Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Elem Edu Science K-6 > Science > Flashcards

Science Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bloom’s Taxonomy

A

a hierarchy of levels of knowledge; each level has associated verbs teachers can use to start questions
“identify” is at a lower level than “argue” because it requires a lower level of thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Brain-Based Learning

A

a type of learning which makes connections across sides of the brain; incorporates activity in learning
active learning activities such as debating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Conclusion

A

a summary of the results of an experiment; states whether the initial hypothesis was rejected or supported
chapter tests, semester tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Control Group

A

a group of specimens in an experiment to which no change is made; does not receive the experimental treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Data

A

measurements and observations recorded during an experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dependent Variable

A

a variable which is measured by the scientist conducting the experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Differentiation

A

tailoring the material taught to each student to ensure adequate challenge and retention of the material
Different spelling lists based on a student’s ability and reading level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Elaborate (5E Model)

A

Fourth phase of 5E model. students extend their thinking and practice new skills.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Engage (5E Model)

A

First phase of 5E model. students become mentally engaged, make connections to previous learning, and think about their own learning outcomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

English-Language Learners

A

students whose first language is not English or who come from an environment in which English is not the dominant language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Evaluate (5E Model)

A

Final (fifth) phase of 5E model. students are assessed on their understanding and teachers evaluate learning to inform their next lesson.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Evidence-Based Science Instruction

A

using educational research to design lessons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Experimental Group

A

a group of specimens in an experiment to which a change is made; receives the experimental treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Experimental Investigation

A

Researchers assign subjects in the sample to certain treatments, then observe the effects of the treatment. Can show causation (cause and effect).
Does using algebra tiles during instruction help freshman students learn how to solve equations?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain (5E Model)

A

Third phase of 5E model. students explain what they know and verbalize their understanding. Teachers use this phase to formally define terms and explain processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explicit Teaching

A

the process of teaching by communicating clear expectations and giving specific feedback to students

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explore (5E Model)

A

Second phase of 5E model. students work with the material, developing their knowledge, and usually actively manipulating materials or interactive content.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Feedback Loop

A

a series of experiments in which the results lead to more possible hypotheses and subsequently more testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Formal Assessments

A

a usually post-instruction assessment with the purpose of assessing student knowledge, retention, and application. Often involve the use of a standardized rubric or scoring guide based on several criteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Formative Assessments

A

a usually mid-instruction assessment with the purpose of assessing student progress and informing the teacher so instruction can be altered as needed.
portfolios, graphic organizers, games

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hypothesis

A

an informed prediction (made based on previous observations) for a phenomena. Should be testable.
If we give plants more fertilizer, they will grow taller.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Independent Variable

A

a variable which is manipulated by the scientist conducting the experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Informal Assessments

A

More flexible than formal assessments and can be adjusted to fit the situation and particular needs of the student being tested
observations during a lesson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Inquiry-Based Activities

A

activities that allow students to participate in the scientific method with little guidance from the teacher
experiments, discussions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

K-W-L Chart

A

A graphic organizer used throughout a unit that shows what students know (K), want to know (W), and learned (L)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Observations

A

information gathered using the five senses

smell, color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Products

A

material produced by the student to demonstrate content mastery
artwork, posters, lab activities, journals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Qualitative Data

A

data which is described rather than measured

color, shape, smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Quantitative Data

A

data which is measured and usually expressed numerically

distance, time, temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Summative Assessments

A

Tests given at specific points in time in order to determine what students know and don’t know. Summative assessments are generally formal.
State assessments, district benchmarks, semester or six weeks tests, and end of unit or chapter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Hardness

A

the mineral’s resistance to scratching; measured on the Mohs scale, where talc, the softest mineral, has a score of 1 and diamond, the hardest, has a score of 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Sedimentary Rock

A

rock formed when sediments build up and cement together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Rock

A

an accumulation of one or more minerals

sedimentary rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Outer Core

A

the layer of the earth just beneath the mantle; composed of very hot, liquified rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Tectonic Plates

A

plates or portions of Earth’s crust and upper mantle, which glide across the asthenosphere
Pacific Plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Silt

A

Dense with small particles, feels soapy, forms from weathered granite and feldspar, holds water and compacts easily.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Mineral

A

a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly, network structure and definite chemical composition
diamond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Continental Crust

A

crust found under continents; made of mostly silicon, oxygen, and aluminum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Weathering

A

a destructive process by which rock is gradually worn away and broken into smaller sediments and/or soil water gradually breaking down and smoothing rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Crystalline Structure

A

the degree to which the mineral is arranged in a crystal lattice structure; the more crystalline the mineral is, the harder that lattice is to see with the naked eye diamond is more crystalline than graphite and is therefore stronger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Streak

A

the color of the mineral in powder form; obtained by dragging a piece of the mineral across a piece of unglazed porcelain
amethyst has a streak color of white

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Ocean Basins

A

depressions on the earth’s surface due to the sinking of oceanic crust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Convection Currents

A

the movement of fluid which transfers heat from one place to another
air in a hot air balloon - hot air travels upward and cools, then the denser, cooler air sinks, resulting in the circular motion of the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Color

A

the color of the mineral

purple amethyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Equator

A

The center line of latitude around the middle of the Earth that divides the globe into a Northern and Southern hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Nuclear Fission

A

a process in which the nuclei of an atom is split, releasing a massive amount of energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Chemical Weathering

A

the process of breaking down rocks by chemical means

acid rain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Convection

A

the transfer of heat by a moving fluid, like air and water heat rising from a lit candle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Constructive Processes

A

processes that add new landforms to the surface of the earth
landslides, hot spot volcanoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Karst Topography

A

a stretch of land that overlays porous, soluble rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Metamorphic Rock

A

form when igneous or sedimentary rock are subjected to great heat and pressure
marble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Crust

A

the outermost and coolest layer of the earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Hot Spring

A

a geological feature produced when water is heated by geothermal activity and pushed to Earth’s surface Banff Upper Hot Springs in Banff National Park

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Diaphaneity

A

“the transparency of the mineral or ability of light to pass through it”

witherite is translucent, allowing some light through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Mechanical Weathering

A

the process of breaking down rocks by physical means water freezes in a crack in the rock and breaks it apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Soil Profile

A

“The layers of soil found in a region. When a cut is made, the profile is the seen as a stack of soil horizons.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Heat Transfer

A

the movement of thermal energy from one material to another

hands on hot coffee cup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Conduction

