Science Flashcards
Bloom’s Taxonomy
a hierarchy of levels of knowledge; each level has associated verbs teachers can use to start questions
“identify” is at a lower level than “argue” because it requires a lower level of thinking
Brain-Based Learning
a type of learning which makes connections across sides of the brain; incorporates activity in learning
active learning activities such as debating
Conclusion
a summary of the results of an experiment; states whether the initial hypothesis was rejected or supported
chapter tests, semester tests
Control Group
a group of specimens in an experiment to which no change is made; does not receive the experimental treatment
Data
measurements and observations recorded during an experiment
Dependent Variable
a variable which is measured by the scientist conducting the experiment
Differentiation
tailoring the material taught to each student to ensure adequate challenge and retention of the material
Different spelling lists based on a student’s ability and reading level
Elaborate (5E Model)
Fourth phase of 5E model. students extend their thinking and practice new skills.
Engage (5E Model)
First phase of 5E model. students become mentally engaged, make connections to previous learning, and think about their own learning outcomes.
English-Language Learners
students whose first language is not English or who come from an environment in which English is not the dominant language
Evaluate (5E Model)
Final (fifth) phase of 5E model. students are assessed on their understanding and teachers evaluate learning to inform their next lesson.
Evidence-Based Science Instruction
using educational research to design lessons
Experimental Group
a group of specimens in an experiment to which a change is made; receives the experimental treatment
Experimental Investigation
Researchers assign subjects in the sample to certain treatments, then observe the effects of the treatment. Can show causation (cause and effect).
Does using algebra tiles during instruction help freshman students learn how to solve equations?
Explain (5E Model)
Third phase of 5E model. students explain what they know and verbalize their understanding. Teachers use this phase to formally define terms and explain processes.
Explicit Teaching
the process of teaching by communicating clear expectations and giving specific feedback to students
Explore (5E Model)
Second phase of 5E model. students work with the material, developing their knowledge, and usually actively manipulating materials or interactive content.
Feedback Loop
a series of experiments in which the results lead to more possible hypotheses and subsequently more testing
Formal Assessments
a usually post-instruction assessment with the purpose of assessing student knowledge, retention, and application. Often involve the use of a standardized rubric or scoring guide based on several criteria.
Formative Assessments
a usually mid-instruction assessment with the purpose of assessing student progress and informing the teacher so instruction can be altered as needed.
portfolios, graphic organizers, games
Hypothesis
an informed prediction (made based on previous observations) for a phenomena. Should be testable.
If we give plants more fertilizer, they will grow taller.
Independent Variable
a variable which is manipulated by the scientist conducting the experiment
Informal Assessments
More flexible than formal assessments and can be adjusted to fit the situation and particular needs of the student being tested
observations during a lesson
Inquiry-Based Activities
activities that allow students to participate in the scientific method with little guidance from the teacher
experiments, discussions
K-W-L Chart
A graphic organizer used throughout a unit that shows what students know (K), want to know (W), and learned (L)
Observations
information gathered using the five senses
smell, color
Products
material produced by the student to demonstrate content mastery
artwork, posters, lab activities, journals
Qualitative Data
data which is described rather than measured
color, shape, smell
Quantitative Data
data which is measured and usually expressed numerically
distance, time, temperature
Summative Assessments
Tests given at specific points in time in order to determine what students know and don’t know. Summative assessments are generally formal.
State assessments, district benchmarks, semester or six weeks tests, and end of unit or chapter
Hardness
the mineral’s resistance to scratching; measured on the Mohs scale, where talc, the softest mineral, has a score of 1 and diamond, the hardest, has a score of 10
Sedimentary Rock
rock formed when sediments build up and cement together
Rock
an accumulation of one or more minerals
sedimentary rock
Outer Core
the layer of the earth just beneath the mantle; composed of very hot, liquified rock
Tectonic Plates
plates or portions of Earth’s crust and upper mantle, which glide across the asthenosphere
Pacific Plate
Silt
Dense with small particles, feels soapy, forms from weathered granite and feldspar, holds water and compacts easily.
Mineral
a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly, network structure and definite chemical composition
diamond
Continental Crust
crust found under continents; made of mostly silicon, oxygen, and aluminum
Weathering
a destructive process by which rock is gradually worn away and broken into smaller sediments and/or soil water gradually breaking down and smoothing rock
Crystalline Structure
the degree to which the mineral is arranged in a crystal lattice structure; the more crystalline the mineral is, the harder that lattice is to see with the naked eye diamond is more crystalline than graphite and is therefore stronger
Streak
the color of the mineral in powder form; obtained by dragging a piece of the mineral across a piece of unglazed porcelain
amethyst has a streak color of white
Ocean Basins
depressions on the earth’s surface due to the sinking of oceanic crust
Convection Currents
the movement of fluid which transfers heat from one place to another
air in a hot air balloon - hot air travels upward and cools, then the denser, cooler air sinks, resulting in the circular motion of the air
Color
the color of the mineral
purple amethyst
Equator
The center line of latitude around the middle of the Earth that divides the globe into a Northern and Southern hemisphere
Nuclear Fission
a process in which the nuclei of an atom is split, releasing a massive amount of energy.
Chemical Weathering
the process of breaking down rocks by chemical means
acid rain
Convection
the transfer of heat by a moving fluid, like air and water heat rising from a lit candle
Constructive Processes
processes that add new landforms to the surface of the earth
landslides, hot spot volcanoes
Karst Topography
a stretch of land that overlays porous, soluble rock
Metamorphic Rock
form when igneous or sedimentary rock are subjected to great heat and pressure
marble
Crust
the outermost and coolest layer of the earth
Hot Spring
a geological feature produced when water is heated by geothermal activity and pushed to Earth’s surface Banff Upper Hot Springs in Banff National Park
Diaphaneity
“the transparency of the mineral or ability of light to pass through it”
witherite is translucent, allowing some light through
Mechanical Weathering
the process of breaking down rocks by physical means water freezes in a crack in the rock and breaks it apart
Soil Profile
“The layers of soil found in a region. When a cut is made, the profile is the seen as a stack of soil horizons.”
