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ATI Teas > Science > Flashcards

Science Flashcards

1
Q

anatomical position

A

standard positioning of the body as standing; feet together; arms to the side; with head, eyes, and palms of hands forward.

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2
Q

cells

A

the basic structural unit of an organism from which living things are created.

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3
Q

cellular functions

A

processes that include growth, metabolism, replication, protein synthesis, and movement.

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4
Q

directional terminology

A

words used to explain relationships of locations of anatomical elements (distal, posterior, medial, etc,)

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5
Q

organ systems

A

functional groups of organs that work together within the body; circulatory, integumentary, skeletal, reproductive, digestive, urinary, respiratory, endocrine, lymphatic, muscular, nervous.

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6
Q

organelle

A

a specialized part of a cell that has a specific function.

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7
Q

organ

A

a self-contained part of an organism that performs a specific function.

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8
Q

reference planes

A

planes dividing the body to describe locations; sagittal, coronal, and transverse.

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9
Q

tissue

A

a group of cells with similar structure that function together as a unit, but at a lower level than organs.

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10
Q

alveoli

A

tiny air sacs in the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

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11
Q

asthma

A

a lung disease characterized by inflamed, narrowed airways and difficulty breathing

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12
Q

bronchi

A

the main passageways directly attached to the lungs

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13
Q

bronchioles

A

small passage in the lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli

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14
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and other organs, characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing up sputum, and lung infections.

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15
Q

perfusion

A

the passage of fluid to an organ or a tissue

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16
Q

pleura

A

a membrane around the lungs and inside the chest cavity

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17
Q

surfactant

A

a fluid secreted by alveoli and found in the lungs

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18
Q

tidal volume

A

the amount of air breathed in a normal inhalation or exhalation

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19
Q

trachea

A

a windpipe, which connects the larynx to the lungs

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20
Q

ventilation

A

the movement of air in and out of the body via inhalation and exhalation

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21
Q

arteries

A

blood vessels that deliver blood from the heart to other parts of the body

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22
Q

capillary

A

small blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules

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23
Q

diastole

A

the portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart refills with blood

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24
Q

heart

A

the muscle that pumps blood throughout the body

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25
Q

hemoglobin

A

the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body

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26
Q

leukocyte

A

white blood cells, which protect the body against disease

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27
Q

lymph

A

clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight disease

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28
Q

lymphocyte

A

a subtype of white blood cells around the lymph

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29
Q

plasma

A

the pale yellow component of blood that carries red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets throughout the body

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30
Q

systole

A

the portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart expels blood

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31
Q

vein

A

blood vessels that carry blood to the heart

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32
Q

anus

A

the opening of the rectum from which solid waste is expelled

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33
Q

bolus

A

a mass of food that has been chewed and swallowed

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34
Q

chyme

A

the semifluid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine

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35
Q

enzymatic digestion

A

the break down of food by enzymes for absorption

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36
Q

gall bladder

A

the organ that stores bile

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37
Q

large intestine

A

also known as the colon, where vitamins and water are absorbed before feces is stored prior to elimination

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38
Q

liver

A

the organ that produces bile, regulates glycogen storage, and performs other bodily functions

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39
Q

mouth

A

the oral cavity at the entry to the alimentary canal

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40
Q

pancreas

A

the gland of the digestive and endocrine systems that produces insulin and secretes pancreatic juices

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41
Q

peristalsis

A

a series of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract

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42
Q

rectum

A

the last section of the large intestine, ending with the anus

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43
Q

saliva

A

the clear fluid found in the mouth, also known as spit

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44
Q

small intestine

A

the part of the GI tract between the stomach and the large intestine that includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, where digestion and absorption of food occurs

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45
Q

stomach

A

the organ between the esophagus and small intestine in which the major portion of digestion occurs

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46
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

the part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates unconscious body functions such as breathing and heart rate

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47
Q

axon

A

a nerve fiber that carries a nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body

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48
Q

contraction

A

the process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in a muscle

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49
Q

involuntary

A

without intentional control

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50
Q

muscle

A

fibrous tissue that produces force and motion to move the body or produce movement in parts of the body

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51
Q

nerve

A

a bundle of nerve fibers that transmits electrical impulses toward and away from the brain and spinal cord

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52
Q

reflex

A

an involuntary action to a stimulus

53
Q

relaxation

A

release of tension in a muscle

54
Q

synapse

A

the structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands

55
Q

voluntary

A

with intentional control

56
Q

cervix

A

the passage that forms the lower part of the uterus

57
Q

estrogen

A

female sex hormones

58
Q

fallopian tubes

A

tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus

59
Q

ovary

A

organ in which eggs are produced for reproduction

60
Q

penis

A

organ for elimination of urine and sperm from the male body

61
Q

prostate

A

the gland in males that control the release of urine and secretes a part of semen that enhances motility and fertility of sperm

62
Q

scrotum

A

the ouch of skin that contains the testicles

63
Q

testes (testicles)