A

the transfer of thermal energy through a material or between two materials that are touching
heating pad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Nutrients

A

substances in food and beverages that nourish the body. They support growth, produce energy, and maintain the body. fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Odor

A

the smell of a mineral; some minerals give off an odor when moistened or heated pyrite gives off a rotten egg odor when heated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Mantle

A

the layer of the earth just beneath the crust; composed of very hot rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Taste

A

the mineral’s taste; only soluble minerals have a taste halite has a salty taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Loam

A

A fertile soil mixture of mostly sand with some clay and silt. Ideal for gardening because it holds water and nutrients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Tenacity

A

the mineral’s ability to resist separation or breaking when subjected to stress
quartz is brittle and will be crushed to a powder when hammered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Organic Material

A

dead plant and animal material in the soil decomposing blades of grass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Inner Core

A

the extremely hot innermost layer of the earth; composed of mostly solid iron and nickel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Plate Tectonics

A

the large-scale movements of portions of the earth’s crust over long periods of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Sand

A

Relatively large particles. Feels gritty and drains rapidly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Acid Rain

A

Rain with a lower pH than neutral. Acid rain is corrosive to many substances, including rocks. Often caused by pollution.
sulfur dioxide dissolves in the water droplets of clouds to make sulfuric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Luster

A

the ability of the mineral’s surface to reflect light; can be metallic, submetallic, or nonmetallic
galena has a metallic luster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Cleavage

A

the pattern along which the mineral breaks

halite has cleavage in three directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Soil

A

the upper layer of the earth’s surface; formed from the weathering of rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Oceanic Crust

A

crust found under oceans; made of mostly silicon, oxygen, and magnesium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Destructive Processes

A

processes that destroy landforms

weathering, erosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Geyser

A

a geological feature where magma close to the surface heats groundwater and the resulting pressure forces the water up to the surface Old Faithful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Microorganisms

A

organisms so small a microscope is needed to see them -bacteria, fungus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Hot Spot

A

a place far away from tectonic plate boundaries where upwelling magma creates a hole in Earth’s crust and lava erupts onto the surface Galapagos Islands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Erosion

A

The slow wearing away the surface of the land by wind or water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

wind erosion, water runoff

A

Soil Horizon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Igneous Rock

A

rock formed when magma or lava cools -granite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Peat

A

Rich in organic material, compresses easily, holds water, may be acidic, spongy to touch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Specific Gravity

A

the ratio of the density of the mineral to the density of water
sapphire has a specific gravity of about 4, meaning it is 4 times heavier than an equal amount of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Radiation

A

heat transfer by an electromagnetic wave

standing by a hot fire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Clay

A

Dense and heavy, with very small particles, a smooth texture, and little organic material. Holds water and may be alkaline.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Magnetism

A

the response of a mineral when exposed to magnetic materials magnetite displays strong attraction to magnetic fields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Daylight Saving Time

A

the practice of setting clocks forward one hour during the summer months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Partial Solar Eclipse

A

an event in which the sun is only partially blocked by the moon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Spring Tide

A

“greater tidal effects due to the sun, moon, and Earth being aligned”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Neap Tide

A

“lesser tidal effects due to the sun and moon pulling on the earth from different directions”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Spring

A

a season with roughly equal length of day and night; marks transition from winter into summer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Northern Hemisphere

A

The half of the earth north of the equator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Waning Gibbous

A

the phase during which the illuminated side of the moon is decreasing, but more than half the face of the moon is illuminated as seen from Earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Low Tide

A

lower water levels due to being out of line with the gravity of the moon and sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Mars

A

the fourth planet from the sun; an inner planet (inside the asteroid belt); the “Red Planet”; home to Olympus Mons, the tallest mountain in the solar system;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

New Moon

A

the phase during which the moon is between the sun and the earth; the side of the moon visible from Earth receives no direct sunlight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Annular Solar Eclipse

A

an event in which the moon is farthest from the sun; this appears as a smaller dark circle on the sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Time Zones

A

a region of the earth which observes a uniform standard time; there are around 37 time zones, depending on daylight saving time
-Nepal Standard Time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Fall

A

a season with roughly equal length of day and night; marks transition from summer into winter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Satellite

A

an object or body that orbits another object or body Earth’s moon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Asteroids

A

small, rocky bodies in the sun’s orbit Ceres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Dwarf Planet

A

a small planet not large enough to clear its orbit of debris -Pluto

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Meteor

A

a meteoroid that has entered Earth’s atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Lunar Eclipse

A

an event in which the moon’s surface is obscured or darkened by Earth’s shadow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Jupiter

A

the fifth planet from the sun; an outer planet (outside the asteroid belt); largest planet; over twice as massive as all the other planets combined; has four large moons; about 90% hydrogen and 10% helium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Earth

A

the third planet from the sun; an inner planet (inside the asteroid belt); only known habitable planet; 71% of surface covered with liquid water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Total Solar Eclipse

A

an event in which the sun is completely blocked by the moon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Meteorite

A

what remains of a meteor after it hits the surface of the earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

High Tide

A

higher water levels due to the gravity of the moon and sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Tides

A

rising and falling sea levels due to the sun’s and moon’s gravity and the rotation of the earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

Pluto

A

previously classified as the ninth planet from the sun; usually now classified as a minor planet or dwarf planet; has four moons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Full Moon

A

the phase during which the moon is 180 degrees away from the sun as seen from earth; the face of the moon is nearly fully illuminated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Summer

A

the season with the longest days, shortest nights, and hottest temperature; summer occurs when that region of the earth is tilted toward the sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Solar System

A

A star, as well as the planets, satellites, asteroids, and all the other objects orbiting it. They travel together through space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Sedna

A

another dwarf planet; much farther from the sun than Pluto; takes 10,000 years to orbit the sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

Bulges

A

areas on the earth in line with the moon’s gravity which have a larger amount of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

Solar Eclipse

A

an event in which the sun’s surface is obscured or darkened by the moon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

Comet

A

a body made of ice and dust in the sun’s orbit; contains a gas and dust “tail” -Halley’s Comet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

Uranus

A

the seventh planet from the sun; an outer planet (outside the asteroid belt); composed mostly of rock and ice; has 27 named moons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

Planet

A

a body moving in orbit around a star; large enough to clear debris in its orbit; has enough gravity to make it round -Earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

Saturn

A

the sixth planet from the sun; an outer planet (outside the asteroid belt); the least dense planet; has a complex ring system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