Heat Transfer
the movement of thermal energy from one material to another
hands on hot coffee cup
Conduction
the transfer of thermal energy through a material or between two materials that are touching
heating pad
Nutrients
substances in food and beverages that nourish the body. They support growth, produce energy, and maintain the body. fat
Odor
the smell of a mineral; some minerals give off an odor when moistened or heated pyrite gives off a rotten egg odor when heated
Mantle
the layer of the earth just beneath the crust; composed of very hot rock
Taste
the mineral’s taste; only soluble minerals have a taste halite has a salty taste
Loam
A fertile soil mixture of mostly sand with some clay and silt. Ideal for gardening because it holds water and nutrients.
Tenacity
the mineral’s ability to resist separation or breaking when subjected to stress
quartz is brittle and will be crushed to a powder when hammered
Organic Material
dead plant and animal material in the soil decomposing blades of grass
Inner Core
the extremely hot innermost layer of the earth; composed of mostly solid iron and nickel
Plate Tectonics
the large-scale movements of portions of the earth’s crust over long periods of time
Sand
Relatively large particles. Feels gritty and drains rapidly.
Acid Rain
Rain with a lower pH than neutral. Acid rain is corrosive to many substances, including rocks. Often caused by pollution.
sulfur dioxide dissolves in the water droplets of clouds to make sulfuric acid
Luster
the ability of the mineral’s surface to reflect light; can be metallic, submetallic, or nonmetallic
galena has a metallic luster
Cleavage
the pattern along which the mineral breaks
halite has cleavage in three directions
Soil
the upper layer of the earth’s surface; formed from the weathering of rocks
Oceanic Crust
crust found under oceans; made of mostly silicon, oxygen, and magnesium
Destructive Processes
processes that destroy landforms
weathering, erosion
Geyser
a geological feature where magma close to the surface heats groundwater and the resulting pressure forces the water up to the surface Old Faithful
Microorganisms
organisms so small a microscope is needed to see them -bacteria, fungus
Hot Spot
a place far away from tectonic plate boundaries where upwelling magma creates a hole in Earth’s crust and lava erupts onto the surface Galapagos Islands
Erosion
The slow wearing away the surface of the land by wind or water
wind erosion, water runoff
Soil Horizon
Igneous Rock
rock formed when magma or lava cools -granite
Peat
Rich in organic material, compresses easily, holds water, may be acidic, spongy to touch.
Specific Gravity
the ratio of the density of the mineral to the density of water
sapphire has a specific gravity of about 4, meaning it is 4 times heavier than an equal amount of water
Radiation
heat transfer by an electromagnetic wave
standing by a hot fire
Clay
Dense and heavy, with very small particles, a smooth texture, and little organic material. Holds water and may be alkaline.
Magnetism
the response of a mineral when exposed to magnetic materials magnetite displays strong attraction to magnetic fields
Daylight Saving Time
the practice of setting clocks forward one hour during the summer months
Partial Solar Eclipse
an event in which the sun is only partially blocked by the moon
Spring Tide
“greater tidal effects due to the sun, moon, and Earth being aligned”
Neap Tide
“lesser tidal effects due to the sun and moon pulling on the earth from different directions”
Spring
a season with roughly equal length of day and night; marks transition from winter into summer
Northern Hemisphere
The half of the earth north of the equator
Waning Gibbous
the phase during which the illuminated side of the moon is decreasing, but more than half the face of the moon is illuminated as seen from Earth
Low Tide
lower water levels due to being out of line with the gravity of the moon and sun
Mars
the fourth planet from the sun; an inner planet (inside the asteroid belt); the “Red Planet”; home to Olympus Mons, the tallest mountain in the solar system;
New Moon
the phase during which the moon is between the sun and the earth; the side of the moon visible from Earth receives no direct sunlight
Annular Solar Eclipse
an event in which the moon is farthest from the sun; this appears as a smaller dark circle on the sun
Time Zones
a region of the earth which observes a uniform standard time; there are around 37 time zones, depending on daylight saving time
-Nepal Standard Time
Fall
a season with roughly equal length of day and night; marks transition from summer into winter
Satellite
an object or body that orbits another object or body Earth’s moon
Asteroids
small, rocky bodies in the sun’s orbit Ceres
Dwarf Planet
a small planet not large enough to clear its orbit of debris -Pluto
Meteor
a meteoroid that has entered Earth’s atmosphere
Lunar Eclipse
an event in which the moon’s surface is obscured or darkened by Earth’s shadow
Jupiter
the fifth planet from the sun; an outer planet (outside the asteroid belt); largest planet; over twice as massive as all the other planets combined; has four large moons; about 90% hydrogen and 10% helium
Earth
the third planet from the sun; an inner planet (inside the asteroid belt); only known habitable planet; 71% of surface covered with liquid water
Total Solar Eclipse
an event in which the sun is completely blocked by the moon
Meteorite
what remains of a meteor after it hits the surface of the earth
High Tide
higher water levels due to the gravity of the moon and sun
Tides
rising and falling sea levels due to the sun’s and moon’s gravity and the rotation of the earth
Pluto
previously classified as the ninth planet from the sun; usually now classified as a minor planet or dwarf planet; has four moons
Full Moon
the phase during which the moon is 180 degrees away from the sun as seen from earth; the face of the moon is nearly fully illuminated
Summer
the season with the longest days, shortest nights, and hottest temperature; summer occurs when that region of the earth is tilted toward the sun
Solar System
A star, as well as the planets, satellites, asteroids, and all the other objects orbiting it. They travel together through space.