A

the organs that produce sperm

64
Q

testosterone

A

the hormone that stimulates male secondary sexual characteristics

65
Q

urethra

A

the tube that connects the bladder to the exterior of the body

66
Q

uterus

A

the womb

67
Q

vagina

A

the tube that connects the external genitals to the cervix

68
Q

vas deferens

A

the duct in which sperm moves from a testicle to the urethra

69
Q

constrict

A

to become narrower

70
Q

dermis

A

the middle layer of skin

71
Q

dilate

A

to become wider

72
Q

epidermis

A

the outer layer of skin

73
Q

excretion

A

elimination of metabolic waste from the body

74
Q

gland

A

an organ that secretes a substance

75
Q

integumentary system

A

an organ system comprised of skin ad its associated organs

76
Q

skin

A

the thin layer of tissue that covers the body

77
Q

subcutaneous

A

under the dermis

78
Q

sweat

A

perspiration excreted by sweat glands through the skin

79
Q

adrenal

A

a gland above the kidneys that produces hormones to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and other functions

80
Q

hormone

A

a chemical messenger produced by a gland and transported by the bloodstream that regulates specific processes in the body

81
Q

parathyroid

A

an endocrine gland in the neck that produces parathyroid hormone

82
Q

pineal gland

A

a small gland near the center of the brain that secretes melatonin

83
Q

pituitary

A

the endocrine gland at the base of the brain that controls growth and development

84
Q

thymus

A

the lymphoid organ that produces T-cells

85
Q

thyroid gland

A

the gland in the neck that secretes hormones that regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate

86
Q

cardiovascular system

A

the system comprised of the heart and blood vessels

87
Q

kidneys

A

the pair of the organs that regulate fluid balance and filter waste from the blood

88
Q

nephron

A

the part of the kidney responsible for filtering and excretion

89
Q

renal arteries

A

the two branches of the abdominal for filtering and excretion

90
Q

renal cortex

A

the outer layer of the kidney

91
Q

renal medulla

A

the innermost part of the kidney

92
Q

renal pelvis

A

the center of the kidney where the urine collects before moving to the ureter

93
Q

renal vein

A

a vein carrying blood from a kidney to the inferior vena cava

94
Q

renin

A

an enzyme released by the kidney when reduced blood pressure is detected by baroreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries

95
Q

urea

A

the main nitrogenous part of urine

96
Q

ureter

A

the duct that conducts urine from the kidney to the bladder

97
Q

urinary bladder

A

the structure that stores urine in the body until elimination

98
Q

urine

A

liquid waste matter excreted by the kidneys

99
Q

adaptive immune system

A

a kind of passive or active immunity in which antibodies to a particular antigen are present in the body

100
Q

antibody

A

a blood protein that counteracts a specific antigen

101
Q

antigens

A

substances on the surfaces of agents that act to the identify them, to the body, as being native or foreign

102
Q

antigen presenting cell (APC)

A

a cell that displays foreign antigens with major histocompatibility complexes on their surfaces

103
Q

antimicrobial

A

a substance that kills or inhibits growth of micro-organisms with minimal damage to the host

104
Q

B-cell

A

lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow and make antibodies in response to antigens

105
Q

barrier

A

a divider between parts of the body

106
Q

complement

A

the group of proteins in blood serum and plasma that works with antibodies to destroy particulate antigens

107
Q

dendritic cell

A

antigen-presenting cells that process antigen material and present it to T-cells

108
Q

immunoglobulin

A

an antibody

109
Q

innate immune system

A

a collection of nonspecific barriers and cellular responses that serve as an inborn first and second line of defense against pathogens

110
Q

macrophage

A

a large white blood cell that inmates in foreign material

111
Q

memory cell

A

a lymphocyte that responds to an antigen upon reintroduction

112
Q

phagocytosis

A

ingestion of particles by a cell or phagocyte

113
Q

plasma cell

A

a white blood cell that produces a single type of antibody

114
Q

T-cell

A

white blood cells that mature in the thymus and participate in immune response

115
Q

bone

A

hard, calcified material that makes up the skeleton

116
Q

brittle bone disease

A

a group of diseases that affect collagen and result in fragile bones

117
Q

canaliculi

A

micros coping canals in ossified bone

118
Q

collagen

A

the primary structural protein of connective tissue

119
Q

Haversian canal

A

channels in the bone that contain blood vessels and nerves

120
Q

lamellae

A

layers of bone, tissue, or cell walls

121
Q

lining cells

A

flattened bone cells that come from osteoblasts

122
Q

osteoarthritis

A

degenerative joint disease

123
Q

osteoblasts

A

cells that make bone

124
Q

osteoclasts

A

cells that remove bone

125
Q

osteocytes

A

bone cells

126
Q

osteons

A

cylindrical structures that comprise compact bone

127
Q

osteoporosis

A

a disease that causes brittle, fragile bones

128
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

a progressive disease that causes joint inflammation and pain

129
Q

Volkmann canal

A

channels in bone that transmit blood vessels and communicate with Haversian cells

ATI Teas (1 decks)

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