Winter

A

the season with the shortest days, longest nights, and coldest temperatures; winter occurs when that region of the earth is tilted away from the sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

Heliocentricity

A

the understanding that the sun is at the center of our solar system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

Phase of The Moon

A

the appearance of the surface of the moon as seen on earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

Meteoroids

A

small bodies of debris from space which move into Earth’s atmosphere and can then turn into meteors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

First Quarter

A

the phase during which the moon is 90 degrees away from the sun as seen from the earth; the moon is a quarter illuminated and has traveled a quarter of the way around the earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

Venus

A

the second planet from the sun; an inner planet (inside the asteroid belt); slightly smaller than Earth; similar density and chemical composition to Earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

Last Quarter

A

the phase during which the moon is 270 degrees away from the sun as seen from the earth; half the moon’s surface is illuminated as seen from Earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

Neptune

A

the eighth planet from the sun; an outer planet (outside the asteroid belt); methane in the atmosphere absorbs red light to make it appear blue; gives off over twice as much energy as it receives from the sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

Period (of A Comet)

A

the amount of time it takes for a comet to orbit the sun Halley’s Comet has a period of about 75 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

Waxing Gibbous

A

the phase during which more than half the moon is illuminated as seen from Earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

Waning Crescent

A

the phase during which the illuminated portion of the moon is decreasing and less than half the moon’s face is illuminated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

Mercury

A

the first planet from the sun; an inner planet (inside the asteroid belt); slightly larger than Earth’s moon; experiences extreme temperature variations; large iron core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

Waxing Crescent

A

the phase during which the moon is between 0 and 90 degrees away from the sun as seen from the earth; the side of the moon visible from Earth gradually becomes more illuminated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

Coriolis Effect

A

due to Earth’s rotation and uneven heating, objects in the northern hemisphere deflect to the right, and objects in the southern hemisphere deflect to the left Cyclones in southern hemisphere rotate clockwise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

Evaporation

A

a phase change from the liquid state to the gas state water boils and turns to steam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

Transpiration

A

process of evaporation in which water exits as vapor from the surface of plant leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

Condensation

A

a phase change from the gas state to the liquid state humidity condensing on a cold glass of tea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

Water Vapor

A

water in the gas phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

Humidity

A

a measure of the amount of water vapor in the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

Surface Runoff

A

water which flows over the surface of the earth to a body of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

Percolate

A

to travel from the surface to groundwater through the spaces between soil and rock particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

Equator

A

The center line of latitude around the middle of the Earth that divides the globe into a Northern and Southern hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

Southern Hemisphere

A

The half of the earth south of the equator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

Water Cycle / Hydrologic Cycle

A

the process by which water circulates between the earth and the atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

Northern Hemisphere

A

The half of the earth north of the equator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

Precipitation

A

water which falls to the earth due to gravity

-rain, snow, sleet, hail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

Surface Current

A

a river-like flow of water of different temperature within Earth’s oceans -Humboldt Current

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

Acid Rain

A

Rain with a lower pH than neutral. Acid rain is corrosive to many substances, including rocks. Often caused by pollution.
sulfur dioxide dissolves in the water droplets of clouds to make sulfuric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

Feedback Loop (in Systems)

A

a process by which the results of a change increase or decrease the effect of the change
melting ice caps due to global warming increases global warming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

Fossil Fuels

A

a natural non-renewable fuel source. derived from underground, fossilized (petrified) remains of living organisms.
natural gas, petroleum, coal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

Global Warming / Climate Change

A

an overall increase in average global temperatures due to the greenhouse effect (the increasing amount of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere trapping more heat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
152
Q

Greenhouse Effect

A

the trapping of the sun’s heat in the atmosphere due to the increased presence of gases in the atmosphere; light is allowed to pass through, but heat is trapped, similar to the glass walls of a greenhouse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
153
Q

Greenhouse Gases

A

gases which, when present in elevated quantities in Earth’s atmosphere, trap solar radiation and cause the planet to warm
carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

Heliocentricity

A

the understanding that the sun is at the center of our solar system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

Non-Renewable Resources

A

resources which will be depleted faster than they can be replenished
natural gas, petroleum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
156
Q

Renewable Resources

A

resources which replenish at the same (or faster) rate than the rate at which they are used
wind energy, solar energy, hydroelectric power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
157
Q

Risk Assessment

A

the process by which scientists analyze potential risks and benefits before conducting scientific investigations and experiments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
158
Q

Scientific Knowledge

A

scientific fact discovered using the scientific method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
159
Q

Scientific Method

A

a series of deliberate steps by which scientists observe, hypothesize, test, analyze data, and communicate results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
160
Q

Accuracy

A

a way of determining/discussing how close a measurement is to its actual value; often defined as 1/2 of the smallest measuring unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
161
Q

Bar Graph

A

a visual representation of data which compares values in different categories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
162
Q

English system / Imperial system

A

a system of measurement used in the United States using units such as feet, pounds and ounces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
163
Q

Grams (g)

A

the base metric unit of mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
164
Q

Histogram

A

a visual representation of data, similar to a bar graph, which compares frequencies of different occurrences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
165
Q

International System of Units (SI) / The Metric System

A

a system of measurement used throughout the world

meters, liters, grams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
166
Q

Liters (l)

A

the base metric unit of volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
167
Q

Measurement

A

a number that shows the size or amount of something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
168
Q

Meter (m)

A

the unit for distance in the metric system

The pool was 6 m deep.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
169
Q

Negative Correlation

A

a negative relationship between data points on a graph; as one variable decreases, the other variable increases; produces a trend line with a negative slope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
170
Q

No Correlation

A

no relationship between data points on a graph; the variables do not appear to be related, and no trend line can be drawn through the data points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
171
Q

Pie Chart

A

a graph in which a circle is divided into sectors that each represent a proportion of the whole. Pie charts are helpful when displaying the relative distribution of categories.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
172
Q

Positive Correlation

A

a positive relationship between data points on a graph; as one variable increases, so does the other; produces a trend line with a positive slope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
173
Q

Precision

A

a way of determining/discussing what level of accuracy is possible based on the tools used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
174
Q

Protractor

A

a tool used to measure angles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
175
Q

Ruler

A

a tool used to measure length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
176
Q

Scale

A

a tool used to measure weight or mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
177
Q

Scatter Plot

A

a graph made by making one point for each value; the independent variable is shown on the x-axis and the dependent variable is shown on the y-axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
178
Q