Sedna
another dwarf planet; much farther from the sun than Pluto; takes 10,000 years to orbit the sun
Bulges
areas on the earth in line with the moon’s gravity which have a larger amount of water
Solar Eclipse
an event in which the sun’s surface is obscured or darkened by the moon
Comet
a body made of ice and dust in the sun’s orbit; contains a gas and dust “tail” -Halley’s Comet
Uranus
the seventh planet from the sun; an outer planet (outside the asteroid belt); composed mostly of rock and ice; has 27 named moons
Planet
a body moving in orbit around a star; large enough to clear debris in its orbit; has enough gravity to make it round -Earth
Saturn
the sixth planet from the sun; an outer planet (outside the asteroid belt); the least dense planet; has a complex ring system
Winter
the season with the shortest days, longest nights, and coldest temperatures; winter occurs when that region of the earth is tilted away from the sun
Heliocentricity
the understanding that the sun is at the center of our solar system
Phase of The Moon
the appearance of the surface of the moon as seen on earth
Meteoroids
small bodies of debris from space which move into Earth’s atmosphere and can then turn into meteors
First Quarter
the phase during which the moon is 90 degrees away from the sun as seen from the earth; the moon is a quarter illuminated and has traveled a quarter of the way around the earth
Venus
the second planet from the sun; an inner planet (inside the asteroid belt); slightly smaller than Earth; similar density and chemical composition to Earth
Last Quarter
the phase during which the moon is 270 degrees away from the sun as seen from the earth; half the moon’s surface is illuminated as seen from Earth
Neptune
the eighth planet from the sun; an outer planet (outside the asteroid belt); methane in the atmosphere absorbs red light to make it appear blue; gives off over twice as much energy as it receives from the sun
Period (of A Comet)
the amount of time it takes for a comet to orbit the sun Halley’s Comet has a period of about 75 years
Waxing Gibbous
the phase during which more than half the moon is illuminated as seen from Earth
Waning Crescent
the phase during which the illuminated portion of the moon is decreasing and less than half the moon’s face is illuminated
Mercury
the first planet from the sun; an inner planet (inside the asteroid belt); slightly larger than Earth’s moon; experiences extreme temperature variations; large iron core
Waxing Crescent
the phase during which the moon is between 0 and 90 degrees away from the sun as seen from the earth; the side of the moon visible from Earth gradually becomes more illuminated
Coriolis Effect
due to Earth’s rotation and uneven heating, objects in the northern hemisphere deflect to the right, and objects in the southern hemisphere deflect to the left Cyclones in southern hemisphere rotate clockwise
Evaporation
a phase change from the liquid state to the gas state water boils and turns to steam
Transpiration
process of evaporation in which water exits as vapor from the surface of plant leaves
Condensation
a phase change from the gas state to the liquid state humidity condensing on a cold glass of tea
Water Vapor
water in the gas phase
Humidity
a measure of the amount of water vapor in the air
Surface Runoff
water which flows over the surface of the earth to a body of water
Percolate
to travel from the surface to groundwater through the spaces between soil and rock particles
Equator
The center line of latitude around the middle of the Earth that divides the globe into a Northern and Southern hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere
The half of the earth south of the equator
Water Cycle / Hydrologic Cycle
the process by which water circulates between the earth and the atmosphere
Northern Hemisphere
The half of the earth north of the equator
Precipitation
water which falls to the earth due to gravity
-rain, snow, sleet, hail
Surface Current
a river-like flow of water of different temperature within Earth’s oceans -Humboldt Current
Acid Rain
Rain with a lower pH than neutral. Acid rain is corrosive to many substances, including rocks. Often caused by pollution.
sulfur dioxide dissolves in the water droplets of clouds to make sulfuric acid
Feedback Loop (in Systems)
a process by which the results of a change increase or decrease the effect of the change
melting ice caps due to global warming increases global warming
Fossil Fuels
a natural non-renewable fuel source. derived from underground, fossilized (petrified) remains of living organisms.
natural gas, petroleum, coal
Global Warming / Climate Change
an overall increase in average global temperatures due to the greenhouse effect (the increasing amount of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere trapping more heat)
Greenhouse Effect
the trapping of the sun’s heat in the atmosphere due to the increased presence of gases in the atmosphere; light is allowed to pass through, but heat is trapped, similar to the glass walls of a greenhouse
Greenhouse Gases
gases which, when present in elevated quantities in Earth’s atmosphere, trap solar radiation and cause the planet to warm
carbon dioxide
Heliocentricity
the understanding that the sun is at the center of our solar system
Non-Renewable Resources
resources which will be depleted faster than they can be replenished
natural gas, petroleum
Renewable Resources
resources which replenish at the same (or faster) rate than the rate at which they are used
wind energy, solar energy, hydroelectric power
Risk Assessment
the process by which scientists analyze potential risks and benefits before conducting scientific investigations and experiments
Scientific Knowledge
scientific fact discovered using the scientific method
Scientific Method
a series of deliberate steps by which scientists observe, hypothesize, test, analyze data, and communicate results
Accuracy
a way of determining/discussing how close a measurement is to its actual value; often defined as 1/2 of the smallest measuring unit
Bar Graph
a visual representation of data which compares values in different categories
English system / Imperial system
a system of measurement used in the United States using units such as feet, pounds and ounces
Grams (g)
the base metric unit of mass
Histogram
a visual representation of data, similar to a bar graph, which compares frequencies of different occurrences
International System of Units (SI) / The Metric System
a system of measurement used throughout the world
meters, liters, grams
Liters (l)
the base metric unit of volume
Measurement
a number that shows the size or amount of something
Meter (m)
the unit for distance in the metric system
The pool was 6 m deep.
