Science Flashcards
(518 cards)
1
Q
Obtaining energy from food and reproduction
A
Organelle’s Task
2
Q
Cells with the same function
A
Tissues
3
Q
Carry out a single task
A
Organs
4
Q
Responsible for oxygenating blood
A
Lungs
5
Q
Filtering out wastes
A
Kidneys
6
Q
Cell parts that function within a cell
A
Organelles
7
Q
An organelle which carries out protein synthesis
A
Ribosome
8
Q
Modified and packages protein secreted from a cell
A
Golgi apparatus
9
Q
Converts energy present in chemical bonds of food accessible to cell
A
Mitochondria
10
Q
Stores and processes instructions contained in DNA tells cell what it’s function is
A
Nucleus
11
Q
Smallest living unit of life
A
Cells
12
Q
Processes that include growth, metabolism, replication, protein synthesis, and movement
A
Cellular functions
13
Q
Provide framework
Protects organs
A
Bone
14
Q
Transport oxygen from atmosphere into cells and moving carbon dioxide in other directions
A
Respiratory system
15
Q
Process of aerating lungs
A
Ventilation
16
Q
Where air enters in the body?
A
Nasal openings, mouth
17
Q
A large tube reinforced by cartilage rings which carry air to the bronchi
A
Trachea
18
Q
Thin walled structures that look like clusters of grapes and are the sites of gas exchange
A
Alveoli
19
Q
Serves as the medium for gas exchange and keep the lungs from collapsing on itself due to surface tension
A
Aqueous surfactant
20
Q
Which side of the body is the heart on?
A
Left
21
Q
Which lung is larger?
A
Right lung
22
Q
The segments in the lungs
A
Lobes
23
Q
How does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
A
By diffusion- a passive transport mechanism
24
Q
Directly proportional to the surface area involved and the concentration gradient, and is inversely proportional to the distance between the two solutions
A
Rate of diffusion
25
Name the oxygen process
Oxygen [lungs] — blood— carbon dioxide[blood]— lungs— lungs exhale back into the atmosphere
26
What contract simultaneously to increase the volume of the lungs, decreasing pressure in the lungs? ( DRAWING IN AIR )
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
27
Inhalation of air and expulsion of air
Inspiration and Expiration
28
The small amount of stale that remains trapped in alveoli after expiration and mixes with fresh air brought in through inspiration
Residual capacity
29
Controls breathing and respiration through monitoring carbon dioxide levels and blood pH
Medulla oblongata
30
Tiny air sacs in the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place
Alveoli
31
A lung disease characterized by inflamed narrowed airways and difficulty breathing
Asthma
32
The main passageways directly attached to the lungs
Bronchi
33
Small passages in the lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli
Bronchioles
34
Genetic disorder that affects the lungs and other organs characterized by difficulty breathing coughing up sputum and lung infections
Cystic fibrosis
35
The passage of fluid to an organ or a tissue
Perfusion
36
Membrane around the lungs and inside the chest cavity
Pleura
37
Fluid secreted by alveoli and found in the lungs
Surfactant
38
Amount of air breathed in a normal inhalation or exhalation
Tidal volume
39
Windpipe, which connects the larynx to the lungs
Trachea
40
Movement of air in and out of the body via inhalation and exhalation
Ventilation
41
Describes the movement of blood and lymph around the body which permits nutrient distribution, waste removal, communication, and protection
Circulatory system
42
Performs the vital functions of transporting nutrients, wastes, chemical messengers p, and immune molecules
Cardiovascular system
43
Double loop system consisting of arteries, veins, and capillaries that form a network that connect arteries to veins in tissues
Closed circulatory system
44
Circulates and filters interstitial fluid between cells and eventually drains into into the circulatory system
Open lymphatic system
45
Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium
Pulmonary loop
46
Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body, returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
Systemic loop
47
Indicates contraction of heart muscles
Systole
48
Relaxation of heart muscle
Diastole
49
Heart cycle
The ventricles contract causing the atrioventricular valves to close making a “lub” sound. The empty ventricles are filled by blood pushed out during atrial systole. At the same time, the semilunar valves in the sorts and the pulmonary arteries close, preventing blood from falling back into the ventricles, making a “dub” sound and completing the “lub-dub” sound of the heart.
50
Causes the “lub-dub” contractions “pacemaker” that sends out electrical signals.