Tolerance (in stats)

A

the amount of measurement error that is allowed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
179
Q

Trend Line

A

a line drawn through the areas with the highest concentration of data points on a scatter plot; the trend line is a visual representation of the mean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
180
Q

Bar Graph

A

a visual representation of data which compares values in different categories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
181
Q

Conceptual Models

A

a representation of a system using diagrams or drawings to explain complex or abstract systems or processes
a diagram of cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
182
Q

Conclusion

A

a summary of the results of an experiment; states whether the initial hypothesis was rejected or supported

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
183
Q

Control Group

A

a group of specimens in an experiment to which no change is made; does not receive the experimental treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
184
Q

Controlled Variable

A

a variable which is kept stable throughout the experiment, across control and experimental groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
185
Q

Correlational Research

A 
type of non-experimental investigation in which the researcher may study two variables, but does not control the rest of the conditions of the study
a teacher who gives students one questionnaire about how many in-class activities they participate in and one about how engaged they feel in class
186
Q

Data

A

measurements and observations recorded during an experiment

187
Q

Data Table

A

an organized way to display data that presents the results in labeled rows and columns
t-chart

188
Q

Dependent Variable

A

a variable which is measured by the scientist conducting the experiment

189
Q

Evidence

A

data gathered in the course of scientific investigation, including measurements taken and observations made using the five senses

190
Q

Experimental Group

A

a group of specimens in an experiment to which a change is made; receives the experimental treatment

191
Q

Experimental Investigation

A

Researchers assign subjects in the sample to certain treatments, then observe the effects of the treatment. Can show causation (cause and effect).
Does using algebra tiles during instruction help freshman students learn how to solve equations?

192
Q

Histogram

A

a visual representation of data, similar to a bar graph, which compares frequencies of different occurrences

193
Q

Hypothesis

A

an informed prediction (made based on previous observations) for a phenomena. Should be testable.
If we give plants more fertilizer, they will grow taller.

194
Q

Independent Variable

A

a variable which is manipulated by the scientist conducting the experiment

195
Q

Inference

A

a conclusion based on evidence, observation, and reasoning

196
Q

Line Graph

A

a visual representation of data which shows change over time or in response to a manipulated variable

197
Q

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

A

a standardized information sheet for a substance; includes information about health risks, safe disposal and cleanup of spills, and environmental risks

198
Q

Mathematical Models

A

models that use mathematical formulas, variables, and language to refer to relationships and processes in a system
-the formula for gravitational force, F=mg

199
Q

Models

A

physical, mathematical, or visual representations of scientific phenomena
-a diagram of the eye

200
Q

Non-Experimental Investigation

A

a research method in which conditions are not carefully controlled; the scientist may study an independent and/or dependent variable, but does not control the other factors in the investigation
survey, observation, analysis of observed behavior

201
Q

Observations

A

information gathered using the five senses

smell, color

202
Q

Peer-Reviewed

A

the process of fact-checking by other experts in the same field; ensures the quality of published work

203
Q

Physical Models

A

a smaller or larger replica of an object done to scale

a physical model of an atom

204
Q

Pie Chart

A

a graph in which a circle is divided into sectors that each represent a proportion of the whole. Pie charts are helpful when displaying the relative distribution of categories.

205
Q

Quasi-Experimental Research

A

type of non-experimental investigation in which the researcher studies the effects of an independent variable, but chooses experimental groups rather than assigning them randomly
a nutritionist starts a nutrition education program at one nursing home and not at another one, then compares the health of the residents at each nursing home afterward

206
Q

Scientific Law

A

a proven explanation for a phenomenon

Newton’s Laws of Motion

207
Q

Scientific Method

A

a series of deliberate steps by which scientists observe, hypothesize, test, analyze data, and communicate results

208
Q

Scientific Theory

A

a proposed explanation for a phenomenon which may not be testable
Darwin’s Theory of evolution

209
Q

Single-Variable Research

A

type of non-experimental investigation in which the researcher makes observations before and after the application of a treatment or question
hidden-camera shows in which a magician tries the same trick with different groups of people

210
Q

Variables

A

factors affecting the outcome of an experimental investigation
the amount of water given to a plant might be the independent variable

211
Q

Waft

A

Wave the air toward the face. The safe way to smell a test tube.

212
Q

Physical Change

A 
a change in the appearance of a material with no change to its chemical composition
phase change (water boiling)
213
Q

Ground State

A

the lowest-energy arrangement of electrons in an atom

214
Q

Molecule

A

electrically neutral particle made of two or more atoms joined together by a molecular bond
oxygen (O2) in the atmosphere

215
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

a reaction that forms a new substance by rearranging the atomic bonds between atoms
salt (NaCl) from sodium and chlorine

216
Q

Sublimation

A

a pure solid changes directly into a gas

217
Q

Luster

A

the ability of the mineral’s surface to reflect light; can be metallic, submetallic, or nonmetallic
galena has a metallic luster

218
Q

Ionic Bond

A

a chemical bond between oppositely charged atoms when electrons are removed from one atom and given to an atom of another element
-salt (NaCl)

219
Q

Pure Substance

A

a substance that consists of only one type of atom or molecule
-Helium gas

220
Q

Helium gas

A

temperature at which melting and freezing occur; a physical property of a substance
32 degrees fahrenheit for water

221
Q

Solution

A 
a mixture in which one substance dissolves in another
simple syrup (sugar and water)
222
Q

Matter

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

mud

223
Q

Mixture

A

-

224
Q

Density

A

the amount of mass present in a given volume. Reflection of how tightly packed the atoms are.
Water has a density of 1 gram per cubic centimeter.

