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science 7 > science 7 chap. 1-3 > Flashcards

science 7 chap. 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

hypothetical proposition

A

an if then statement
antecedent-if
consequent-then
a good guess

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2
Q

falsifiability

A

when a hypothesis is proven false

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3
Q

Munsell chart

A

chart used by Pedologists to provide standard names and descriptions of soil colors

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4
Q

antecedent and consequent

A

if statement—- then statement

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5
Q

independent variable

A

factor that is changed to test the hypothesis (the part that effects the results)

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6
Q

dependent variable

A

factor that is not changed to determine the results (does not actually affect the results)

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7
Q

controlled variable

A

any variable other than the dependent and independent variables

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8
Q

steps of the scientific method

A

hypothesizing
observing
experimenting

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9
Q

matter/study of matter

A

matter-the substance of the physical world; anything that occupies space or has substance is matter
study of matter- science

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10
Q

inductive reasoning

A

using specific information to provide general conclusions

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11
Q

deductive reasoning

A

using general information to provide specific conclusions

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12
Q

post hoc fallacy

A

logic error in which someone assumes that a change in one factor caused a change in another factor just because the second change occurred after the first

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13
Q

theory

A

way of explaining an object of events by using a set of facts

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14
Q

inference

A

conclusion based on reasoning from evidence

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15
Q

criteria/constraints

A

minimum characteristics that a design must have to function——— any characteristic ( other than the _______ ) required to solve the problem

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16
Q

prototype

A

model of a design used for testing

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17
Q

nutrient

A

nourishing substances for plants

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18
Q

compound/element

A

substance composed of only one type of atom

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19
Q

density-mass

A

measures how tightly packed matter is—-
measures amount of matter

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20
Q

repeatability
reproducibility

A

ability to repeat an experiment multiple times, keeping all factors similar, while getting same, or similar results
ability of others to reach the same conclusion by performing other experiments

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21
Q

affirming the antecedent
denying the consequent

A

if this happens then this will happen and so forth

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22
Q

molecule

A

atoms linked together

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23
Q

weight

A

measures the pull of gravity on an object

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24
Q

impermeable rock

A

NONporous -inhabits water from passing

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25
Q

types of soil/ soil color

A

black from organic matter
red from iron and aluminum oxides
white from silicates and salt

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26
Q

primary plant food elements

A

nitrogen
phosphorous
potassium

nitrogen-helps plant growth and photosynthesis
phosphorous- allows cell division, promotes plant maturation, ☜(ﾟヮﾟ☜) promotes energy transfer
potassium- contributes to general health of the plant, encourages root growth and fruit formation, helps regulate water balance

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27
Q

pH scale

A

measure of how acidic/basic the water is- from 0-14 7 being neutral

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28
Q

soil horizons

A

topsoil, subsoil
topsoil-most organic material, found in the top 5-15 cm. of soil
subsoil-layer below topsoil that consists primarily of mineral material

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29
Q

organic vs. mineral material

A

material derived from living organisms
vs.
derived from non-living matter

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30
Q

nitrogen-fixing bacteria-nitrifying bacteria-denitrifying bacteria

A

converts elemental nitrogen into nitrogen compounds- ammonia

ammonia->nitrates
converts nitrogen from nitrates into atmosphere nitrogen (in the soil)

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31
Q

groundwater

A

water below the soils surface

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32
Q

aquifer

A

groundwater collected in layers of either porous rock or gravely-soil mixture

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33
Q

~state the problem
~determine criteria and constraints
~research an develop possible solutions
~choose design and make a detailed plan
~ build and test a prototype
~analyze the prototype and improve the design

A

steps of the engineering design process

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34
Q

sediments

A

deposits of sand, mineral fragments, or organic materials usually left behind by wind/earthwater

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35
Q

seismology

A

study of earthquakes

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36
Q

geology

A

study of the Earth

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37
Q

fault

A

fracture formed when a layer of rock breaks and moves due to the strained forces upon it

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38
Q

fold

A

geological structure formed when by the bending or buckling of rocks under great force