Sinoatrial node
51
Have thick walls to withstand the pressure of blood pumped by the heart
Arteries
52
Have thinner muscle layer and a large lumen
Veins
53
Contains nutrients, hormones, antibodies, and other immune proteins
Blood plasma
54
Contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
RBC’s
55
WBC’s two main lineages
Leukocytes and lymphocytes
56
Essentially plasma with the RBC’s removed
lymph
57
Blood vessels that deliver blood from the heart to other parts of the body
Arteries
58
Small blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules
Capillary
59
Portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart refills with blood
Diastole
60
Muscle that pumps blood throughout the body
Heart
61
Protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
Hemoglobin
62
WBC’s which protect the body against disease
Leukocyte
63
Clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight disease
Lymph
64
Subtype of WBC’s found in lymph
Lymphocyte
65
Pale yellow component of blood that carries red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets throughout the body
Plasma
66
Portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart expels blood
Systole
67
Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart
Vein
68
Located in the abdominal cavity and is specialized for breaking down food for absorption and distribution to the rest of the body
Digestive system (gastrointestinal system)
69
Absorb the digested nutrients
Blood vessels
70
Under parasympathetic nervous system control
Smooth muscle
71
Where does the gastrointestinal system begin and end
Mouth-anus
72
Increases surface area by breaking it down into smaller pieces after food is ingested
Mechanical digestion by chewing and grinding
73
Lubricates the food
Mucus in saliva
74
Provides amylase and lipase to initiate chemical digestion of starch and lipids
Saliva
75
When food is packaged into a small parcel
Bolus
76
Technical term for swallowing
Deglutition
77
Closes the tracheal opening as the food passes from the pharynx into the esophagus
Epiglottis
78
Moves the bolus down to the stomach through the gastric sphincter, which prevents reflux of food back into the esophagus
Peristalsis
79
Initiates chemical digestion of proteins in the stomach
Pepsin
80
Name the three main secretions of the stomach
Pepsinogen (chief cells)
Mucus (goblet cells)
Hydrochloric acid ( parietal cells)
81
After digestion in the stomach, what is the food now called
Chyme
82
Where does the chyme pass through
The pyloric sphincter into the duodenum (first part of the small intestine)
83
Neutralizes the chyme in pancreatic secretions
Bicarbonate
84
What does the duodenum receive which helps neutralize acid chyme?
Alkaline bile from the gall bladder
85
What else does the duodenum produce?
Large number of “brush border” enzymes
Protease, lactase, and other disaccharidases and bicarbonate
86
What absorb polar digested nutrients into blood, lipids into lacteals as chylomicrons and vitamin B12
Villi and microvilli in the small intestine
87
Allows liver enzymes to deaminate amino acids?
Hepatic portal duct
88
Hepatic portal duct’s other functions
Converts ammonia to urea
Metabolize consumed toxins
Store glucose as glycogen
89
After the liver where does the digested material go after the liver?
Cecum-large intestine-colon
90
Where is the cecum located
Located at the junction of the small and large intestines
91
Absorbs a lot of water and nutrients
Small intestine
92
Absorbs remaining water and salt from digested food
Large intestine
93
What happens to the waste from the small intestine
It is exposed to bacterial fermentation in the colon
94
Where is Vitamin K absorbed ?
Large intestine
95
Whats the last step of the digestive system?
Waste accumulates in the rectum and is ejected through the anus
96
The organ that stores bile
Gall bladder
97
Also known as the Colin, where vitamins and water are absorbed before feces is stored prior to elimination
Large intestine
98
The organ that produces bile, regulates glycogen storage, and performs other bodily functions
Liver
99
Oral cavity at the entry to the alimentary canal
Mouth
100
Gland of the digestive and endocrine systems that produces insulin and secretes pancreatic juices
Pancreas
101
Series Of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract
Peristalsis
102
The last section of the large intestine, ending with the anus
Rectum
103
Clear liquid found in the mouth also known as spit
Saliva
104
Part of the GI tract between the stomach and large intestine that include the duodenum,jejunum, and ileum, where digestion and absorption of food occurs
Small intestine
105
Organ between the esophagus and small intestine in which the major portion of digestion occurs
Stomach
106
Name the enzymes and major hormones associated with each of the following:
```
Mouth
Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
Small intestine
Large intestine
```
Mouth- salivary amylase, lipase/NO
Stomach-gastric lipase,pepsin,HCL/ gastrin, ghlerin
Liver- bile/NO
Pancreas-pancreatic juice/ secretin,somatostatin,insulin, glucagon
Small intestine - proteases, lactase, disaccharidases/ cholecystokinin,somatostatin, secretin, motilin
Large intestine -NO/NO
107
Carbohydrate-digesting enzyme produced by salivary glands
Salivary amylase
108
Zymogen form of protease produced by the stomach
Pepsinogen
109
Cells that produce acid in the stomach
Parietal cells
110
Valve through which chyme passes from stomach to duodenum
Pyloric sphincter
111
Hormone produced by stomach that induces stomach secretions
Gastrin
112
Hormone that induces bile and pancreatic juice secretion
Cholecystokinin
113
Second section of small intestine where majority of absorption occurs
Jejunum
114
Blood vessels that carries nutrients directly from small intestine to liver
Hepatic portal vein
115
Substance mainly absorbed from waste in large intestine
Water
116
Region of large intestine in which feces is stored before elimination
Rectum
117
Why is liver failure a critical health emergency
Because the liver filters digestion products and produces urea as waste
118
Which type of molecules make up the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules,microfilaments, intermediate filaments
119
What are the functions of the cytoskeleton molecules?
Cell shape, support, and movement
120
Responsible for receiving, modifying and transporting proteins for secretions from the cell
Golgi apparatus
121
Lacks ribosomes for proteins synthesis
Smooth ER
122
Smooth ERs functions
Lipid metabolism, storage of calcium ions, and detoxification of toxins
123
Forms the dynamic outer perimeter of cells, delineating the inside and outside of the cell
Cell membrane
124
Cell membranes functions
Cellular recognition and molecule transportation
125
Mouth below the nose
Inferior
126
Patella to the tibia
Superior
127
Skin to muscles
Superficial
128
Site of synthesis of RBCs in the adult
Bone marrow
129
Involved in the breakdown of RBCs
Liver and spleen
130
Filters for the lymphatic system and are not involved in RBC production
Lymph nodes
131
Senses the pH when carbon dioxide is dissolved in blood to produce H+ and HCO3- ions, decreasing pH and increasing acidity
Medulla oblongata
132
What happens when you reduce the residual volume of the lungs?