225
Q

Compound

A

groups of two or more different elements held together by ionic or molecular bonds
NaCl and H2O

226
Q

Condensation

A

a phase change from the gas state to the liquid state

humidity condensing on a cold glass of tea

227
Q

Proton

A

positively charged particle found in the nucleus of atoms

228
Q

Melting

A

a phase change from the solid state to the liquid state

mercury melts at -38 degrees fahrenheit

229
Q

Heterogeneous Mixture

A

a mixture that is not uniformly mixed

granola with raisins at the bottom

230
Q

Homogeneous Mixture

A

a mixture with the same ratio of parts throughout the mixture
salt dissolved in water

231
Q

Atoms

A

the smallest unit of matter

carbon atom

232
Q

Molecular Bond / Covalent Bond

A

a chemical bond in which electrons are shared between atoms

water (H2O)

233
Q

Nucleus (of The Atom)

A

the positively charged, small, central core of an atom; made of protons and neutrons

234
Q

Hardness

A

The mineral’s resistance to scratching; measured on the Mohs scale, where talc, the softest mineral, has a score of 1 and diamond, the hardest, has a score of 10
diamond is hard, talc is soft

235
Q

Physical Properties

A

properties that can be observed without a changing the substance
density, boiling point

236
Q

Electron

A

low-mass, negatively charged particle; surrounds the nucleus of an atom

237
Q

Phase Change

A

a change of state of a substance

gas to liquid

238
Q

Chemical Change

A

a change that alters the chemical composition of a material

digestion

239
Q

Freezing

A

a phase change from the liquid state to the solid state

coconut oil solidifies at 76 degrees fahrenheit

240
Q

Element

A

an atom with a unique number of protons in its nucleus

iron

241
Q

Neutron

A

neutral particle found in the nucleus of atoms

242
Q

Boiling Point

A

temperature at which evaporation and condensation occur; a physical property of a substance
100 degrees celsius for water

243
Q

Evaporation

A

a phase change from the liquid state to the gas state

water boils and turns to steam

244
Q

Ohms (Ω)

A

the unit for resistance

245
Q

Current

A

The flow rate of charge, measured in amps (A). 3 amps (3 A)

246
Q

Insulator

A

a material that prevents or limits the flow of electricity or heat glass, air

247
Q

Circuit Diagram / Schematic

A

a drawing that uses symbols to show how components should be connected in a circuit

248
Q

Ground

A

the lowest potential, or voltage, in a circuit negative battery terminal

249
Q

Conductor

A

a material, often metal, through which electrons can move freely copper wire

250
Q

Electromagnetic Force

A

interactions (pushes and pulls) of electrically charged particles with other charged particles and magnetic poles like charges repel, opposite charges attract

251
Q

Electrical Conductivity

A

how well a material conducts electricity; a physical property of matter

252
Q

Short Circuit

A

a dangerous circuit in which a conducting wire is connected directly across the two battery terminals

253
Q

Voltage / Potential Difference / Potential

A

The difference in energy per charge across any two points in a circuit, measured in volts (V). 9 volts (9 V)

254
Q

Resistance

A 
A device that reduces/limits/controls the current in a circuit, measured in ohms.
10 ohms (10 Ω)
255
Q

Newton’s First Law / The Law of Inertia

A

the law that objects resist changes in their state of motion

a rolling bowling ball keeps moving at constant speed

256
Q

Velocity

A

an object’s speed and direction, calculated from displacement/time
5 m/s, north

257
Q

Meter (m)

A

the unit for distance in the metric system

The pool was 6 m deep.

258
Q

Mass

A

The amount of matter in an object, measured in kg in the SI system of units.

259
Q

Gravitational Force

A

the force of attraction of all masses toward each other due to gravitational pull
Earth pulls on Moon

260
Q

Force

A 
an interaction (push or pull) of one object with another that resists other forces or causes acceleration
tow-truck cable pulling on a car
261
Q

Distance

A

the length of the path traveled by an object

25 meters

262
Q

Newton (N)

A

the SI unit of force, equal to 1 kilogram meter per second squared
a typical woman weighs 550 N

263
Q

Newton’s Third Law

A

the law that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
clapping hands

264
Q

Weak Nuclear Force

A

a force that resists particle decay in the nucleus radioactive decay

265
Q

Displacement

A

the straight-line distance and direction between two positions 25 meters, north

266
Q

Position

A

an object’s location at a given moment in time latitude and longitude

267
Q

Acceleration

A

a measure of how quickly something changes its speed or direction, calculated from change in velocity/time slowing down, turning a corner

268
Q

Net Force

A

The vector sum of all forces acting on an object.

269
Q

Strong Nuclear Force

A

a force that holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus fission and fusion

270
Q

Speed

A

a measure of how fast an object’s position changes, calculated from distance/time 5 m/s

271
Q

Gravity

A

the force of attraction of all masses toward each other due to gravitational pull sun on planets

272
Q

Newton’s Second Law

A

the law that greater masses require a greater force to achieve the same acceleration, F = ma force needed to stop a bowling ball vs baseball rolling at same speed

273
Q

Electromagnetic Force

A

interactions (pushes and pulls) of electrically charged particles with other charged particles and magnetic poles like charges repel, opposite charges attract

274
Q

Conduction

A

the transfer of thermal energy through a material or between two materials that are touching heating pad

275
Q

Energy Transformation

A

the change of one type of energy into another type sledding down a hill - potential energy into kinetic energy

276
Q

Photosynthesis

A

process where plants use light, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own food (sugar) and oxygen

277
Q

Intensity

A

the amount of energy transported by a wave, measured in decibels (dB) ordinary conversation is about 50 dB

278
Q

Hydroelectric Energy

A

energy collected as gravity pulls water from higher elevations to lower elevations Hoover Dam

279
Q

Non-Renewable Resources

A

resources which will be depleted faster than they can be replenished
-natural gas, petroleum

280
Q

Transverse Wave

A

a wave in which the direction of the vibration is perpendicular to the direction the energy travels vibrating guitar string

281
Q

Wavelength

A

the length (in space) of one complete wave cycle, measured in distance units crest to crest distance on a water wave

282
Q

Loudness

A

human perception of the intensity of a sound

-industrial noise at 110 dB sounds very loud

283
Q

Energy Transfer

A

the movement of energy from one object or place into another cue ball hitting billiard ball, transfers kinetic energy

284
Q

Conservation of Energy

A

in a closed system, the total amount of energy is constant, even if it changes form or moves from one place to another girl diving off board into water

285
Q

Wave Speed

A

a measure of how fast the wave energy moves from one place to another speed of light

286
Q

Joule (J)

A

The units of heat and energy in the SI system (metric system).

