Science 9 Year Review Flashcards
1
Q
What is the study of the properties of matter and the changes matter undergoes?
A
Chemistry
2
Q
List the 5 properties of the Particle Model of Matter.
A
- All matter is made up of extremely tiny particles.
- Each pure substances has its own kind of particle, different from the particles of other pure substances.
- Particles attract each
other. - Particles are always moving.
- Particles at a higher temperature move faster on average than at a lower temperature.
3
Q
What are the two kinds of matter?
A
Pure substances and mixtures.
4
Q
What type of mixture has uniformly scattered particles?
A
Homogeneous
Example: Water
5
Q
What type of mixture does not have uniformly scattered particles?
A
Heterogeneous
Example: sand and water, ice cubes in a drink, oil and water
6
Q
List the two different kinds of pure substances.
A
- Elements
Example: Sulfur - Compounds
Example: Sugar
7
Q
What is one way to tell the difference between a solution and a colloid?
A
Shine a light through them. Colloid will scatter the light because the particles are larger than those in a solution.
8
Q
What kind of heterogeneous mixture can be separated by filtering and will scatter light?
A
Suspension
Example: Flour in water
9
Q
If a material burns or destroys living tissue, what do you call it?
A
Caustic
● An agent that burns or destroys living tissue.
10
Q
What is an emulsion?
A
An emulsion is a suspension that does not separate over time.
11
Q
What is the common name for NaCl?
A
Table Salt
12
Q
A chemical reaction of a liquid and a solid happens under different conditions in a beaker.
Condition W: The reaction beaker is cooled
Condition X: The solid is broken into pieces
Condition Y: The liquid is diluted
Condition Z: A catalyst is added
Which condition(s) will produce the fastest reaction?
A
Conditions X and Z
13
Q
What is a chemical change?
A
When one or more substances are formed. It is usually difficult or impossible to reverse. Ex: burning paper. It produces ashes, and smoke and it is irreversible.
14
Q
What is the difference between a qualitative and quantitative property?
A
Qualitative is a characteristic of a substance that can be described and observed but not measured. (color, shininess)
Quantitative is a characteristic of a substance that can be measured.(length, height, weight)
15
Q
Name the property of matter that relates to the closeness of atoms, and it’s type (physical/chemical).
Name one the property of matter that relates to ability to burn, and it’s type.
A
Physical and chemical:
Density - a physical property because it can be measured without altering or creating a new substance
Combustibility- ability of a substance to burn in oxygen. This is a chemical property because it creates new substances.
16
Q
What is a physical change?
A
A substance changes in form but not in chemical composition. Ex: Ice melting, or water freezing to ice.
17
Q
What are some examples of helium and hydrogen properties?
A
Helium: colourless, low density (0.18 g/ l), and does not burn
Hydrogen: colourless, very low density ( 0.09 g/ l ), and it burns explosively
18
Q
What are the 7 characteristics of a chemical change?
A
- Heat is produced or absorbed.
- The starting material is used up.
- There is a change in colour.
- A material with new properties forms.
- Gas bubbles form in a liquid.
- A precipitate forms in a liquid.
- The change is difficult to reverse.
19
Q
What did the Greeks consider the four elements that made up all matter on earth?
A
The Greeks believed that fire, earth, air and water were the 4 elements that made up earth.
20
Q
Define proton, neutron and electron.
A
A proton is a positively charged subatomic particle. An electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle and a neutron is a neutrally charged subatomic particle.
21
Q
What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?
A
When a substance goes through chemical change, the mass of the new substance is equal to the original mass of the substance.
22
Q
What is the Law of Definite Composition?
A
Compounds are pure substances that contain two or more elements combined together in fixed (or definite) proportions.
Ex: Pure water (11% hydrogen and 89% oxygen by mass).
23
Q
Describe the process of electrolysis.
A
The process of decomposing a chemical compound by passing an electric current through it. Used to isolate the elements.
24
Q
What are elements?
A
Basic building blocks of compounds in its purest form. Elements can be found on the periodic table of elements.