Negative Correlation
a negative relationship between data points on a graph; as one variable decreases, the other variable increases; produces a trend line with a negative slope
No Correlation
no relationship between data points on a graph; the variables do not appear to be related, and no trend line can be drawn through the data points
Pie Chart
a graph in which a circle is divided into sectors that each represent a proportion of the whole. Pie charts are helpful when displaying the relative distribution of categories.
Positive Correlation
a positive relationship between data points on a graph; as one variable increases, so does the other; produces a trend line with a positive slope
Precision
a way of determining/discussing what level of accuracy is possible based on the tools used
Protractor
a tool used to measure angles
Ruler
a tool used to measure length
Scale
a tool used to measure weight or mass
Scatter Plot
a graph made by making one point for each value; the independent variable is shown on the x-axis and the dependent variable is shown on the y-axis
Tolerance (in stats)
the amount of measurement error that is allowed
Trend Line
a line drawn through the areas with the highest concentration of data points on a scatter plot; the trend line is a visual representation of the mean
Bar Graph
a visual representation of data which compares values in different categories
Conceptual Models
a representation of a system using diagrams or drawings to explain complex or abstract systems or processes
a diagram of cellular respiration
Conclusion
a summary of the results of an experiment; states whether the initial hypothesis was rejected or supported
Control Group
a group of specimens in an experiment to which no change is made; does not receive the experimental treatment
Controlled Variable
a variable which is kept stable throughout the experiment, across control and experimental groups
Correlational Research
type of non-experimental investigation in which the researcher may study two variables, but does not control the rest of the conditions of the study a teacher who gives students one questionnaire about how many in-class activities they participate in and one about how engaged they feel in class
Data
measurements and observations recorded during an experiment
Data Table
an organized way to display data that presents the results in labeled rows and columns
t-chart
Dependent Variable
a variable which is measured by the scientist conducting the experiment
Evidence
data gathered in the course of scientific investigation, including measurements taken and observations made using the five senses
Experimental Group
a group of specimens in an experiment to which a change is made; receives the experimental treatment
Experimental Investigation
Researchers assign subjects in the sample to certain treatments, then observe the effects of the treatment. Can show causation (cause and effect).
Does using algebra tiles during instruction help freshman students learn how to solve equations?
Histogram
a visual representation of data, similar to a bar graph, which compares frequencies of different occurrences
Hypothesis
an informed prediction (made based on previous observations) for a phenomena. Should be testable.
If we give plants more fertilizer, they will grow taller.
Independent Variable
a variable which is manipulated by the scientist conducting the experiment
Inference
a conclusion based on evidence, observation, and reasoning
Line Graph
a visual representation of data which shows change over time or in response to a manipulated variable
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
a standardized information sheet for a substance; includes information about health risks, safe disposal and cleanup of spills, and environmental risks
Mathematical Models
models that use mathematical formulas, variables, and language to refer to relationships and processes in a system
-the formula for gravitational force, F=mg
Models
physical, mathematical, or visual representations of scientific phenomena
-a diagram of the eye
Non-Experimental Investigation
a research method in which conditions are not carefully controlled; the scientist may study an independent and/or dependent variable, but does not control the other factors in the investigation
survey, observation, analysis of observed behavior
Observations
information gathered using the five senses
smell, color
Peer-Reviewed
the process of fact-checking by other experts in the same field; ensures the quality of published work
Physical Models
a smaller or larger replica of an object done to scale
a physical model of an atom
Pie Chart
a graph in which a circle is divided into sectors that each represent a proportion of the whole. Pie charts are helpful when displaying the relative distribution of categories.
Quasi-Experimental Research
type of non-experimental investigation in which the researcher studies the effects of an independent variable, but chooses experimental groups rather than assigning them randomly
a nutritionist starts a nutrition education program at one nursing home and not at another one, then compares the health of the residents at each nursing home afterward
Scientific Law
a proven explanation for a phenomenon
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Scientific Method
a series of deliberate steps by which scientists observe, hypothesize, test, analyze data, and communicate results
Scientific Theory
a proposed explanation for a phenomenon which may not be testable
Darwin’s Theory of evolution
Single-Variable Research
type of non-experimental investigation in which the researcher makes observations before and after the application of a treatment or question
hidden-camera shows in which a magician tries the same trick with different groups of people
Variables
factors affecting the outcome of an experimental investigation
the amount of water given to a plant might be the independent variable
Waft
Wave the air toward the face. The safe way to smell a test tube.
Physical Change
a change in the appearance of a material with no change to its chemical composition phase change (water boiling)
Ground State
the lowest-energy arrangement of electrons in an atom
Molecule
electrically neutral particle made of two or more atoms joined together by a molecular bond
oxygen (O2) in the atmosphere
Chemical Reaction
a reaction that forms a new substance by rearranging the atomic bonds between atoms
salt (NaCl) from sodium and chlorine
Sublimation
a pure solid changes directly into a gas
Luster
the ability of the mineral’s surface to reflect light; can be metallic, submetallic, or nonmetallic
galena has a metallic luster
Ionic Bond
a chemical bond between oppositely charged atoms when electrons are removed from one atom and given to an atom of another element
-salt (NaCl)
Pure Substance
a substance that consists of only one type of atom or molecule
-Helium gas
Helium gas
temperature at which melting and freezing occur; a physical property of a substance
32 degrees fahrenheit for water
Solution
a mixture in which one substance dissolves in another simple syrup (sugar and water)
Matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
mud
Mixture
-
Density
the amount of mass present in a given volume. Reflection of how tightly packed the atoms are.