A higher inspiratory volume and oxygen gradient
133
Walking pneumonia
Mycoplasma infection
134
Bacteria lacking cell walls
| Infect upper and lower respiratory tract cells and replicate within themselves
Mycoplasma
135
Usually caused by an inherited gene mutation in the chloride transporter in the lung; thick mucus accumulates in the lung, causing problems with ventilation and promotions secondary infections
Cystic fibrosis
136
Caused by one of several kinds of RNA containing viruses in the corona virus groups; only disease caused by a virus in the list above.
Influenza
137
Causes tuberculosis which causes lesions in lung tissue =. Bacteria wall themselves inside cavities inside the lung to protect from immune attack.
mycobacterium tuberculosis
138
A fungal disease. The prefix myco- is used in relation to fungus and is applicable to a variety of types of fungi infecting a variety of tissue including lungs
Mycosis
139
Generate electricity in the sinoatrial node and conduct the impulse through the heart to cause muscle contraction
Cardiac cells
140
Contract to pump blood around the body
Cardiac cells
141
Increase the body’s recognition of the vaccine antigen, and antibodies should rise following immunization
Vaccines
142
The ‘pacemaker’ situated in the top part of the right atrium
Sinoatrial node
143
Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
Pulmonary vein
144
Action that causes food to move into the digestive system and this increases after food enters the digestive system compared to when there is no food in the digestive system
Peristalsis
145
Usually due to activation of the sympathetic circuit
Pulse rate
146
Controls the digestive system
Parasympathetic circuit
147
Required for digestion of food
Enzymes
148
Converts ammonia to urea
Liver
149
Integrates muscles and nerves; affects every part of the body and is vital in controlling involuntary and voluntary movement.
Neuromuscular system
150
Long bundles of axons that transmit signals from the CNS
Nerves
151
Send and receive signals in the neuromuscular system
Nerves
152
Send messages to the central nervous system
Sensory (afferent)
153
Send messages out to the muscles
Motor (efferent)
154
Controls involuntary actions involving cardiac and smooth muscle, such as heart rhythm, digestion, and breathing
Autonomic (involuntary)
155
Make skeletal muscles do a deliberate action such as walking, throwing, or typing
Voluntary nerve signals
156
Contain long myofibrils made of sarcomere units
Muscles
157
Thin filaments
Actin
158
Thick filaments
Myosin
159
How do skeletal muscles work?
The nervous system sends a signal to a muscle, actin and myosin proteins in the muscle slide past each other, creating either a contraction or a relaxation of the muscle
160
What allows muscles to receive a signal and respond with the appropriate magnitude and movement.
Receptors
161
A nerve fiber that carries a nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body
Axon
162
Fibrous tissue that produces force and motion to move the body or produce movement in parts of the body
Muscle
163
A bundle of nerve fibers that transmits electrical impulses toward and away from the brain and spinal cord
Nerve
164
Release of tension in a muscle
Relaxation
165
The structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands
Synapse
166
How signals move through nerve cells
Electrical
167
Type of energy not associated with the synapse
Kinetic and potential
168
Responsible for storing energy and protecting nerve cells
Fat
169
Serve as an energy source
Carbohydrates
170
Make up DNA
Nucleic acid
171
Generates male gametes (sperm)
Male reproductive system
172
Name the major components of the male reproductive system
Penis, vas deferens, urethra, prostate, seminal vesicles, testis and scrotum
173
Houses the testes away from the body to lower their temperature during sperm reproduction
Scrotum
174
Produce the fluids necessary for lubricating and nourishing the sperm
Prostate and seminal vesicles
175
Form the conduit through which sperm is ejected
Vas deferens
176
The passage that forms the lower part of the uterus
Cervix
177
Female sex hormones
Estrogen
178
Tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus
Fallopian tubes
179
Organ in which eggs are produced for reproduction
Ovary
180
Organ for elimination of urine and sperm from the male body
Penis
181
The gland in males that controls the release of urine and secretes a part of semen that enhances motility and fertility of sperm
Prostate
182
The pouch of skin that contains the testicles
Scrotum
183
The organs that produce sperm; also called testes
Testicles
184
The hormone that stimulates male secondary sexual characteristics
Testosterone
185
The tube that connects the bladder to the exterior of the body
Urethra
186
The womb
Uterus
187
The tube that connects the external genitals to the cervix
Vagina
188
The duct in which sperm moves from a testicle to the urethra
Vas deferens
189
Generates female gametes (eggs) and incubates the fetus during pregnancy
Female reproductive system
190
The female reproductive system parts
Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix
191
Opening to the uterus
Cervix
192
What matures and releases an egg that then travels down the Fallopian tubes to the uterus
Graafian follicle
193
What normally occurs in the Fallopian tubes
Fertilization
194
What happens after the Fallopian tubes?