25
What are some properties of nonmetals?
Non-Metals - These fall into groups 14 to 16 in the periodic table. They can't conduct heat or electricity very well and are brittle. They also can't be made into wire or sheets. At room temperature, non-metals turn into gases and solids.
26
What are some properties of metalloids?
Metalloids - Have both metal and non-metal properties. Some are semiconductors. They can carry an electrical charge under special conditions.
27
What are some properties of metals?
Metals conduct electricity and heat. Very malleable and ductile: can be hammered into sheets and stretched into wires. Shiny appearance or lustre. All except for mercury are solids at room temperature. Most numerous.
28
What are the four chemical families?
Alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals, halogens, and noble gases. They share similar chemical and physical characteristics based on their groups.
29
What is the average mass of an atom of an element called?
Atomic mass
30
What does the atomic mass include?
Includes mass of electrons, protons, and neutrons.
31
How do you find the mass number?
Number of protons + number of neutrons
32
What is the number of proton an element has in its nucleus called?
Atomic number
33
How do you find the number of neutrons?
Mass number - atomic number = # of neutrons
34
How many periods are there in the periodic table?
Seven
35
How many groups are in the periodic table of elements?
18
36
How are molecular compounds named?
1. Write the Entire name of the first element
2. Change the ending of the 2nd element to -ide
3. Use a prefix for the number of each type of atom. Mono-1, di- 2, tri- 3, tetra- 4.
For example: CO. Carbon = C
And Oxygen = O
Convert oxygen to oxide
Add prefix mono- to oxide
CO= Carbon monoxide
37
How are ionic compounds named?
1. The metallic element is placed first with the non-metallic element after it.
2. The non-metallic element has its ending changed to -ide
3. Subscripts tell us the ratio of ions in the compound.
For example, CaCO3. Ca= calcium
CO3= calcium trioxide, also referred to as carbonate
So the ratio of calcium to carbonate is 1:3
And CaCO3 = calcium carbonate, commonly found in limestone and calcite.
38
What is the difference between an ionic and molecular compound?
Ionic compounds are:
- If atoms transfer electrons to other atoms, the bonds are stable and an Ionic compound is formed.
- Formed from metallic and non-metallic elements
- Forms ions in solution
- Conducts electricity
- Usually solid at room temperature
----------------------------------------------------
Molecular compounds are:
- If atoms share electrons with other atoms to become stable, then a Molecular compound is formed.
- Usually formed from ONLY non-metallic elements
- Does not form ions in solutions
- Usually does not conduct electricity
- Solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature
39
What is a chemical formula?
A chemical formula uses symbols and numerals to represent the composition of a pure substance.
Each symbol represents an atom of an
Element. If there is more than one atom of an element , a small number is written below the line ( a subscript)
40
What is a diatomic molecule?
Molecules made of two atoms of the same element.
Ex: oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen
41
A McDonald's employee serves you a big mac but then drops it and he slips on it. He then grabs onto some guys shirt and they both fall bottom first on your sandwich. Is the flattening of your burger a physical change or chemical change?
Physical change. This is because there is no change in the burgers chemical composition. It wasn't cooked or anything rather it was flattened by some guys weight.
42
What are the 2 types of adaptation? Explain them.
The 2 different types of adaptations are behavioural adaptations and structural adaptation.
Behavioural Adaptation: The behaviours and actions and organism does to survive
Structural Adaptation: The physical features on an organism that help it survive. E.g. Bill on a Duck, fur on a Polar Bear
43
What is the process called when one type of animal evolves into a variety of similar yet different species, and how does it affect Earth’s biological diversity.
The process is called speciation. A lot of Earth’s biological diversity is due to the amount of speciation occurring to species.
Ex: A cougar, lynx, and bobcat are classified in the same family of animals.
Speciation: the evolution of different species from a single ancestor.
44
What does a biodiversity index compare, and what can it be used for?
A biodiversity index compares the diversity of species in an area with the total number of organisms in the same area. Biodiversity index can be used for checking the health of an ecosystem.