287
Q

Turbine

A

a device that transforms energy into kinetic energy

288
Q

Threshold of Pain

A

sound at 120 dB

289
Q

Energy

A

the ability to do work or apply a force that moves something through a distance gasoline

290
Q

Heat Transfer

A

the movement of thermal energy from one material to another hands on hot coffee cup

291
Q

Foot-Pound (Ft⋅Lb)

A

the unit for energy in US customary units

292
Q

Generator

A

A device that uses electromagnetic induction to produce an electrical current. Generator in a car

293
Q

Compression Wave

A

a longitudinal wave with areas of high and low pressure, or density
-sound

294
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

the energy of motion

-person running; molecules vibrating

295
Q

Fossil Fuels

A

a natural non-renewable fuel source. derived from underground, fossilized (petrified) remains of living organisms. natural gas, petroleum, coal

296
Q

Electron Transitions

A

the movement of electrons from the ground state in atoms to higher orbitals and back due to the absorption and emission of energy neon lights

297
Q

Crests

A

the peaks, or highest points, of a vertically vibrating transverse wave

298
Q

Oil

A

a fossil fuel formed from marine plants

299
Q

Visible Light

A

light with frequencies that humans can see rainbow

300
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

the entire range of frequencies of electromagnetic waves from very long radio waves to very short gamma rays infrared, ultraviolet

301
Q

Radiation

A

heat transfer by an electromagnetic wave standing by a hot fire

302
Q

Potential Energy

A

energy that is stored in the position or configuration of objects ball on top of a hill; two positive electrical charges close together

303
Q

Pitch

A

how high or low the sound seems to a human ear

304
Q

Amplitude

A

the maximum displacement of a particle of the medium during a vibration (measured from non-vibrating position to one crest) height of an ocean wave above the ocean’s normal surface height

305
Q

Photon

A

a particle of light energy particle nature of light

306
Q

Period

A

the time it takes to complete one full wave cycle, measured in seconds a 17 second stop-light cycle

307
Q

Acid Rain

A

Rain with a lower pH than neutral. Acid rain is corrosive to many substances, including rocks. Often caused by pollution. sulfur dioxide dissolves in the water droplets of clouds to make sulfuric acid

308
Q

Dark Energy

A

an unknown source of energy that is thought to fuel the ever-increasing expansion of the Universe

309
Q

Longitudinal Wave

A

a wave in which the direction of the vibration is parallel to the direction the energy travels
-sound

310
Q

Coal

A

a fossil fuel formed from land plants

311
Q

Dual Nature

A

light has both a wave nature and a particle nature

312
Q

Mechanical Waves

A

Physical waves that travel through a medium. sound, water waves

313
Q

Photovoltaics

A

panels collect sunlight and turn the energy into electricity

314
Q

Nuclear Fusion

A

a process in which the nuclei of light elements, like hydrogen, fuse together to create the nuclei of heavier elements, like helium
-reactions within the sun

315
Q

Medium

A

the material that carries a mechanical wave

-air for sound wave, a string for a violin

316
Q

Convection

A

the transfer of heat by a moving fluid, like air and water heat rising from a lit candle

317
Q

Electromagnetic Waves

A

Waves consisting of vibrating electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum, i.e. they do not require a medium. Emitted by all objects with a temperature above absolute zero.
-light, radio waves, x-rays

318
Q

Excited Electrons

A

electrons in orbitals higher than the ground state

319
Q

Wave

A

a disturbance that transports energy as it moves through space and time
-water wave, electromagnetism, sound

320
Q

Natural Gas

A

a fossil fuel byproduct formed with coal and oil

321
Q

Threshold of Hearing

A

0 dB, the softest sound a human can hear

322
Q

Greenhouse Gases

A

gases which, when present in elevated quantities in Earth’s atmosphere, trap solar radiation and cause the planet to warm
-carbon dioxide

323
Q

Renewable Resources

A

resources which replenish at the same (or faster) rate than the rate at which they are used
-wind energy, solar energy, hydroelectric power

324
Q

Mechanical Energy

A

the sum of potential and kinetic energy in a mechanical system

325
Q

Troughs (of a Wave)

A

the valleys, or lowest points, of a vertically vibrating transverse wave

326
Q

Solar Energy

A

energy from the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation

327
Q

Combustion Motor

A

a device that transforms chemical energy into mechanical energy
-car engine

328
Q

Frequency

A

the number of full cycles that happen each second, measured in cycles per second, or hertz (Hz)
-a mosquito flapping 600 times per second or 600 Hz

329
Q

Omnivore

A

an organism that eats both plants and animals for energy and nutrients. -pig

330
Q

Intraspecific Competition

A

competition between members of the same species two male deer fighting for a mate

331
Q

Population

A

a group of the same organisms in a specific habitat -number of human beings in a city

332
Q

Individual / Organism

A

one individual organism of a given species -one human being

333
Q

Competition (Ecology)

A

struggle among organisms for basic needs such as space, water, food, and sunlight two male lions fighting over a dead monkey

334
Q

Apex Predator

A

an organism at the top of the food chain with little or no natural enemies -lion

335
Q

Biosphere

A

region of the Earth in which all life exists. It extends from deep in the oceans into the atmosphere.

336
Q

Secondary Consumer

A

an organism in a food chain that eats primary consumers. May be omnivores or carnivores. -snake

337
Q

Consumer

A

an organism which depends on another organism to provide the energy it needs to survive; assigned a trophic level depending on what kinds of organisms it eats horse

338
Q

Cell

A

smallest unit of all living organisms nerve cell

339
Q

Respiration

A

process where organisms use food (such as sugar) to make useful energy and waste products -sugar to ATP and carbon dioxide

340
Q

Producer

A

an organism that uses abiotic resources (like the sun’s rays) to make food grass

341
Q

Food Web

A

show the flow of energy through an ecosystem through a complex network of overlapping food chains

342
Q

Differentiation of Cells / Specialization of Cells

A

specialization; the process of stem cells becoming specialized cells

343
Q

Carnivore

A

an organism that eats other animals for energy and nutrients. hyena

344
Q

Keystone Species

A

species that plays a key role in the ecosystem by providing balance in most of the other populations, such as keeping omnivores in check by preying on them. starfish in a kelp forest

345
Q

Photosynthesis

A

process where plants use light, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own food (sugar) and oxygen

346
Q

Decomposer

A

an organism that breaks down dead matter for energy and nutrients.. Returns unused nutrients to the soil. fungi

347
Q

Tertiary Consumer

A

an organism in a food chain that eats secondary consumers. May be omnivores or carnivores. bear

348
Q

Biome

A

A classification of similar ecosystems. Biomes are classified by their types of plants, animals, soil, temperature, climate, and location. grassland

349
Q

Metamorphosis

A

a change from one stage to the next in an organism’s life cycle

350
Q

Ecosystem

A

A specific area with interaction of living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) factors. A group of humans, plants, and animals living on a farm

351
Q

Incomplete Metamorphosis

A

a three-stage cycle in which young look different than the adults, but it’s not as drastic of a change as it is in complete metamorphosis. consists of three stages: egg, larva (nymph), and adult; grasshoppers; dragonflies

352
Q

Extinction

A

the dying out of all members of a species dodo birds

353
Q

Interspecific Competition

A

competition between different species bison and horses competing for grass to eat

354
Q

Primary Consumer

A

an organism in a food chain that eats the plants (producers). Also called herbivores. -antelope

355
Q

Interdependent

A

relying on one another; species rely on one another for food, shelter, competition, cooperation, and symbiosis

356
Q

Homeostasis

A

process by which an organism maintains stable internal conditions -sweating to stay cool

357
Q

Greenhouse Gases

A

gases which, when present in elevated quantities in Earth’s atmosphere, trap solar radiation and cause the planet to warm -carbon dioxide

358
Q

Community

A

a small group of interacting species a group of humans, along with their dogs, cats, trees, etc.