Water has a density of 1 gram per cubic centimeter.
Compound
groups of two or more different elements held together by ionic or molecular bonds
NaCl and H2O
Condensation
a phase change from the gas state to the liquid state
humidity condensing on a cold glass of tea
Proton
positively charged particle found in the nucleus of atoms
Melting
a phase change from the solid state to the liquid state
mercury melts at -38 degrees fahrenheit
Heterogeneous Mixture
a mixture that is not uniformly mixed
granola with raisins at the bottom
Homogeneous Mixture
a mixture with the same ratio of parts throughout the mixture
salt dissolved in water
Atoms
the smallest unit of matter
carbon atom
Molecular Bond / Covalent Bond
a chemical bond in which electrons are shared between atoms
water (H2O)
Nucleus (of The Atom)
the positively charged, small, central core of an atom; made of protons and neutrons
Hardness
The mineral’s resistance to scratching; measured on the Mohs scale, where talc, the softest mineral, has a score of 1 and diamond, the hardest, has a score of 10
diamond is hard, talc is soft
Physical Properties
properties that can be observed without a changing the substance
density, boiling point
Electron
low-mass, negatively charged particle; surrounds the nucleus of an atom
Phase Change
a change of state of a substance
gas to liquid
Chemical Change
a change that alters the chemical composition of a material
digestion
Freezing
a phase change from the liquid state to the solid state
coconut oil solidifies at 76 degrees fahrenheit
Element
an atom with a unique number of protons in its nucleus
iron
Neutron
neutral particle found in the nucleus of atoms
Boiling Point
temperature at which evaporation and condensation occur; a physical property of a substance
100 degrees celsius for water
Evaporation
a phase change from the liquid state to the gas state
water boils and turns to steam
Ohms (Ω)
the unit for resistance
Current
The flow rate of charge, measured in amps (A). 3 amps (3 A)
Insulator
a material that prevents or limits the flow of electricity or heat glass, air
Circuit Diagram / Schematic
a drawing that uses symbols to show how components should be connected in a circuit
Ground
the lowest potential, or voltage, in a circuit negative battery terminal
Conductor
a material, often metal, through which electrons can move freely copper wire
Electromagnetic Force
interactions (pushes and pulls) of electrically charged particles with other charged particles and magnetic poles like charges repel, opposite charges attract
Electrical Conductivity
how well a material conducts electricity; a physical property of matter
Short Circuit
a dangerous circuit in which a conducting wire is connected directly across the two battery terminals
Voltage / Potential Difference / Potential
The difference in energy per charge across any two points in a circuit, measured in volts (V). 9 volts (9 V)
Resistance
A device that reduces/limits/controls the current in a circuit, measured in ohms. 10 ohms (10 Ω)
Newton’s First Law / The Law of Inertia
the law that objects resist changes in their state of motion
a rolling bowling ball keeps moving at constant speed
Velocity
an object’s speed and direction, calculated from displacement/time
5 m/s, north
Meter (m)
the unit for distance in the metric system
The pool was 6 m deep.
Mass
The amount of matter in an object, measured in kg in the SI system of units.
Gravitational Force
the force of attraction of all masses toward each other due to gravitational pull
Earth pulls on Moon
Force
an interaction (push or pull) of one object with another that resists other forces or causes acceleration tow-truck cable pulling on a car
Distance
the length of the path traveled by an object
25 meters
Newton (N)
the SI unit of force, equal to 1 kilogram meter per second squared
a typical woman weighs 550 N
Newton’s Third Law
the law that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
clapping hands
Weak Nuclear Force
a force that resists particle decay in the nucleus radioactive decay
Displacement
the straight-line distance and direction between two positions 25 meters, north
Position
an object’s location at a given moment in time latitude and longitude
Acceleration
a measure of how quickly something changes its speed or direction, calculated from change in velocity/time slowing down, turning a corner
Net Force
The vector sum of all forces acting on an object.
Strong Nuclear Force
a force that holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus fission and fusion
Speed
a measure of how fast an object’s position changes, calculated from distance/time 5 m/s
Gravity
the force of attraction of all masses toward each other due to gravitational pull sun on planets
Newton’s Second Law
the law that greater masses require a greater force to achieve the same acceleration, F = ma force needed to stop a bowling ball vs baseball rolling at same speed
Electromagnetic Force
interactions (pushes and pulls) of electrically charged particles with other charged particles and magnetic poles like charges repel, opposite charges attract
Conduction
the transfer of thermal energy through a material or between two materials that are touching heating pad
Energy Transformation
the change of one type of energy into another type sledding down a hill - potential energy into kinetic energy
Photosynthesis
process where plants use light, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own food (sugar) and oxygen
Intensity
the amount of energy transported by a wave, measured in decibels (dB) ordinary conversation is about 50 dB
Hydroelectric Energy
energy collected as gravity pulls water from higher elevations to lower elevations Hoover Dam
Non-Renewable Resources
resources which will be depleted faster than they can be replenished
-natural gas, petroleum
Transverse Wave
a wave in which the direction of the vibration is perpendicular to the direction the energy travels vibrating guitar string
Wavelength
the length (in space) of one complete wave cycle, measured in distance units crest to crest distance on a water wave
Loudness
human perception of the intensity of a sound
-industrial noise at 110 dB sounds very loud
Energy Transfer
the movement of energy from one object or place into another cue ball hitting billiard ball, transfers kinetic energy
Conservation of Energy
in a closed system, the total amount of energy is constant, even if it changes form or moves from one place to another girl diving off board into water
Wave Speed
a measure of how fast the wave energy moves from one place to another speed of light
Joule (J)
The units of heat and energy in the SI system (metric system).