45
What does an organism's niche include?
An organism’s niche includes where an organism lives(habitat) and what it does.
46
What is the difference between a broad niche and a narrow niche?
Explain them.
A broad niche is the roles or characteristic activities filled by a generalist organism, while a narrow niche is a highly specialized role or characteristic activity undertaken by an organism in an ecosystem.
47
What is the difference between generalists and specialists?
Generalists are organisms with generalized requirements and adaptations that allow it to survive in variable conditions and depend on a variety of different food sources. Specialists are a type of organisms that is adapted to very specific environments and have a narrow niche.
48
What is a symbiotic relationship?
Give 3 types of symbiotic relationships.
A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between organisms of different species living in close proximity to each other in a relationship that lasts over time. Mutualism, Commensalism, and Parasitism.
49
What is the difference between heritable and non-heritable characteristics?
Heritable: characteristics that are passed on from one generation to another.
Non-heritable: Characteristics that aren’t transferred by genes.
50
True or false. Asexual reproduction requires two parents to produce an offspring?
False. Asexually Reproduction is a type of reproduction where the offspring is created from a single organism that is genetically identical to the parent.
51
What are the four asexual reproduction systems?
Binary Fission: Splitting of a single cell into two organisms
Spores: An offspring developed from a single celled reproductive structure.
Budding: A bud that grows on an organism and then eventually breaks away to becomes a new organism.
Vegetative: This occurs when a plant’s cutting is taken and is planted in the ground, meristematic cells are activated and the plant grows normally
52
What is an advantage and disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
Advantage: Reproduction is rapid because it does not require a mate
Disadvantage: There are less variation which can reduce their chances of survival if the environment changes
53
What are some advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
Advantages: Many variations which increases survival chances if the environment changes
Disadvantages: Reproduction takes a long time and there is a limited amount of offsprings.
54
How does fertilization occur?
The process of fertilization occurs when the male and female gamete meet together. A Gamete is a female and male egg.
55
What kind of structure is DNA?
A double helix structure composed of phosphate, deoxyribose sugar and nitrogen bases. Phosphate and sugar make the back bone while the nitrogen bases are the rungs of the ladder.
56
If you are choosing a cow from the farm that produced the most milk to breed, what kind of selection is this type of breeding?
Artificial selection
57
What is a domestic animal?
This selection are those animals that are our ideal Living partner. These animals are no longer wild, but has been bred or tamed by humans to perform various functions. Example: Dog and Cat.
58
When alternations in the DNA happens, what is this called?
Mutations
59
What is deoxyribonucleic acid?
DNA
60
What is the Theory of Natural Selection?
A naturally occurring process in which only those organisms with the best traits for survival in an environment survive to reproduce; over time this process results in changes in the genetic characteristics of a species.
61
What type of structure is DNA held inside?
Chromosomes: in a cell, tightly packed strands of DNA visible under a light microscope during cell division.
62
What are the four nitrogen bases in DNA? And which ones pair with each other?
1). Adenine (A)
2). Thymine(T)
3) Guanine (G)
4). Cytosine (C)
They are paired as A-T and C-G
63
What are four main points of the theory of natural selection?
1. All organism produce more offspring than can possibly survive
2. There is incredible variations within each species
3. Some of these variations increase the chance of an organism surviving to reproduce
4. Over time, variations that are passed on lead to changes in the genetics characteristics of a species
64
How are Somatic cells and sex cells different?
Somatic cells are body cells (Ex: skin cells) and sex cells are cells for reproduction such as sperms and eggs.
65
An inherited trait that shows up in offspring is known as what? (Eg… Widows Peak- V Line Hairline)
Dominant Trait
66
What do Chromosomes contain that are made of DNA?
Chromosomes contain GENES which are made of DNA
67
How many chromosomes are in the human body?
23 pairs of chromosomes, a total of 46 chromosomes
68
What are transgenic animals?
Genetically modified animals that have human genes added to their fertilized eggs.