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39
Q

tectonic earthquake

A

when two tectonic plates collide

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40
Q

plate tectonics

A

theory that tectonic plates and their movements affect many geological structures

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41
Q

epicenter

A

above hypocenter

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42
Q

hypocenter

A

point at which an earthquake begins

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43
Q

syncline

A

trough-like structure formed when rocks bend down during folding

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44
Q

anticline

A

arch-like structure formed when rocks buckle upwards during folding

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45
Q

moho ( mohorvic discontinuity)

A

Between lower crust and upper mantle

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46
Q

transition zone

A

between lower and upper mantle

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47
Q

core-mantle boundary

A

between lower mantle and outer core

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48
Q

GIS

A

geographic information system-makes topographic map

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49
Q

elastic rebound theory

A

rocks on either side of fault spring back to position with little strain causing earthquakee

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50
Q

asthenosphere

A

plastic rock in lower portion of upper mantle

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51
Q

lithosphere

A

plates that float on the asthenosphere

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52
Q

seismograph

A

instrument-measures if there will be earthquakes

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53
Q

volcano

A

opening in crust where hot gas and molten rock eject from Earth

54
Q

vent

A

center of volcano-a chanel

55
Q

cone

A

mountain produced by accumulation of solid materials ejected from volcano

56
Q

magma chamber

A

holds molten rock below the surface

57
Q

lava tunnel

A

formed when surface of lava flow hardens but the lava beneath remains molten and continues to flow

58
Q

caldera

A

crater formed by volcano

59
Q

VEI

A

volcanic explosivity index– measures violence of eruption

60
Q

cinder-cone volcano

A

made of ash and cinder

61
Q

composite volcano

A

cinder and lava

62
Q

shield volcano

A

lava flow makes it

63
Q

dormant volcano

A

might erupt again but “asleep” at the moment

64
Q

extinct volcano

A

probably wont erupt again

65
Q

pyroclast

A

solid volcanic ejecta

66
Q

aa

A

lava that hardens into rough jagged rocks with crumbly texture

67
Q

lapilli

A

volcanic ejecta between 2mm. and 64mm. in size

68
Q

pahoehoe

A

lava hardens to smooth or “ropy” surface

69
Q

pillow lava

A

lava emitted underwater solidifies almost instantly forming rounded structures resembling pillows

70
Q

pyroclastic flow

A

superheated gas running down volcano like an avalanche

71
Q

volcanic ash

A

pyroclasts light enough to be carried by wind

72
Q

volcanic block

A

solid, irregular lump hardens within volcano and ejects as a solid

73
Q

volcanic bomb

A

ejected as liquid/semi-liquid and hardens in air before it hits the ground - tear drop shape

74
Q

most abundant element in the Earth’s crust

A

oxygen

75
Q

the three Earthquake scales and how they differ

A

Richter-modified Mercalli, moment magnitude
Richter- most common
modified Mercalli-based on affects
moment magnitude-most accurate

76
Q

Earth composition

A

crust-moho-upper mantle-transition zone-lower mantle-core-mantle boundary-outer core-core/inner core

77
Q

Alpide belt

A

15% of Earthquakes

78
Q

circum-pacific belt

A

most active earthquake zone ( ring of fire )

79
Q

types of mountains, how they are formed

A

volcanic-molten rock eruptions
domed-molten rock formed beneath an overlaying rock layer
folded-edges of two tectonic plates-folding
fault-block–faulting

80
Q

types of faults

A

thrust, strike slip, normal

81
Q

what determines how a volcanic eruptions to be violent

A

1-viscosity of magma 2-amount of dissolved gas in magma

82
Q

minerals

A

ssubstances that are found naturally in the Earth and have a crystalline structure