Turbine
a device that transforms energy into kinetic energy
Threshold of Pain
sound at 120 dB
Energy
the ability to do work or apply a force that moves something through a distance gasoline
Heat Transfer
the movement of thermal energy from one material to another hands on hot coffee cup
Foot-Pound (Ft⋅Lb)
the unit for energy in US customary units
Generator
A device that uses electromagnetic induction to produce an electrical current. Generator in a car
Compression Wave
a longitudinal wave with areas of high and low pressure, or density
-sound
Kinetic Energy
the energy of motion
-person running; molecules vibrating
Fossil Fuels
a natural non-renewable fuel source. derived from underground, fossilized (petrified) remains of living organisms. natural gas, petroleum, coal
Electron Transitions
the movement of electrons from the ground state in atoms to higher orbitals and back due to the absorption and emission of energy neon lights
Crests
the peaks, or highest points, of a vertically vibrating transverse wave
Oil
a fossil fuel formed from marine plants
Visible Light
light with frequencies that humans can see rainbow
Electromagnetic Spectrum
the entire range of frequencies of electromagnetic waves from very long radio waves to very short gamma rays infrared, ultraviolet
Radiation
heat transfer by an electromagnetic wave standing by a hot fire
Potential Energy
energy that is stored in the position or configuration of objects ball on top of a hill; two positive electrical charges close together
Pitch
how high or low the sound seems to a human ear
Amplitude
the maximum displacement of a particle of the medium during a vibration (measured from non-vibrating position to one crest) height of an ocean wave above the ocean’s normal surface height
Photon
a particle of light energy particle nature of light
Period
the time it takes to complete one full wave cycle, measured in seconds a 17 second stop-light cycle
Acid Rain
Rain with a lower pH than neutral. Acid rain is corrosive to many substances, including rocks. Often caused by pollution. sulfur dioxide dissolves in the water droplets of clouds to make sulfuric acid
Dark Energy
an unknown source of energy that is thought to fuel the ever-increasing expansion of the Universe
Longitudinal Wave
a wave in which the direction of the vibration is parallel to the direction the energy travels
-sound
Coal
a fossil fuel formed from land plants
Dual Nature
light has both a wave nature and a particle nature
Mechanical Waves
Physical waves that travel through a medium. sound, water waves
Photovoltaics
panels collect sunlight and turn the energy into electricity
Nuclear Fusion
a process in which the nuclei of light elements, like hydrogen, fuse together to create the nuclei of heavier elements, like helium
-reactions within the sun
Medium
the material that carries a mechanical wave
-air for sound wave, a string for a violin
Convection
the transfer of heat by a moving fluid, like air and water heat rising from a lit candle
Electromagnetic Waves
Waves consisting of vibrating electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum, i.e. they do not require a medium. Emitted by all objects with a temperature above absolute zero.
-light, radio waves, x-rays
Excited Electrons
electrons in orbitals higher than the ground state
Wave
a disturbance that transports energy as it moves through space and time
-water wave, electromagnetism, sound
Natural Gas
a fossil fuel byproduct formed with coal and oil
Threshold of Hearing
0 dB, the softest sound a human can hear
Greenhouse Gases
gases which, when present in elevated quantities in Earth’s atmosphere, trap solar radiation and cause the planet to warm
-carbon dioxide
Renewable Resources
resources which replenish at the same (or faster) rate than the rate at which they are used
-wind energy, solar energy, hydroelectric power
Mechanical Energy
the sum of potential and kinetic energy in a mechanical system
Troughs (of a Wave)
the valleys, or lowest points, of a vertically vibrating transverse wave
Solar Energy
energy from the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation
Combustion Motor
a device that transforms chemical energy into mechanical energy
-car engine
Frequency
the number of full cycles that happen each second, measured in cycles per second, or hertz (Hz)
-a mosquito flapping 600 times per second or 600 Hz
Omnivore
an organism that eats both plants and animals for energy and nutrients. -pig
Intraspecific Competition
competition between members of the same species two male deer fighting for a mate
Population
a group of the same organisms in a specific habitat -number of human beings in a city
Individual / Organism
one individual organism of a given species -one human being
Competition (Ecology)
struggle among organisms for basic needs such as space, water, food, and sunlight two male lions fighting over a dead monkey
Apex Predator
an organism at the top of the food chain with little or no natural enemies -lion
Biosphere
region of the Earth in which all life exists. It extends from deep in the oceans into the atmosphere.
Secondary Consumer
an organism in a food chain that eats primary consumers. May be omnivores or carnivores. -snake
Consumer
an organism which depends on another organism to provide the energy it needs to survive; assigned a trophic level depending on what kinds of organisms it eats horse
Cell
smallest unit of all living organisms nerve cell
Respiration
process where organisms use food (such as sugar) to make useful energy and waste products -sugar to ATP and carbon dioxide
Producer
an organism that uses abiotic resources (like the sun’s rays) to make food grass
Food Web
show the flow of energy through an ecosystem through a complex network of overlapping food chains
Differentiation of Cells / Specialization of Cells
specialization; the process of stem cells becoming specialized cells
Carnivore
an organism that eats other animals for energy and nutrients. hyena
Keystone Species
species that plays a key role in the ecosystem by providing balance in most of the other populations, such as keeping omnivores in check by preying on them. starfish in a kelp forest
Photosynthesis
process where plants use light, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own food (sugar) and oxygen
Decomposer
an organism that breaks down dead matter for energy and nutrients.. Returns unused nutrients to the soil. fungi
Tertiary Consumer
an organism in a food chain that eats secondary consumers. May be omnivores or carnivores. bear
Biome
A classification of similar ecosystems. Biomes are classified by their types of plants, animals, soil, temperature, climate, and location. grassland
Metamorphosis
a change from one stage to the next in an organism’s life cycle
Ecosystem
A specific area with interaction of living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) factors. A group of humans, plants, and animals living on a farm
Incomplete Metamorphosis
a three-stage cycle in which young look different than the adults, but it’s not as drastic of a change as it is in complete metamorphosis. consists of three stages: egg, larva (nymph), and adult; grasshoppers; dragonflies
Extinction
the dying out of all members of a species dodo birds
Interspecific Competition
competition between different species bison and horses competing for grass to eat
Primary Consumer
an organism in a food chain that eats the plants (producers). Also called herbivores. -antelope
Interdependent
relying on one another; species rely on one another for food, shelter, competition, cooperation, and symbiosis
Homeostasis
process by which an organism maintains stable internal conditions -sweating to stay cool
Greenhouse Gases
gases which, when present in elevated quantities in Earth’s atmosphere, trap solar radiation and cause the planet to warm -carbon dioxide
Community
a small group of interacting species a group of humans, along with their dogs, cats, trees, etc.