69
How do bioindicators help indicate environmental change?
Organism such Trout and Perch are usually found in clean water whereas, organisms such as Catfish and leeches are found in polluted water. This is how you can indicate if the environment is polluted or not.
70
What is the difference between extinction and extirpation?
Extinction is when a specie no longer exists whereas, extirpation is where the species no longer exists in a specific area.
71
What type of seeds are stored in a seed bank?
Seeds that are endangered and threatened with extinction.
72
What type of agreements do Global treaties support?
Global treaties make it illegal to sell endangered animal and their body parts
73
Describe what happens when cells divide uncontrollably.
Some cases, mutations in individual cells cause cancer. Cancerous cells go through rapid cell division and DO NOT develop the same way healthy cells develop. Cancerous cells can interfere with nearby cells and prevent the body from working carefully.
74
Is the variation in height an example of continuous variation or discrete variation?
Continuous Variation: Human Characteristics such as:
Skin, colour, height, and hair colour (you can have in between numbers as opposed to discrete variation which is either or).
75
True or False: Are all characteristics purely inherited?
False: Not all Characteristics are inherited. Some depends entirely on the environment.
Ex.
- Scars
- Injuries
- Hair style
- Makeup
76
Describe the difference between dominant and recessive traits.
Dominant Trait: A dominant characteristic shows up when mixed with recessive characteristics.
Ex: dominant trait is tongue rolling.
77
True or False: The frequency of a trait can vary from population to population.
True: In some populations it can consist of blue eyes and blond hair. Other population almost everyone has brown eyes and black hair.
78
Why are some traits passed on from one generation to another?
Traits that are skipped from a generation is called recessive trait.
Ex: Red hair and blue eyes can skip a generation. Which is why they are rare.
79
Are all Characteristics passed on the same way?
No, not every characteristic is inherited. Examples of characteristics are Continuous and Discrete variation.
Discrete: Characteristics with limited number of possibilities.
Ex: The ABO blood group
Continuous: Characteristics with a range of possibilities.
Ex: Physical attributes such as skin colour, height, and hair colour.
80
Provide a definition and an example of mutagen.
Mutagen: Chemicals that cause mutation on organisms.
Ex: X-rays, Ultraviolet rays, Cosmic Rays
81
Describe difference between mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis is the division of somatic cells. All daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells. Meiosis undergoes two sets of cell divisions resulting in daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes. These daughter cells are gametes (Ex: sperm and egg). Meiosis is for sexual reproduction.
82
What does frame of reference mean?
A set of axes of any kind that is used to describe the positions or motions of things.
83
What does the azimuth measure compared to the altitude?
The angle measured clockwise from north is azimuth whereas the altitude is the angle measured above the horizon.
84
What is a an astrolabe used for compared to a compass
Astrolabe measures the altitude coordinate of a celestial body whereas compass measures the azimuth coordinate
85
What is a geocentric model?
The model of the universe that places Earth as the centre of the universe.
86
What is a heliocentric model?
The model that places Sun at the centre of the universe.
87
What are the 2 types of telescopes?
The 2 types of telescopes are Refraction and Reflection telescopes.
Refraction - uses lens
Reflection - uses mirrors
88
What is the difference between Heliocentric model and Geocentric model?
The difference between Heliocentric model and Geocentric model is:
Heliocentric - Sun centered model
Geocentric - Earth centered model
89
Who created the universal gravitation law and what is the universal gravitation law?
Universal gravitation law was created by Isaac Newton and it is:
1. All planets tend to move in a straight line
2. Force of gravity pulls the planet towards the sun
3. Results in elliptical orbit
90
What did Isaac Newton do to produce a spectrum of colors?
Isaac Newton placed a prism in a beam of sunlight to produce a spectrum of colors.
91
Name and describe the three types of spectra discovered.
The three types of spectra discovered are:
1. Emission or Bright line spectrum (low pressure gas)
2. Continuous spectrum (high pressure solid, liquid, or gas
3. Absorption or Dark line spectrum (high pressure solid, liquid, or gas then it passes through a cooler gas)
92
What was the experiment that Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen did to help us gain a better understand of spectroscopy?
Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen heated various chemicals to incandescence and examined their light through a spectroscope. They discovered that not all of the colors of a rainbow were present. Instead, they saw that each spectrum was a series of coloured lines with black spaces between them.
93
What is a diffraction grating?
Diffraction grating is a device made of thousands of closely spaced slits through which light is passed in order to produce a spectrum.
94
What is doppler effect?
The observed frequency of a wave changes if the source of the wave and the observer are moving towards or away from one another.
95
Describe the difference between redshift and blueshift.
The difference between redshift and blueshift is:
- Redshift is when a object moves away from us and on a spectrum it moves towards the red end.
- Blueshift is when a object moves towards us and on a spectrum it moves towards the blue end.
96
What is a spectroscope?
Spectroscope is a device that produces a focused spectrum.
97
What is Triangulation, and how does it work?
Triangulation
Triangulation is a method of measuring distances between objects. Triangulation can also often be called the Parallax Technique.
Steps on using Triangulation
1. Draw a baseline that is between the objects you’re trying to measure and also straight up from the baseline to the other object your measuring to.
2. Draw two line from the baseline corners and connect it to the top of the straight vertical line you have created in the middle. You then should have created a triangle and you just measure the angles on the sides.
3. Choose an appropriate scale and draw your second triangle applying the scale number.
98
Why do astronomers continue to build larger telescopes?
They continue to build larger telescopes because, larger telescopes help astronomers to see more distant stars.
99
How much is one AU?
AU stand for Astronomical Unit, and one AU is the distance from the Earth to the Sun (150 million km).
100
What is a light year?
A light year is the distance that light travels in a year, and it is equal to about 63,240 AU
101
How does the technology, Adaptive Optics work?
A computer that is connected to a telescope controls devices under the objective mirror, and the devices distort the mirror a certain amount to cancel out the twinkling effect to get a better image.
102
What did Karl Jansky build and what is this object’s function?
Karl Jansky built a Radio Antenna which helped him learn to identify radio emissions.
103
What do radio objects give off?
Radio Objects give off large amount of radio waves.
104
Explain what interferometry is and its function.
Interferometry is technology that connects two (or more) separate telescopes to combine there images to make a bigger and better picture.
105
What is very long baseline interferometry (VLBI)?
Connecting several telescopes without using wires (Using Wifi)
106
How can you determine how far or long a rocket can go?
Exhaust Velocity: exhaust velocity is one way you can determine how far a rocket can go or high.
107
What is a rocket?
Rocket: A tube that contains combustible materials in one end. A rocket also carries a payload on the other end
108
What is a staged rocket used for?
A stage is a section of the rocket that is dropped off after the fuel is done. A staged rocket is used for making rocket go faster or higher.
109
What was the ballistic missile used for?
It was made by a German scientist and created as a bomb to blow up a target that was controlled by a rocket engine.
110
What was the term used in Russia to pronounce astronaut?
The term used in Russia to pronounce astronaut was cosmonaut.
111
How can Scientists use gravity to launch rockets into space?
Scientists can use a method called gravitational assist which is a method of acceleration used by rockets to gain speed using planets gravity. The planets gravity slingshots the spacecraft into space.
112
What can artificial satellites be used for?
They can be used to look at Earth itself. These can be used for communication, observation, monitoring, and mapping
113
What is the new improved technology that has changed our way of looking at stars?
This new technology is called “Charge Coupled Devices” or CCDs.
114
What are observation and monitoring satellites?
They are used for forecasting weather, research and helps ships, and planes determine their location.
115
How is charge coupled devices used?
The CCDs converts light into electric signals in digital format. Than sent to a computer which than processes through a software which sharpens the picture.
116
What is remote sensing?
The science of taking measurements of Earth and other planets is called remote sensing. It can be used to show healthy versus unhealthy vegetation. Water pollution can be looked at. Erosion can be looked at. Land use can be observed. And weather can be monitored.