359
Q

Complete Metamorphosis

A

a four-stage cycle in which the young look completely different than the adult. consists of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult -butterflies

360
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of chemical reactions in an organism, such as converting food

361
Q

Herbivore

A

an organism that eats plants for energy and nutrients. antelope

362
Q

Trophic Level

A

the level in the food chain assigned to an organism based on what it eats primary consumer

363
Q

Apical Meristem

A

the portion of a plant in which cells are not specialized; usually located at the tips of the shoots and roots

364
Q

Evolution

A

The gradual change in populations over time tortoise neck length changing over time in response to changing available vegetation

365
Q

DNA

A

type of nucleic acid and the genetic code for all living organisms. This double helix shaped molecule is the genetic map that gives the organisms their characteristics.

366
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Provide genetic coding for a cell as DNA and RNA. Biomolecules containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus. DNA, RNA

367
Q

Independent Assortment

A

the process by which each pair of chromosomes line up and separate randomly, creating diverse gametes.

368
Q

Homozygous

A

a genotype that contains two identical alleles BB, bb

369
Q

Recessive

A

the allele whose characteristic is masked by the dominant trait; organism must have two copies of this trait for it to show red hair, shortness in pea plants

370
Q

Charles Darwin

A

an English naturalist who developed the idea of natural selection and theory of evolution; these ideas were published in the book On the Origin of Species

371
Q

Behavioral Adaptation

A

an inherited change in behavior that helps organisms survive or avoid harm Monarch butterfly migration

372
Q

RNA

A

type of nucleic acid. A type of it carries DNA messages to the cell to make proteins.

373
Q

Adaptation

A

a modification that is either inherited or acquired that makes an organism better able to survive and reproduce migration in winter

374
Q

Structural Adaptation

A

an inherited change in physical features that helps organisms survive longer necks in tortoises to reach food

375
Q

Natural Selection

A

The process by which, over time, the population as a whole contains more individuals which are better suited to that environment. faster antelopes survive to pass down traits

376
Q

Population

A

a group of the same organisms in a specific habitat

-number of human beings in a city

377
Q

Phenotype

A

the physical appearance of an organism reflecting the specific genotype
-blue eyes or brown eyes

378
Q

Allele

A

a form of a gene; there may be one or more forms blue vs brown eyes

379
Q

Dominant

A

alleles that, when present, hide the other trait black hair, tallness in pea plants

380
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic makeup of an organism referring to a set of traits -BB, Bb, or bb

381
Q

Gene

A

a segment of a chromosome which codes for a specific trait …ATTACGGACCAAGGTT…

382
Q

Heterozygous

A

a genotype that contains two different alleles Bb

383
Q

Reptiles

A

Cold-blooded animals that have a backbone (vertebrate) and dry, scaly skin. Live on land. -snake

384
Q

Plant Kingdom

A

eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic organisms (producers) grass

385
Q

Stomata

A

small openings on plant leaves that water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen pass through during photosynthesis. regulate the amount of air and water that enter and exit the leaf cell

386
Q

Ribosome

A

organelle that makes proteins for the cell

387
Q

Cell Wall

A

a rigid outer membrane that gives plants their shape and offers support for growth

388
Q

Centrioles

A

the cell organelles which organize the spindle and pull chromosomes apart during mitosis. Found only in animal cells.

389
Q

Fungi Kingdom

A

eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms feeding on dead matter (decomposers) -mushroom

390
Q

Chloroplast

A

organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place; contains chlorophyll

391
Q

Nucleus (of The Cell)

A

organelle that contains DNA and can control cellular activity by turning genes in DNA on and off

392
Q

Insects

A

Animals that typically have: no backbone (invertebrates), a hard outer covering (exoskeleton), three body parts (head, thorax, abdomen), antennae, 3 pairs of legs. bee

393
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

threadlike proteins that give a cell its shape and allows it to move microtubules

394
Q

Non-Vascular Plant

A

Type of plant that does not have an internal transport system -mosses

395
Q

Protists Kingdom

A

eukaryotic, single-celled, but not an animal, plant, or fungus. -slime molds

396
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

organelle that makes proteins (rough endoplasmic reticulum) and lipids (smooth endoplasmic reticulum). Rough ER has ribosomes attached, while smooth ER does not.

397
Q

Animal Kingdom

A

eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms (consumers) horses

398
Q

Amphibians

A

Cold-blooded animals that have a backbone (vertebrate) and smooth, moist skin. Lay their eggs in water, but adults live on land. frog

399
Q

Mitochondria

A

organelle that converts chemical energy to ATP. often known as the “powerhouse” of the cell

400
Q

Mitosis

A

the cell cycle when the nucleus of a cell separates into two, resulting in two new daughter cells (somatic cells) with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
-the cell cycle when the nucleus of a cell separates into two, resulting in two new daughter cells (somatic cells) with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

401
Q

Lysosome

A

organelle in animal cells that contains enzymes to break down large molecules. It breaks down the cell when it dies

402
Q

Bacteria

A

single celled, microscopic organisms that can be spherical, spiral, or rod shaped. Prokaryotic (no nucleus). Can be helpful or harmful.
-E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus

403
Q

Prokaryotes

A

any cellular organism that has no nuclear membrane -bacteria

404
Q

Deciduous Tree

A

type of tree that shed all of their leaves at a specific time/event (such as winter) oak tree

405
Q

Cytoplasm

A

clear, jelly-like substance in plant and animal cells made up mostly of water

406
Q

Cell Theory

A

the theory explaining life at a fundamental level; proposes that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells come from existing cells

407
Q

Vesicle

A

organelle that transport materials throughout the cell.