Complete Metamorphosis
a four-stage cycle in which the young look completely different than the adult. consists of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult -butterflies
Metabolism
the sum of chemical reactions in an organism, such as converting food
Herbivore
an organism that eats plants for energy and nutrients. antelope
Trophic Level
the level in the food chain assigned to an organism based on what it eats primary consumer
Apical Meristem
the portion of a plant in which cells are not specialized; usually located at the tips of the shoots and roots
Evolution
The gradual change in populations over time tortoise neck length changing over time in response to changing available vegetation
DNA
type of nucleic acid and the genetic code for all living organisms. This double helix shaped molecule is the genetic map that gives the organisms their characteristics.
Nucleic Acids
Provide genetic coding for a cell as DNA and RNA. Biomolecules containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus. DNA, RNA
Independent Assortment
the process by which each pair of chromosomes line up and separate randomly, creating diverse gametes.
Homozygous
a genotype that contains two identical alleles BB, bb
Recessive
the allele whose characteristic is masked by the dominant trait; organism must have two copies of this trait for it to show red hair, shortness in pea plants
Charles Darwin
an English naturalist who developed the idea of natural selection and theory of evolution; these ideas were published in the book On the Origin of Species
Behavioral Adaptation
an inherited change in behavior that helps organisms survive or avoid harm Monarch butterfly migration
RNA
type of nucleic acid. A type of it carries DNA messages to the cell to make proteins.
Adaptation
a modification that is either inherited or acquired that makes an organism better able to survive and reproduce migration in winter
Structural Adaptation
an inherited change in physical features that helps organisms survive longer necks in tortoises to reach food
Natural Selection
The process by which, over time, the population as a whole contains more individuals which are better suited to that environment. faster antelopes survive to pass down traits
Population
a group of the same organisms in a specific habitat
-number of human beings in a city
Phenotype
the physical appearance of an organism reflecting the specific genotype
-blue eyes or brown eyes
Allele
a form of a gene; there may be one or more forms blue vs brown eyes
Dominant
alleles that, when present, hide the other trait black hair, tallness in pea plants
Genotype
the genetic makeup of an organism referring to a set of traits -BB, Bb, or bb
Gene
a segment of a chromosome which codes for a specific trait …ATTACGGACCAAGGTT…
Heterozygous
a genotype that contains two different alleles Bb
Reptiles
Cold-blooded animals that have a backbone (vertebrate) and dry, scaly skin. Live on land. -snake
Plant Kingdom
eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic organisms (producers) grass
Stomata
small openings on plant leaves that water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen pass through during photosynthesis. regulate the amount of air and water that enter and exit the leaf cell
Ribosome
organelle that makes proteins for the cell
Cell Wall
a rigid outer membrane that gives plants their shape and offers support for growth
Centrioles
the cell organelles which organize the spindle and pull chromosomes apart during mitosis. Found only in animal cells.
Fungi Kingdom
eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms feeding on dead matter (decomposers) -mushroom
Chloroplast
organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place; contains chlorophyll
Nucleus (of The Cell)
organelle that contains DNA and can control cellular activity by turning genes in DNA on and off
Insects
Animals that typically have: no backbone (invertebrates), a hard outer covering (exoskeleton), three body parts (head, thorax, abdomen), antennae, 3 pairs of legs. bee
Cytoskeleton
threadlike proteins that give a cell its shape and allows it to move microtubules
Non-Vascular Plant
Type of plant that does not have an internal transport system -mosses
Protists Kingdom
eukaryotic, single-celled, but not an animal, plant, or fungus. -slime molds
Endoplasmic Reticulum
organelle that makes proteins (rough endoplasmic reticulum) and lipids (smooth endoplasmic reticulum). Rough ER has ribosomes attached, while smooth ER does not.
Animal Kingdom
eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms (consumers) horses
Amphibians
Cold-blooded animals that have a backbone (vertebrate) and smooth, moist skin. Lay their eggs in water, but adults live on land. frog
Mitochondria
organelle that converts chemical energy to ATP. often known as the “powerhouse” of the cell
Mitosis
the cell cycle when the nucleus of a cell separates into two, resulting in two new daughter cells (somatic cells) with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
-the cell cycle when the nucleus of a cell separates into two, resulting in two new daughter cells (somatic cells) with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
Lysosome
organelle in animal cells that contains enzymes to break down large molecules. It breaks down the cell when it dies
Bacteria
single celled, microscopic organisms that can be spherical, spiral, or rod shaped. Prokaryotic (no nucleus). Can be helpful or harmful.