117
What is the Hubble space telescope made of and used for?
It was used to get a better picture “In space”, and made the size of a bus, with a 2.4 meter mirror in diameter, the telescope also consist of cameras and spectrometers.
118
What was the replacement for the Hubble space telescope called?
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)
119
What is the Global Positioning System?
Also known as GPS is a technology developed by the military. Navigation satellite above us send out radio signals announcing their position, the GPS device receives that signal and it calculate your location on Earth.
120
How are we able to communicate and watch television all around the world?
We are able to do all that by the satellites in the sky. One that is low, which is close to earth, and the other called “Geosynchronous” which is high from earth to transfer waves from earth to another.
121
What are inner and outer planets?
Inner planets like Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are also called terrestrial planets because because of their rocky terrain. The outer planets such as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are called gaseous because of their composition.
122
What is the difference between terrestrial and gaseous planets?
Terrestrial planets are made of rocky/hard materials that you can theoretically walk on. Gaseous planets are planets that are made up of gases that you can not walk on.
123
What is the name of the first person to be put in space?
The first person to ever be put in space is Yuri Gagarin in his soyuz class space capsule on April 12, 1961
124
What are solar flares?
Solar flares are outbursts of high-energy subatomic particle that get sent into space.
125
What is a lightyear?
A lightyear is the distance that light travels in a year.
126
What is a solar wind?
The outflow of high-energy particles in to space is called solar wind.
127
What is an astronomical unit?
(AU) The distance from the earth to the sun (150 million km)
128
What is it called when you connect an object to Earth with a conducting wire?
Grounding
129
What are the two types of electric charges?
Positive(+) Negative(-)
Protons (+) Electrons (-)
130
List two examples of commonly used conductors?
Copper, Silver (any metals)
131
Name the 3 Laws of Charges?
-Positive attracts Negative (Opposite charges attract)
-Any neutrally charged object attracts a (-) or a (+)
-Like charges repel.
132
What is the flow of electrons called?
Current electricity
133
What kind of electricity is produced when you rub or touch still objects?
Static electricity
134
What is the difference between an insulator and a conductor?
Conductors allow the flow of electrons and insulators resist/stop the flow of electrons.
135
List three examples of common insulators?
Rubber, Glass, Plastic
136
How do you neutralize non-conductors and insulators?
By using ionization devices which produces both positive and negative ions.
137
What are the four parts of a circuit?
Load, Conductor, Source and Control
138
What is the purpose for each of the four parts of a circuit?
Source: battery which provides power
Control: the switch which allows you to stop the flow of electrons. Conducting wire: the wire the electrons flow through.
Load: the light bulb or anything that the circuit is trying to turn on.
139
What is the purpose of a resistor?
To resist or slow down electrons.
140
What are variable resistors and what is an example of one?
Variable resistors are resistors that you can control the amount of electrons that go through.
141
What is the formula to calculate the current of an electrical device?
Current = voltage divided by resistance
142
What is resistance and what is it calculated in?
A property that hinders motion of electric charge and converts electric charge into other forms of energy. It is calculated in Ohms.
143
What is the standard unit of resistance?
The Ohm.
144
What is a good conductor?
A good conductor has LOW resistance.
145
What is Ohm's law?
V = I/R
146
What is a variable resistor?
They don’t have a fixed resistance, their resistance changes in response to temperature, light, voltage or some other variable. Ex: Nichrome wire
147
What does a variable power supply?
It provides continuous variation of output, or could have preset voltages. It used to resist electricity.
148
What is the difference between a series and parallel current?
A series circuit has only one pathway and a parallel circuit has several pathways
149
What is a thermocouple?
A thermocouple is a device that allows heat to converted directly to electrical energy.
150
What is a thermo-electric generator?
Thermo-electric generator is a device that is based on a thermocouple that converts heat directly into electricity without moving parts.
151
How does a thermocouple work?
It works by having a loop of two wires
at the ends or junctions. When one junction is heated, an electric current is passed through it.