The fertilized egg embeds itself in the uterine wall and produces placenta that allows the fetus and parent blood supplies to network.
195
Nourishes the fetus and removes wastes
Placenta
196
Part of the endocrine system and allow for cell-to-cell communication
Hormones
197
What is produced from the ovaries?
Estrogen
198
What causes the egg to mature in the ovary’s Graafian follicle and the uterine endometrium to thicken
Estrogen
199
Causes the developing egg to be release?
A surge of LH
200
After the egg is released what is the empty Graafian follicle called?
Corpus luteum
201
What does the corpus luteum release?
Large amounts of progesterone to prepare the endometrium for implantation of the fertilized egg
202
What happens if implantation does not occur?
The uterine lining sheds
203
Cycle of maturation and shedding of endometrium
Menstrual cycle
204
Because testosterone production is not cyclical what happens to the sperm?
Sperm are constantly produced and matured
205
Help control secondary sexual characteristics, such as production of mammary glands, axial and facial hair, fat deposition patterns, and muscle growth
Male and female hormones
206
Responsible for delivering sperm
Penis
207
Responsible for creating fluid to transfer the sperm
Prostate
208
Responsible for transferring sperm
Vas deferens
209
Connects the uterus and opening of the body
Vagina
210
Opening to the uterus from the vagina
Cervix
211
Responsible for transferring sperm
Vas deferens
212
Produce sperm
Testicles
213
Incubates fetuses
Uterus
214
Holds the testicles
Scrotum
215
Where is estrogen primarily made
Ovaries
216
Contains organs and glands that are vital to protecting the body and regulating temperature
Integumentary system
217
Refers to the largest organ; the skin
Integumentary
218
Consists of skin, hair, and nails, as well as the sebaceous, sudoriferous, and ceruminous glands
Integumentary systems
219
Important organ in maintaining homeostasis and providing a waterproof barrier between the inside of the body and the external environment
Skin
220
Water, sodium, chloride, and magnesium,
Sudoriferous glands
221
Can contain trace amounts of urea, lactic acid, and alcohol
Sweat
222
Allows for interaction between the body and the environment
Skin
223
Contains sensory nerve endings that allow the body to detect touch, change in temperature, and pain
Skin
224
Produces vitamin D when ultraviolet light hits the skin
Skin
225
Plays a vital role in thermoregulation
Integumentary system
226
What happens when the body becomes too warm?
Sweat is produced by the sebaceous glands
227
The middle layer of the skin
Dermis
228
Outer layer of the skin
Epidermis
229
Elimination of metabolic waste from the body
Excretion
230
Under the dermis
Subcutaneous
231
Which of the following mechanisms is used when the body becomes on cold?
Blood vessel constriction
232
Set of organs that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system
Endocrine system
233
Regulate many of the patterns in the human body
Endocrine system
234
Send hormones through the blood to other organs and tissues in the body to control the function of that organ
Pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus,adrenal,pancreas, ovaries or testes
235
Releases insulin which signals cells to uptake sugar
Pancreas
236
A gland above the kidney that produces hormones to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and other functions
Adrenal
237
Chemical messenger produced by a gland and transported by the bloodstream that regulates specific processes in the body
Hormone
238
An endocrine gland in the neck that produces parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid
239
A small gland near the center of the brain that secretes melatonin
Pineal gland
240
The endocrine gland at the base of the brain that controls growth and development
Pituitary
241
The lymphoid organ that produces T-cells
Thymus
242
Gland in the neck that secretes hormones that regulate growth =, development, and metabolic rate
Thyroid gland
243
Regulate blood production, appetite, reproduction, brain function, sleep cycle, salt and water homeo stasis, growth, sexual development, and response to stress and injury
Endocrine system
244
Released acutely in response to stress and their actions are short lived
Epinephrine
245
Where do the nervous and endocrine systems integrate?