408
Q

Organelle

A

membrane-bound structures with specific roles. Found in all eukaryotic cells nucleus

409
Q

Taxonomic Hierarchy

A

classification system used to categorize all living organisms. The classification starts with the most inclusive group according to characteristics (domain) and ends with the most specific (species).

410
Q

Eukaryotes

A

any organism having a cell type that contains a nucleus and specialized organelles plants

411
Q

Plasma Membrane / Cell Membrane

A

a soft membrane that encloses the cytoplasm of a cell. Movement of molecules in and out of the cell is regulated by this membrane.

412
Q

Golgi Complex / Golgi Apparatus

A

organelle that takes in proteins, makes sure they aren’t defective, and “packages” them in vesicles to send them to other parts of the cell.

413
Q

Archaea / Archaebacteria

A

single celled organisms that sometimes live in extreme places where life wasn’t expected to be found, such as around hot water vents deep in the ocean

414
Q

Coniferous Tree

A

type of tree that do NOT shed all of their leaves at a specific time/event (such as winter) -pine tree

415
Q

Mammals

A

warm-blooded animals that typically: have three bones in their ears, have hair, and produce milk for their young -cows

416
Q

Light-Dependent Reaction

A

Light is required to make the reaction occur such as sunlight that is converted to chemical energy in photosynthesis

417
Q

Chloroplast

A

organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place; contains chlorophyll

418
Q

“Cardiovascular /

Circulatory System”

A

transports material (ex: oxygen) throughout the body- heart

419
Q

Digestive System

A

breaks down food that is eaten through physical and chemical reactions, then either absorbs it (small intestine) or passes it from the body (rectum) stomach

420
Q

Respiratory System

A

brings oxygen into the bloodstream and releases carbon dioxide from the bloodstream lungs

421
Q

Chlorophyll

A

pigments that capture energy from solar radiation and power the chemical process

422
Q

Endocrine System

A

produces hormones that are used by other parts of the body to regulate, react, or grow pituitary gland

423
Q

Spore Dispersal

A

asexual reproduction involving the diffusion of spores by air or water mosses, ferns

424
Q

Pollen

A

male plant gametes; haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes of normal plant cells; fertilize the ovule

425
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

reproduction using the genetic material from two parents flowering plants creating a fruit

426
Q

Transpiration

A

process of evaporation in which water exits as vapor from the surface of plant leaves

427
Q

Ovary

A

the flower structure which produces ovules

428
Q

Coefficient (in a Reaction)

A

Number placed in front of a molecule indicating how many are needed for a reaction

429
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

Stage of photosynthesis where carbon dioxide is synthesized into sugar

430
Q

Self-Fertilization

A

sexual reproduction using the genetic material from one plant; pollen from one plant fertilizes the egg of the same plant pea plants and other flowering plants

431
Q

Stomata

A

small openings on plant leaves that water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen pass through during photosynthesis. regulate the amount of air and water that enter and exit the leaf cell

432
Q

Style

A

the flower structure which supports the stigma; the tube down which pollen travels to the ovary

433
Q

Stigma

A

in flowers, the top portion of the pistil; the location of pollen germination

434
Q

Haploid

A

a type of cell with half the genetic material normally present; a gamete or sex cell

435
Q

Pistil

A

female reproductive organs of a plant; includes ovary, style, and stigma

436
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

reproduction using the genetic material from only one parent. Offspring are created via mitosis and genetically identical to parents. bacteria using binary fission to divide into two cells

437
Q

Skeletal System

A

protects the organs, gives the body structure and support, works with the muscular system for movement, and stores essential minerals like calcium femur bone

438
Q

Integumentary System

A

protects the internal parts of the body from foreign matter, regulates body temperature, and gets rid of some wastes such as water and salt through perspiration. skin

439
Q

Phototropism

A

The response of a plant to light Sunflower pointing toward the sun

440
Q

Filament

A

the plant reproductive structure which supports the anther

441
Q

Ovule / Egg

A

female plant gametes; haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes of normal plant cells; fertilized by pollen

442
Q

Leaves

A

primary site of photosynthesis in plants

443
Q

Light-Independent Reaction

A

Reactions that can occur without light being present

444
Q

Worms (Infectious)

A

an infectious agent which targets organs or organ systems

-Trichinella spiralis, Schistosoma

445
Q

Protozoa

A

an infectious agent which is transmitted between organisms and can target body systems and cause cell death Plasmodium, Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma brucei

446
Q

Budding / Vegetative Propagation

A

asexual reproduction involving branching off of the main organism
-dogwood trees, birch trees

447
Q

Thigmotropism

A

The response of a plant to touch Ivy growing on walls

448
Q

Cross-Pollination

A

sexual reproduction using the genetic material from two plants; pollen from one plant fertilizes the egg of another flowers; vegetables

449
Q

Fungi

A

an infectious agent which can infect a variety of tissue types and requires an antifungal to kill
-Tinea versicolor, Microsporum, Trichophyton

450
Q

Photosynthesis

A

process where plants use light, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own food (sugar) and oxygen

451
Q

Lymphatic System / Immune System

A

protects body from disease and infection and removes excess water from around the organs -white blood cells

452
Q

Viruses

A

an infectious agent which can only reproduce with the help of another organism -influenza, hepatitis, human papillomavirus (HPV)

453
Q

Muscular System

A

moves body parts working with the skeletal system (ex: leg) or materials (ex: food via intestine, blood via heart)
-bicep muscle

454
Q

Urinary/Excretory System

A

controls water balance and removes wastes from the bloodstream kidneys

455
Q

Anther

A

the plant reproductive structure which contains pollen

456
Q

Infectious Agents

A

members of an ecosystem which can cause disease, sickness, and even death to organisms

457
Q

Gravitropism

A

The response of a plant to gravity. Roots growing towards the center of earth

458
Q

Nervous System

A

detects and processes information and activates body responses to that information -brain

459
Q

Reproductive System

A

creates gametes (male: sperm, female: eggs) and facilitates creating offspring ovaries

460
Q

Bacteria

A

single celled, microscopic organisms that can be spherical, spiral, or rod shaped. Prokaryotic (no nucleus). Can be helpful or harmful. E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus

461
Q

Stamen

A

the male reproductive structure of the plant; includes the anther and filament

Elem Edu Science K-6 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions