrow; the ends are made of spongy bone that contains red bone marrow

113
Q

Lymph

A

Clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight disease

114
Q

Lymphocyte

A

A subtype of white blood cell that ingests foreign material

115
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large biological molecules that are classified as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids

116
Q

Macrophage

A

A large white blood cell that ingests foreign material

117
Q

Mass

A

A measurement of inertia, commonly considered the amount of material contained by an object and causing it to have weight in a gravitational field

118
Q

Melting point

A

The temperature at which solid changes to liquid

119
Q

Memory cell

A

A lymphocyte that respond to an antigen upon reintroduction

120
Q

Mendelian inheritance

A

Inheritance if traits that follow Gregor Mendel’s two laws and the principle of dominance

121
Q

Metal

A

A substance that is a good conductor of electricity and heat, forms cations by loss of electrons, and yields basic oxides and hydroxides

122
Q

Meter

A

Metric unit of length

123
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

A cross between two organisms with homozygous genotypes for a trait

124
Q

Monomers

A

Molecules that can bond to similar or identical molecules to form a polymer

125
Q

Mouth

A

The oral cavity at the entry to the alimentary canal.

126
Q

Muscle

A

Fibrous tissue that produces force and motion to move the body or produce movement in parts of the body

127
Q

Nephron

A

The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering and reabsorbing various molecules

128
Q

Nerve

A

A bundle of nerve fibers that transmits electrical impulse toward and away from the brain and spinal cord

129
Q

Neutron

A

An atomic particle with no electric charge

130
Q

Non-Mendelian inheritance

A

Inheritance of traits that do not follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance

131
Q

Non-metal

A

Any element or substance that is not a metal

132
Q

Nonpolar

A

A type of covalent bond in which two atoms share electrons at equal distances from their atomic nuclei

133
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Long molecules made of nucleotides, DNA and RNA

134
Q

Nucleotide

A

The monomer of DNA and RNA

135
Q

Nucleus

A

A large organelle within a cell that houses the chromosomes

136
Q

Orbital

A

An area around the nucleus where an electron can be found

137
Q

Organ

A

A self-contained part of an organ system that performs a specific job and is composed of several tissues types organ systems. Functional groups of organs that work together within the body: circulatory, integumentary, skeletal, reproductive, digestive, urinary, respiratory, endocrine, lymphatic, muscular, and nervous

138
Q

Organelle

A

A specialized part of a cell that has a specific function such as producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

139
Q

Organic molecule

A

A molecule found in a living thing that contains carbon

140
Q

Osmosis

A

Passage of fluid through a membrane

141
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Degenerative joint disease in which the cartilage at joints is damaged from injury or by age

142
Q

Osteoblast

A

Cells that make bone

143
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Cells that break down the matrix to release minerals

144
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

145
Q

Osteons

A

Cylindrical structure that compact bone

146
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A disease that causes brittle, fragile bones

147
Q

Ovary

A

Organ in which eggs are produced for reproduction

148
Q

Pancreas

A

The gland of the digestive and endocrine systems that produces insulin and secretes pancreatic juices

149
Q

Parathyroid

A

An endocrine gland in the neck that produces parathyroid hormone

150
Q

Penis

A

Organ for elimination of urine and sperm from the male body

151
Q

Perfusion

A

The passage of fluid to an organ or a tissue

152
Q

Period

A

One of seven horizontal rows in the periodic tables

153
Q

Periodic table

A

The table of elements expressed as columns and rows

154
Q

Peristalsis

A

A series of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract

155
Q

PH

A

The measure of acidity or alkalinity

156
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Ingestion of particles by a cell or phagocyte

157
Q

Phase diagram

A

A graph of physical states of substance under varying temperature and pressure

158
Q

Phosphate group

A

A phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atoms

159
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical appearance of a trait which is the expression of the genotype at both molecular and organism level

160
Q

Physical properties

A

Observable properties of matter

161
Q

Pineal gland

A

A small gland near the center of the brain that secrets melatonin

162
Q

Pituitary

A

The endocrine gland at the base of the brain that controls growth and development

163
Q

Plasma cell

A

A white blood cell that produces a single type of antibody

164
Q

Plasma

A

The pale yellow component of blood that carries red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets throughout the body

165
Q

Pleura

A

A membrane around the lungs and inside the chest cavity

166
Q

Polar

A

A type of covalent bond in which two atoms share electrons that are not equal distance from their atomic nuclei. If the geometry if the molecule does not equalize the partial charges created by the polar covalent bond, the region of partial charge remains unbalanced, and the molecule is considered polar