83
Q

halides

A

compounds made with elements fluorine,chloride,bromine, or iodine

84
Q

sulfides

A

(w/sulfates) group of minerals containing sulfur; includes pyrite and cinnibar

85
Q

oxides

A

oxygen bonded to metal- mineral

86
Q

carbonate

A

mineral-carbon bonded to oxygen

87
Q

silicates

A

largest mineral group silicon bonded to oxygen

88
Q

phosphates

A

minerals containing phosphorous bonded to four oxygen atoms

89
Q

luster

A

the way light is reflected from the surface of a mineral

90
Q

Mohs Scale

A

minerals are arranged from softest to hardest on a scale

91
Q

cleavage

A

tendency of a mineral to break

92
Q

metallurgy

A

extraction-removal of ores
refining-removal of impurities
shaping-preparing for use

93
Q

alluminum

A

lightweight, silvery meal excellent for aircraft, spacecraft, and other appliances in which strength and lightweight are both important
most common metal

94
Q

iron

A

second most common metal

95
Q

blast furnace

A

device in which iron ore, limestone, and coke are processed to make pig iron

96
Q

alloy

A

metal mixture

97
Q

copper

A

reddish, orange metal; good conductor of electricity

98
Q

lead

A

used ofr radiation shielding,automobile batteries, and small-arms ammunition

99
Q

silver-

A

most reflective metal

100
Q

platinum

A

white-gray metal not considered valuable until the 20th century; now considered more valuable than silver and gold

101
Q

precious stones

A

rarest, most beautiful, most durable minerals

102
Q

Corundrum

A

not very valuable on its own, two forms are highly valued-
-ruby red
-sapphire blue

103
Q

beryl

A

Source of beryllium two very valuable forms are
emerald green
aquamarine blue-green

104
Q

simulant gemstones

A

imitation stones; look like natural gemstones but are composed of different chemical and physical properties

105
Q

synthetic gemstones

A

identical to natural counterpart in appearance and chemical content

106
Q

hydrothermal synthesis

A

process of mineral synthesis where a temperature difference causes a melted solution to circulate, rise, and form larger crystals around smaller “seed crystals”

107
Q

petrology

A

branch of geology that is concerned with the origin, composition, and structure of rocks

108
Q

igneous rock

A

rocks that form when magma solidifies

109
Q

granite

A

common igneous rock, coarse-grained

110
Q

basalt

A

most common igneous rock

111
Q

porphyritic rock

A

thougth to form when magma begins to cool slowly, deep beneath the surface, but is ejected from the Earth before it hardens

112
Q

intrusive rock

A

“plutonic rock” igneous rock formed when magma reaches the surface

113
Q

extrusive rock

A

“volcanic rock” lava cooled and hardened

114
Q

amorphous

A

when magma cools rapidly no crystals form, smooth, glass-like texture

115
Q

concretions

A

had.round structures that form when minerals settle out of water and crystalize around a sand grain or other mineral fragment

116
Q

stratum

A

(bed) horizontal rock layer that has a different rock layer above it

117
Q

law of superposition

A

states that any undisturbed strata lie i nthe order they were laid down

118
Q

clastic-sedimentary rock

A

mechanical sediments/rock fragments are “glued” together

119
Q

shale

A

most common sedimentary rock

120
Q

conglomerate rock

A

consists of smooth pebbles embedded in hardened sand/clay

121
Q

chalk

A

type of limestone formed when calcium- containing remains of plankton

122
Q

evaporites

A

chemical sediments resulting from the evaporation of water

123
Q

salt domes

A

halite deposits that occurs deep underground as huge, cylindrical structure

124
Q

coal

A

organic sedimentary rock,derived from the remains of once-living things - fossil fuel -

125
Q

coal seams

A

layered formations usually buried in other sedimentary rock

126
Q

overburden

A

when miners strip away the upper layers of the ground

127
Q

retreat mining

A

removes pillars in a specific order to allow the least stress on the walls and ceiling of the mine

128
Q

contact metamorphism

A

results when rocks are “baked” by contact with hot magma

129
Q

marble

A

streaked metamorphic rock that forms when limestone or dolomite is hardened by extreme heat and pressure

130
Q

metamorphism

A

(greek:”to transform”) the change of a rock into new rock

131
Q

foliated rock

A

metamorphic rocks made up of layers like the leaves of a book

science 7 (1 decks)

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