152
How are thermocouples used?
Are mostly used to obtain the most precise temperature measurement when you can used a normal liquid thermometers.
Used as sensors in safety and control devices for ovens, heaters that use hot waters, and electric ovens.
153
How are thermo-electric generator similar to a thermocouple?
A thermo-electric generator is a device that produces electricity from heat. They are similar to a thermocouple because they both produce electricity from heat.
154
A device that could generate voltage without using living tissue by placing different metals in a solution containing a salt or acid.
Electrochemical cell
155
The two metals in any electromechanical cell.
Electrodes
156
The substance surrounding the electrodes that can conduct electricity.
Electrolyte
157
A cell that cannot be charged.
Primary Cell
158
A rechargeable cell that uses a chemical reaction that can be reversed.
Secondary Cell
159
What is the difference between a secondary and primary cell?
A primary cell is a cell that cannot be recharged or used again. Whereas a secondary cell is a rechargeable cell that involves a chemical reaction that can be reversed.
160
What is the difference between a wet cell and dry cell?
A dry cell is a cell that contains a dry electrolyte or paste whereas a wet cell is a cell that contains a liquid electrolyte.
161
What were the first electric batteries invented?
Voltaic piles were the first electric batteries invented in 1800.
162
What is an Electric Generator?
A device that converts mechanical energy into electric
163
What does an Electromagnet consist of?
An electric source, wire coil and soft iron bar.
164
What is a dynamo?
A generator that produces direct current.
165
What is an armature and what is it connected too?
An armature is a rotating loop of wire which is connected to the outside circuit by a split-ring commutator.
166
What does a generator produce?
A generator converts magnetic or mechanical energy to electrical energy.
167
What is the difference between an AC and DC generator?
AC= alternating current
DC= Direct current
168
Why do most power plants produce Alternating current instead of direct current?
It is easy to increase or decrease the voltage of alternating current. It also can travel over long distances without losing much.
169
What is a circuit breaker?
It acts as a switch and safety device that can cut all power coming into the home.
170
Why are fluorescent light bulbs better incandescent than bulbs?
A fluorescent bulb produces less heat and is much more efficient, also it will last longer.
171
What is the formula for power?
P = Et
172
What is the difference between renewable and non- renewable resources?
Energy resources like coal, natural gas are available in limited supplies. This is usually due to the long period of time this is known as non- renewable resources.
Renewable resources: are replenished naturally and over relatively short period of time.
173
What is thermal pollution?
Occurs when warm water is returned directly to the lake or river from where it is taken increasing the water temperature.
174
What is geothermal energy?
Thermal energy contained in the inner portion of Earth is known as geothermal energy.
175
What is the difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion?
Nuclear fission: is when you split the nucleus in half
Nuclear fusion: is when the two nuclei come together.
176
What are four types of organic nutrients? What role do they have in nutrition?
1. Carbohydrates: Energy source for metabolism.
2. Proteins: Structural molecule for body and helps chemical reactions.
3. Lipids: Storage of unused chemical energy.
4. Vitamins: a molecule that helps enzymes function in the body.
177
How do root hairs increase a plant’s surface area for absorption?
Root hairs branch out to get the most contact with water and soil to absorb the minerals.
178
What do the three numbers on a bag of fertilizer represent? (In order)
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium (NPK)
179
What are the three types of pesticides?
1. Herbicides
2. Insecticides
3. Fungicides
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What is a positive effect of DDT?
Rate of death from malaria, typhus and yellow fever fell dramatically.
181
What is a negative effect of DDT?
1. Dead birds, fish, frogs and other harmless insects in that sprayed area.
2. It builds up in the tissues of animals it was not intended to kill.
3. Take a long time to break down.
182
What is the W.H.O. organization?
The World Health Organization
183
Some pesticides can accumulate in the bodies of organisms, what is the result?
They can increase in concentration in specific tissues or organs eventually causing harm if the concentration gets too high.
184
When chemicals accumulate in the bodies of organisms along the food chain, what is the process called?