167
Q

Polymer

A

A substance composed many similar units bonded together

168
Q

Prostate

A

The gland in males that controls the release of urine and secretes a part of semen that enhances motility and fertility of sperm

169
Q

Proteins

A

Molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

170
Q

Proton

A

A positively charged atomic particle

171
Q

Recessive

A

Refers to traits that are masked if dominant alleles are also present; also refers to the allele for that trait (ex: pp)

172
Q

Rectum

A

The last section of the large intestine, ending with the anus

173
Q

Reference planes

A

Invisible planes dividing the body to describe locations: sagittal, coronal, transverse

174
Q

Reflex

A

An involuntary action to a stimulus

175
Q

Relaxation

A

Release of tension in a muscle

176
Q

Renal arteries

A

The two branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the kidneys with oxygenated blood

177
Q

Renal cortex

A

The outer layer of the kidney

178
Q

Renal medulla

A

The innermost layer of the kidney

179
Q

Renal pelvis

A

The center of the kidney where urine collects before moving to the ureter

180
Q

Renal vein

A

A vein carrying deoxygenated blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava

181
Q

Renin

A

An enzyme released by the kidney when reduced blood pressure is detected by baroreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries

182
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

A progressive autoimmune disease that causes joint inflammation and pain

183
Q

Saliva

A

The clear liquid found in the mouth, also known as spit

184
Q

Salt

A

A chemical compound formed from the reaction of an acid with a base, with at least part of the hydrogen of acid replaced by a cation

185
Q

Scrotum

A

The pouch of skin that contains the testicles

186
Q

Sequencing

A

Organization of cause-and-effect relationships

187
Q

SI units

A

Systeme International (SI) or International system of units based on meters, kilometers, seconds, amperes, kelvin, candela, and mole. Commonly known as the metric system

188
Q

Skin

A

The thin layer of the tissue that covers the body

189
Q

Small Intestine

A

The part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and large intestine that includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, where digestion and absorption of food occurs

190
Q

Solid

A

A state of matter that retains its shape and density when not contained

191
Q

Stomach

A

The organ between the esophagus and small intestine in which major portion of digestion occurs

192
Q

Subcutaneous

A

Under the dermis

193
Q

Sublimation

A

The transition of a substance from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state

194
Q

Surfactant

A

A fluid secreted by alveoli and found in the lungs that maintains surface tension

195
Q

Sweat

A

Perspiration excreted by sweat glands through the skin

196
Q

Synapse

A

The structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons, muscles, or glads

197
Q

Systole

A

The portion of the cardia cycle in which the heart expels blood

198
Q

T cell

A

White blood cells that mature in the thymus and participate in the immune system

199
Q

Testes (testicles)

A

The organs that produce sperm; also called “testes”

200
Q

Testosterone

A

The hormone that stimulates male secondary sexual characteristics

201
Q

Thymus

A

The lymph organ where T cells mature

202
Q

Thyroid gland

A

The gland in the neck that secrets hormones that regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate

203
Q

Tidal volume

A

The amount of air inhaled after a normal inspiration;

amount of air breathed in a normal inhalation or exhalation

204
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells with similar structure that function together as a unit but at a lower level than organs

205
Q

Trachea

A

The windpipe, which connects the throat to the lungs

206
Q

Triple point

A

The temperature and pressure at which solid, liquid, and vapor phases of a pure substances coexist

207
Q

Urea

A

The nitrogenous wastes found in urine

208
Q

Ureter

A

The duct that conducts urine from the kidney to the bladder

209
Q

Urethra

A

The tube that connects the bladder to the exterior of the body

210
Q

Urinary bladder

A

The structure that stores urine in the body until elimination

211
Q

Urine

A

Liquid waste matter excreted by the kidneys

212
Q

Uterus

A

The whom

213
Q

Vagina

A

The tube that connects the external genitals to the cervix

214
Q

Valence electrons

A

An electron in an outer orbital that can form bonds with other atoms

215
Q

Variable

A

An item or aspect of an item that changes

216
Q

Vas deferens

A

The duct in which sperm moves from a testicle to the urethra

217
Q

Vein

A

Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart

218
Q

Ventilation

A

The movement of air in and out of the body via inhalation and exhalation

219
Q

Volume

A

The amount of space taken up by an object

220
Q

Volumetric pipette

A

A device used for precise measurement of small amounts of liquid

221
Q

Voluntary

A

With intentional control