Hypothalamus
246
Receives signals from the sensory system and uses electrical impulses to send signals to the hypothalamus to activate pituitary
Nervous system
247
A necessary function for salt and water homeostasis and getting rid of wastes
Excretion
248
Composed of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Genitourinary system
249
Manufacture urine which travels through ureters to the urinary bladder where it is stored until excretion through the urethra
Kidneys
250
Primarily responsible for filtering the blood, creating urine, stabilizing water balance, maintaining blood pressure, and producing the active form of vitamin D
Kidneys
251
Functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
252
Two major regions of the kidney
Cortex and medulla
253
Located in the renal cortex filters blood to form a dilute plasma-like filtrate, which is concentrated in the proximal and distal consulates loops of the renal medulla
Glomerulus
254
A waste product that contains urea, water, salts, and other excess metabolites
Urine
255
Play a vital role in maintaining blood and blood pressure
Kidneys
256
Pumps blood into the kidneys through the renal artery
Cardiovascular system
257
A hormone that regulates blood pressure by retaining or removing water and salt
Renin
258
System comprised of the heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular system
259
Pair of organs that regulate fluid balance and filter waste from the blood
Kidneys
260
Part of the kidney responsible for filtering and excretion
Nephron
261
Two branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the kidneys
Renal arteries
262
Outer layer of the kidney
Renal cortex
263
Innermost part of the kidney
Renal medulla
264
Center of the kidney where urine collects before moving to the ureter
Renal pelvis
265
Vein carrying blood from a kidney to the inferior vena cava
Renal vein
266
An enzyme released by the kidney when reduced blood pressure is detected by baroreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries
Renin
267
Main nitrogenous part of urine
Urea
268
Duct that conducts urine from the kidney to the bladder
Ureter
269
Structure that stores urine in the body until elimination
Urinary bladder
270
Liquid waste matter excreted by the kidneys
Urine
271
Small tubes that carry urine to the urinary bladder, which holds the urine until excretion
Ureters
272
Hollow muscular organ that holds 400-800 mL liquid and has sensors that communicate with the central nervous system
Urinary bladder
273
Prevents entry of pathogens through the presence of barriers composed of the skin and secretions such as acid, enzymes, and salt
Immune system
274
Specifically identifies, targets, and remembers the pathogen
Adaptive immune system
275
Contain large number of antigen-presenting cells that can trigger the adaptive immune system
Lymph nodes
276
Nonspecific response
Innate immune system
277
Respond to specific antigens
Adaptive immune system
278
A blood protein that counteracts a specific antigen
Antibody
279
Substances on the surfaces of agents that act to identify them, to the body, as being naive or foreign
Antigens
280
A cell that displays foreign antigens with major histocompatibility
APC
281
A substance that kills or inhibits growth of micro-organisms with minimal damage to the host
Antimicrobial
282
Lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow and make antibodies in response to antigens
B-cells
283
Physical, cellular, and soluble components- impede pathogens from entering the body or multiplying
Barriers
284
Prevent viral replication
Interferons
285
Involves the binding of antibodies to the pathogen
Complement
286
Attack host cells that harbor intracellular pathogens
Natural killer lymphocyte cells
287
Engulf and digest extracellular pathogens
Phagocytic cells
288
Respond to conserved PAMPS through toll-like receptors and trigger antigen presentation or inflammation
Macrophages and dendritic cells
289
Adaptive immune system functional cells
T-cells and B-cells
290
Digest pathogens and present the pathogen’s antigen signature to “helper” T-cell
APCs
291
What happens when a helper T-cell encounters a cytoxic T-cell that recognizes the same antigen?
It produces cytokines that activate the cytoxic T-cell
292
After activation of the cytoxic T-cell what happens?
Searches out and destroys any cell that contains the pathogens antigen signature and also activates B-cells that recognize the pathogens signature antigen.
293
After the B-cells are activated what happens?
The B-cells multiply rapidly into secretory cells called plasma cells
294
What is the plasma cells function?
They produce large amounts of an antibody that can bind to the antigen
295
When the antigen levels subside what do the plasma cells begin doing?
Stop making antibodies and produce memory cells that remember the antigen
296
Protection through passive introduction of antibodies as a protective agent EXAMPLE: rapid treatment for snakebite
Passive immunity
297
Active production by the body EXAMPLE: vaccination
Active immunity
298
Caused by a virus, HIV, which infects helper T-cells and prevents it from activating cytoxic T-cells and B-cells which prevents the adaptive immune system from operating
AIDS
299
When you have an overactive immune system it can target innocuous foreign particles like pollen, causing the body to go into overdrive producing huge amounts of IgE that trigger histamine release from mast cells
Allergies
300
When the immune system mistakenly targets a host molecule as a foreign antigen
Autoimmune disease
301
Group of proteins in blood serum and last a that works with antibodies to destroy particular antigens
Complement
302
Antigen- presenting cells that process antigens material and present it to T-cells
Dendritic cell
303
An antibody
Immunoglobulin
304
A collection of nonspecific barriers and cellular responses that serve as an inborn first and second line of defense against pathogens
Innate immune system
305
A large white blood cell that ingests foreign material
Macrophages
306
A lymphocyte that responds to an antigen upon reproduction
Memory cell
307
Ingestion of particles by a cell or phagocyte
Phagocytosis
308
A white blood cell that produces a single type of antibody
Plasma cell
309
White blood cells that mature in the thymus and participate in immune response
T-cell
310
Describe how a gland sends a message
The gland synthesizes a hormone, which is released into the blood. The hormone then attaches to a receptor in or on the target gland or tissue to initiate a response
311
Produces melatonin
Pineal gland
312
Produces thymosins
Hypothalamus
313
Maintains blood pressure in the genitourinary system
Kidneys
314
Transports sperm in the genitourinary system
Urethra
315
Filters blood and also creates urine
Kidneys
316
Which cells sample and attack host cells tat harbor intracellular pathogens
NK cells
317
What type of response is inflammation mediated by cytokines
Nonspecific
318
Adaptive immune system B-cells that have been activated to secrete antibodies
Plasma cells
319
Adaptive immune system cells that are activated by antigen-presenting cells
T-cells
320
Sort the following terms as innate or adaptive immune system components: Lymphocytes, B-cells, leukocytes, monocytes,dendritic cells, Nk cells, complement, inflammation, phagocytosis, cytoxic T-cell, plasma cells, memory cells, antibodies, Toll-like receptors, interferons, PAMPS, antimicrobial proteins, physical barriers, Helper T-cells, chemical secretions, lysozyme
```
Innate:
Leukocyte
Monocytes
Dendritic cells
Nk cells
Complement
Inflammation
Phagocytosis
Toll-like receptors
Interferons
PAMPS
Antimicrobial proteins
Physical barriers
Chemical secretions
Lysozyme
```
```
Adaptive:
lymphocytes
B-cells
Cytoxic T-cells
Plasma cells
Memory cells
Antibodies
Helper T-cells
```
321
The skeletal systems 3 main functions
Movement, protection, and metabolism
322
Scaffold against which muscles pull for movement, and it provides articulation and protection for delicate organs
Skeletal system
323
An organ that is constantly being reorganized
Bone
324
What do bones do?