-E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus
Prokaryotes
any cellular organism that has no nuclear membrane -bacteria
Deciduous Tree
type of tree that shed all of their leaves at a specific time/event (such as winter) oak tree
Cytoplasm
clear, jelly-like substance in plant and animal cells made up mostly of water
Cell Theory
the theory explaining life at a fundamental level; proposes that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells come from existing cells
Vesicle
organelle that transport materials throughout the cell.
Organelle
membrane-bound structures with specific roles. Found in all eukaryotic cells nucleus
Taxonomic Hierarchy
classification system used to categorize all living organisms. The classification starts with the most inclusive group according to characteristics (domain) and ends with the most specific (species).
Eukaryotes
any organism having a cell type that contains a nucleus and specialized organelles plants
Plasma Membrane / Cell Membrane
a soft membrane that encloses the cytoplasm of a cell. Movement of molecules in and out of the cell is regulated by this membrane.
Golgi Complex / Golgi Apparatus
organelle that takes in proteins, makes sure they aren’t defective, and “packages” them in vesicles to send them to other parts of the cell.
Archaea / Archaebacteria
single celled organisms that sometimes live in extreme places where life wasn’t expected to be found, such as around hot water vents deep in the ocean
Coniferous Tree
type of tree that do NOT shed all of their leaves at a specific time/event (such as winter) -pine tree
Mammals
warm-blooded animals that typically: have three bones in their ears, have hair, and produce milk for their young -cows
Light-Dependent Reaction
Light is required to make the reaction occur such as sunlight that is converted to chemical energy in photosynthesis
Chloroplast
organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place; contains chlorophyll
“Cardiovascular /
Circulatory System”
transports material (ex: oxygen) throughout the body- heart
Digestive System
breaks down food that is eaten through physical and chemical reactions, then either absorbs it (small intestine) or passes it from the body (rectum) stomach
Respiratory System
brings oxygen into the bloodstream and releases carbon dioxide from the bloodstream lungs
Chlorophyll
pigments that capture energy from solar radiation and power the chemical process
Endocrine System
produces hormones that are used by other parts of the body to regulate, react, or grow pituitary gland
Spore Dispersal
asexual reproduction involving the diffusion of spores by air or water mosses, ferns
Pollen
male plant gametes; haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes of normal plant cells; fertilize the ovule
Sexual Reproduction
reproduction using the genetic material from two parents flowering plants creating a fruit
Transpiration
process of evaporation in which water exits as vapor from the surface of plant leaves
Ovary
the flower structure which produces ovules
Coefficient (in a Reaction)
Number placed in front of a molecule indicating how many are needed for a reaction
Calvin Cycle
Stage of photosynthesis where carbon dioxide is synthesized into sugar
Self-Fertilization
sexual reproduction using the genetic material from one plant; pollen from one plant fertilizes the egg of the same plant pea plants and other flowering plants
Stomata
small openings on plant leaves that water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen pass through during photosynthesis. regulate the amount of air and water that enter and exit the leaf cell
Style
the flower structure which supports the stigma; the tube down which pollen travels to the ovary
Stigma
in flowers, the top portion of the pistil; the location of pollen germination
Haploid
a type of cell with half the genetic material normally present; a gamete or sex cell
Pistil
female reproductive organs of a plant; includes ovary, style, and stigma
Asexual Reproduction
reproduction using the genetic material from only one parent. Offspring are created via mitosis and genetically identical to parents. bacteria using binary fission to divide into two cells
Skeletal System
protects the organs, gives the body structure and support, works with the muscular system for movement, and stores essential minerals like calcium femur bone
Integumentary System
protects the internal parts of the body from foreign matter, regulates body temperature, and gets rid of some wastes such as water and salt through perspiration. skin
Phototropism
The response of a plant to light Sunflower pointing toward the sun
Filament
the plant reproductive structure which supports the anther
Ovule / Egg
female plant gametes; haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes of normal plant cells; fertilized by pollen
Leaves
primary site of photosynthesis in plants
Light-Independent Reaction
Reactions that can occur without light being present
Worms (Infectious)
an infectious agent which targets organs or organ systems
-Trichinella spiralis, Schistosoma
Protozoa
an infectious agent which is transmitted between organisms and can target body systems and cause cell death Plasmodium, Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma brucei
Budding / Vegetative Propagation
asexual reproduction involving branching off of the main organism
-dogwood trees, birch trees
Thigmotropism
The response of a plant to touch Ivy growing on walls
Cross-Pollination
sexual reproduction using the genetic material from two plants; pollen from one plant fertilizes the egg of another flowers; vegetables
Fungi
an infectious agent which can infect a variety of tissue types and requires an antifungal to kill
-Tinea versicolor, Microsporum, Trichophyton
Photosynthesis
process where plants use light, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own food (sugar) and oxygen
Lymphatic System / Immune System
protects body from disease and infection and removes excess water from around the organs -white blood cells
Viruses
an infectious agent which can only reproduce with the help of another organism -influenza, hepatitis, human papillomavirus (HPV)
Muscular System
moves body parts working with the skeletal system (ex: leg) or materials (ex: food via intestine, blood via heart)
-bicep muscle
Urinary/Excretory System
controls water balance and removes wastes from the bloodstream kidneys
Anther
the plant reproductive structure which contains pollen
Infectious Agents
members of an ecosystem which can cause disease, sickness, and even death to organisms
Gravitropism
The response of a plant to gravity. Roots growing towards the center of earth
Nervous System
detects and processes information and activates body responses to that information -brain
Reproductive System
creates gametes (male: sperm, female: eggs) and facilitates creating offspring ovaries
Bacteria
single celled, microscopic organisms that can be spherical, spiral, or rod shaped. Prokaryotic (no nucleus). Can be helpful or harmful. E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus
Stamen
the male reproductive structure of the plant; includes the anther and filament