Biomagnification
185
What is the difference between pH Paper and Litmus Paper?
pH Paper has a chemical compound base, while Litmus paper has a plant base.
186
What is the pH Scale?
The pH scale is a scale used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a substance.
187
What colour on litmus paper signifies a base?
Blue
188
What numbers on the pH scale signifies acidic, what signifies basic, and what signifies neutral?
Acidic: 0-6.
Neutral:7
Basic: 8-14
189
When acid rain falls into a lake, what process should be used to neutralize it?
Liming
190
What is acid rain?
Acid Rain is precipitation that contains acid compounds.
191
How does acid rain form?
Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides mix with rain water to make acid compounds causing the pH to drop below 7.
192
Scrubbers aim to eliminate which oxide mainly?
Mainly Sulfur Dioxide, but they also get rid of nitrogen oxides.
193
Pollution from factories that enter the atmosphere can cause what type of precipitation?
Acid Precipitation/ Acid Rain
194
Why is calcium carbonate added to lakes with high acidity?
Calcium carbonate is a base that neutralizes acids in certain areas making them safe.
195
Liming is the process of adding what to the environment?
Calcium Carbonate
196
What do catalyst do in the process of a reaction?
They speed up the reaction without being used up in the process.
197
What are the four types of macroinvertebrates?
Crustaceans, Insects, Molluscs, and Gastropods.
198
What are some examples of non-persistent wastes?
Fertilizers, and sewage because they can be broken down into non polluting compounds by natural chemical reactions or bacteria.
199
What are some examples of persistent wastes?
Pesticides, petroleum products, and heavy metals. Wastes that break down slowly or may not break down at all.
200
What are some examples of biological indicators?
Trout & Perch fish (They are only found in clean bodies of water)
Carp & Catfish (They can tolerate higher levels of pollution)
201
What is a point source?
A specific source/location where the pollution is being discharged from. Ex. Smokestacks, factories.
202
What is a Biological Indicator?
A organism whose state can determine the condition of its environment.
203
In aquatic systems, what decreases in the water when its polluted?
Oxygen
204
What is the most cheapest and the most effective way to reduce pollution?
Reduce the emission/production of pollutants.
205
What is a Non Point source?
A source of pollution where pollutants aren’t discharged from a specific source/location.
206
Provide examples of things that changes the environment as well as cause harms to organisms.
● Land Pollution
● Air Pollution
● Water Pollution
● Noise Pollution
207
What is a difference between a pollutant and pollution?
Pollutant are thing that will cause harm to living things
Pollution is a alteration within environment that have the potential harm to living things
208
What make acute toxicity more deadly than chronic toxicity?
Acute toxicity: is a chemical that have the ability to harm a organism in just ONE occurrence
Chronic toxicity: The ability to harm living thing in multiple occurrences
209
If mercury builds up in the body tissues, it can cause serious problems to many organisms. Mercury is described as having what type of toxicity?
Chronic Toxicity: the ability of a chemical to cause harm ONLY after many exposures over time.
210
Why do pregnant women react differently to Thalidomide than a rats?
Differences in body mass, metabolism, lifestyles and different organisms will vary particular toxins.
211
When toxins enter the body differently, how does it affect the toxicity level?
Inhaling or ingesting a chemical is more harmful than spilling the same chemical on your skin.
212
What is LD50 and when is it used?
LD50 is a lethal dose 50 that requires to kill 50% of the population. It is used to test toxicity of household products, pesticides, drugs. Ect
213
Why do organic objects biodegrade faster than any other objects.
It is because organic objects bonds are looser therefore it will biodegrade faster.
214
What are the 4 R’s?
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle & Recover.
215
Which of the 4 R’s has the most potential to change things?
Reduce
216
What is bioremediation?
A method of using living organism to break down complex, toxic substances into simpler, non toxic ones.
217
Define sanitary landfill?
A landfill incorporating a waterproof liner filled with compacted garbage.
218
Define secure landfill?
A specialized landfill which safely dispose the hazardous and toxic wastes.