Synthesize blood and immune cells, store calcium, phosphate and lipids
325
Bones 4 major types
Long, short, flat, and irregular
326
A group of diseases that affect collagen and result in fragile bone
Brittle bone disease
327
Microscoping canals in ossified bone
Canaliculi
328
Tough elastic connective tissue found in parts of the body such as the ear
Cartilage
329
The primary structural protein of connective tissue
Collagen
330
Channels in bone that contain blood vessels and nerves
Haversian canal
331
Layers of bone, tissue, or cell walls
Lamellae
332
Flattened bone cells that come from osteoblasts
Lining cells
333
Degenerative joint disease
Osteoarthritis
334
Cells that make bone
Osteoblasts
335
Cells that remove bone
Osteoclasts
336
Bone cells
Osteocytes
337
Have long compact hollow shafts containing marrow, ends are usually made of spongy bone with air pockets
Long bones
338
Name some long bones
Humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, and fibula
339
Wider that they are long
Short bones
340
Short bone examples
Bones of the toes (metatarsals) and collarbone (clavicle)
341
Are not hollow but contain marrow
Flat bones
342
Examples of flat bones
Scapula, ribs, sternum
343
No symmetrical shapes
Irregular bones
344
Irregular bone examples
Skull, knee, and elbow
345
Bone- to - bone articulation
Ligaments
346
Bone-to- muscle
Tendons
347
The bone that supports the tongue is the only bone in the body to not be connected to other bones, but rather held in place only by muscle
Hyoid bone
348
Prevents them from grinding against each other
Hyaline cartilage
349
Contain lubricating synovial fluid such as the knee’s hinge
Synovial joints
350
Two main types of bone cells
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts
351
The fibrous sheath that covers the bone which contains nerves and blood vessels
Periosteum
352
Synthesizes bone in tubular structures which is composed of calcium and hydroxyapatite embedded in a collagen matrix
Osteon
353
Excessive withdrawal of minerals from bone can cause the rigidity of bone to be lost and can lead o what disease?
Osteoporosis
354
A progressive disease that causes joint inflammation and pain
Rheumatoid arthritis
355
Due to a genetic defect in the collagen matrix and causes ones to break easily
Brittle bone
356
Cells involved in mineral resorption from the bone
Osteoclasts
357
Give an example of two bones tat articulate at a synovial joint
Humerus and scapula
358
Make bone by laying down collagen matrix followed by osteon
Osteoblasts
359
Polymers joined together by covalent bonds between the monomeric units
Macromolecules
360
The addition of water which breaks the bond and releases monomers and energy
Hydrolysis
361
Name the four types of macromolecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
362
What are carbohydrates main functions
Structural functions, energy storage, and recognition molecules
363
Proteins composed predominantly of hydrogen and carbon and are often referred to as fats
Lipids
364
Hydrophobic and therefore help separate aqueous compartment
Lipids
365
Which lipids store energy efficiently
Fats, oils, and adipose
366
Sugars and starches which the body breaks down into glucose
Carbohydrates
367
Fatty acids and their derivatives that are insoluble in water
Lipids
368
Molecule that contains a large number of atoms
Macromolecules
369
Molecules hat can bond to similar or identical molecules to form a polymer
Monomers
370
Long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA
Nucleic acids
371
A substance composed of similar units bonded together
Polymer
372
Molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bond
Proteins
373
What are the protein monomers called?
Protein
374
Linked together by peptide bonds and form several types of molecules based on their structure and polarity
Amino acids
375
Hydrophobic amino acids on surface
Not soluble in water
Found in structural molecules such as hair and nails
Fibrous, hydrophobic molecules
| Keratin and Collagen
376
Hydrophilic surface amino acids
| Soluble in water
Globular proteins
377
Important class of proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction
Enzymes
378
How do enzymes speed up reactions?
By lowering the energy required by the system to initiate the reaction
379
Release energy
Exergonic
380
Require energy
Endergonic
381
What is the energy released and supplied and released as?
ATP
382
Name the two things enzymes typically have?
Site in which the substrate fits and where the catalysis occurs
383
Name the two nucleic acids in living systems
DNA and RNA
384
Typically a double stranded helix that stores genetic information
Associated with proteins to form structures called chromosomes located in the nucleus of the cell
DNA
385
Contains nucleotides composed of a deoxyribase sugar, one of four nitrogenous bases and a phosphate molecule
DNA
386
Consists of ribonucleotides containing a ribose sugar, a nitrogenous base and are typically linked in a single strand molecule
RNA
387
Mediates the conversion of the information stored in DNA into the proteins that are encoded by genes
RNA
388
Copies of the genetic information contained in DNA that is carried to ribosomes where catalytic ribosomal RNA molecules and transfer RNAs work together to make a functional protein
Messenger RNA molecules
389
Reduce the initial energy required for a reaction to take place
Enzymes
390
Name the monomer, functions, and give food examples for PROTEIN
Amino Acids
Enzymes:catalysis
Structure:muscle, keratin
Transport: hemoglobin
Immune:antibodies
Meat
Egg white
391
Name the monomer, functions, and give food examples for CARBOHYDRATES
Monosaccharides
Structure: cellulose,chitin
Storage: glycogen,amylose
Recognition:glycoproteins, glycolipids
Bread, Potatoes
392
Name the monomer, functions, and give food examples for LIPIDS
Fatty acids
Structure:phospholipids
Storage:adipose
Oil,butters
393
Name the monomer, functions, and give food examples for NUCLEIC ACID
Nucleotides
Heredity: DNA,RNA
Regulation: RNA
No specific food example; food in small amounts in all foods
394
A nitrogen-containing carbohydrate that is an important constituent of cell walls of fungi and animal exoskeletons
Chitin
395
Something that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not changed in the process
Catalyst
396
The energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction
Activation energy
397
The observation that an enzyme catalyzes a limited chemical reaction with a specific substrate and product
Specific
398
Requiring narrow environmental conditions
Fastidious
399
Reactant in a chemical reaction
Substrate
400
A chemical reaction that releases energy as a product
Exergonic
401
A chemical reaction that requires energy to occur
Endergonic
402
DNA-based codes packaged in units called chromosomes which guide the production of proteins that directly shape the traits of the actual organism
Genes
403
A macromolecule that contains coded instructions for the body to produce proteins
DNA
404
What four nucleotide letters compose DNA
Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
405
A “sentence” made of a specific order of codons that produces a protein
Gene
406
Each codon specifies one what?
| These codons do what?
Amino acid
| They instruct ribosomes to assemble the amino acids in a particular order
407
A “chapter” linking sentences with “punctuation marks” that regulate where a gene starts and ends, and which genes are read in which cell
Chromosome
408
A (adenine) always pairs with what?
T (thymine)
409
G (guanine) always pairs with what?
C (cytosine)
410
One of the two duplicates of a chromosome formed during the cell cycle
Chromatid
411
A structure made of protein and one molecule of DNA
Chromosome
412
The sugar portion of a deoxyribose nucleotide
Deoxyribose sugar
413
Material that contains genetic information
Deoxyribonucleic acid
414
A string of DNA that is the basic unit of heredity
Gene
415
A type of noncovalent bond; a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom bound to an electronegative atom and a second highly electronegative atom
Hydrogen bond
416
The building block of DNA and RNA
Nucleotide
417
A large organelle within a cell that houses the chromosomes
Nucleus
418
A phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atoms
Phosphate group
419
What links complementary bases
Two hydrogen bonds
420
Copies of chromosomes which can be separated into two cells or passed on to the next generation
Chromatids
421
In what directions is DNA read?
5’ to 3’
422
Segment of DNA that contains a word made of three nucleotides
Codon
423
Refers to the most powerful trait or the allele for that trait
Dominant
424
The genetic makeup of an individual
Genotype
425
Transmission of characteristics to offspring
Inheritance
426
Physical appearance of a trait formed by genetics and environment
Phenotype
427
Refers to traits that are masked if dominant alleles are also present; also refers to the allele for that trait
Recessive
428
Negatively charged ion
Anion
429
Most basic complete unit of an element
Atom
430
A positively charged ion
Cation
431
A chemical bond in which electron pairs are shared between atoms
Covalent bond
432
A negatively charged atomic particle
Electron
433
A column of elements in the periodic table
Group
434
A positively or negatively charged atom or molecule
Ion
435
The bond between two oppositely charged ions
Ionic bond
436
An atomic particle with no electric charge
Neutron
437
An area around the nucleus where an electron can be found
Orbital
438
The table of elements expressed as columns and rows
Periodic table
439
Positively charged atomic particle
Proton
440
An electron in an outer orbital that can form bonds with other atoms
Valence electrons
441
```
Fill in the chart below
Element. Protons. Neutrons. Electrons. Atomic #. Atomic Mass.
H
Mg
Mn
C
Ne
Pt
Cl
Rh
K
He
```
Element. Protons. Neutrons. Electrons. Atomic #. Atomic Mass.
H 1. 0. 1. 1. 1
Mg. 12. 12. 12. 12. 24
Mn. 25. 30. 25. 25. 55
C. 6. 6. 6. 6. 12
Ne 10. 10. 10. 10. 20
Pt. 78. 117. 78. 78. 195
Cl. 17. 18. 17. 17. 35
Rh. 45. 58. 45. 45. 103
K. 19. 20. 19. 19. 59
He. 2. 2. 2. 2. 4
442
What does the period in the periodic table represent
Increasing energy levels
443
The temperature at which a liquid boils and turns into vapor
Boiling point
444
Characteristics of a material that present during a chemical reaction or chemical change
Chemical properties
445
Amount of mass per volume
Density
446
The passive movement of substances from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
Diffusion
447
Properties that depend on the size of the sample of a substance
Extensive properties
448
The ability of a metal to be shaped
Malleability
449
The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid
Melting point
450
Type of covalent bond in which two atoms share electrons at equal distances from their atomic nuclei
Nonpolar
451
Passage of fluid through a membrane
Osmosis
452
A type of covalent bond in which two atoms share electrons that are not as equal distances from their atomic nuclei. If the geometry of the molecule does not equalize the partial charges created by the polar covalent bond, the region of partial charge remains unbalanced and the molecule is considered polar
Polar
453
The amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 celcius
Specific heat capacity
454
transition of a gas to a liquid
Condensation
455
The temperature at which the liquid and gas phases of a substance have the same density
Critical point
456
The transition of a substance from gas to solid without passing through the liquid state
Deposition
457
The transition of liquid to gas that happens with or without the substance acquiring enough thermal energy to reach its boiling point
Evaporation
458
A state of matter that does not have a definite volume or shape and is highly compressible
Gas
459
State of matter that has definite volume but not definite shape
Liquid
460
A substance with a pH less than 7
Acid
461
What has a substance with a pH greater than 7
Base
462
Substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing permanent chemical change
Catalyst
463
Substance made of two or more elements
Compound
464
Pure substances that cannot be broken into simpler substances
Element
465
Substance produced by a living thing that acts as a catalyst
Enzyme
466
Substance that is a good conductor of electricity and heat, forms cations by loss of electrons, and yields basic oxides and hydroxides
Metal
467
A molecule found in a living thing that contains carbon
Organic molecule
468
The measure of acidity or alkalinity
pH
469
Chemical compound formed from the reaction of an acid with a base with at least part of the hydrogen of the acid replaced by a cation
Salt
470
Why is CaO classified with containing an ionic bond
Because it has both a metal and nonmetal
471
One hundredth
Centi
472
Ten
Deca
473
One hundred
Hecta
474
One thousand
Kilo
475
One thousandth
Milli
476
Something kept constant during an experiment
Control variable
477
What is measured in an experiment as a possible effect
Dependent variable
478
An educated guess that serves as a starting point for further testing
Hypothesis
479
What is measured in an experiment as a possible cause
Independent variable
480
Something that changes
Variable
481
```
Which of the following cavities is lined by the connective tissue peritoneum?
A. Cephalic
B. Thoracic
C. Abdominal
D. Pelvic
```
C.
482
```
Which of the following is a hormone that mediates the fight-or-flight response?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Epinephrine
D. Endorphin
```
C
483
Which of the following occurs if the epiglottis does not function properly? A. The client is unable to recall recent events
B. The client coughs because food goes into the trachea
C. The client cannot produce hormones from the pancreas
D. The client becomes reproductively sterile
B.
484
```
Which of the following composes the rings that support the trachea?
A. Spongy bone
B. Fibrous ligaments
C. Elastic tendons
D. Hyaline cartilage
```
D
485
```
Which of the following valves prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles?
A.bicuspid
B.tricuspid
C. Mitral
D.semilunar
```
D
486
```
Which of the following arteries supplies the heart with blood?
A.carotid
B.coronary
C.subclavian
D.brachiocephalic
```
B
487
```
Breakdown of which of the following brings in the small intestine?
A.fats
B. Fiber
C. Protein
D. Carbohydrates
```
A.
488
```
Which of the following are lymphatic capillaries that absorb fats?
A. Lacteals
B. Nodules
C. Bronchioles
D. Axons
```
A.
489
```
Which of the following occurs to skeletal muscle as a result of acetylcholine released at the neuromuscular junctions?
A. Relaxation
B. Peristalsis
C. Contraction
D. Eversion
```
C
490
```
Which of the following is the tube tat carries both sperm and urine for release outside the body?
A. Ureter
B. Urethra
C. Vas deferens
D. Epididymis
```
B
491
```
Which of the following is the protein secreted by hair follicles in the integument?
A. Collagen
B. Fibrin
C. Elastin
D. Keratin
```
D
492
```
Which of the following is a portion of the brain that integrates nerve signals and hormonal secretions?
A. Hypothalamus
B. Adrenal gland
C. Nucleus accumbens
D. Medulla oblongata
```
A
493
Which of the following is the region of the kidney that contains the glomerulus of the nephron?
A. Medulla
B. Pelvis
C. Cortex
D. Adrenal
C
494
```
Which of the following antibody-secreting cells is triggered to proliferate upon vaccination?
A. Erythrocytes
B. B-lymphocytes
C. Leukocytes
D. T-lymphocytes
```
B
495
```
Which of the following bones supports the tongue and is the only bone in the body not anchored to other bones?
A. Patella
B. Coccyx
C. Hyoid
D. Scapula
```
C
496
```
Which of the following produces ammonia by deamination in the liver?
A. Proteins
B. Carbohydrates
C. Nucleic acids
D. Lipids
```
A
497
```
A cross between two heterozygous F1 plants produces a ratio of 15:1 in the F2 offspring. Which of the following best describes the ratio?
A. Modified monohybrid
B. Modified dihybrid
C. Normal monohybrid
D. Normal dihybrid
```
B
498
```
Which of the following is the smallest region in space where two electrons with opposite spins are paired?
A. Shell
B. Orbital
C. Nucleus
D. Period
```
B
499
```
Which of the following best describes matter in which the components cannot be broken down into simpler substances?
A. Molecule
B. Element
C. Mixture
D. Compound
```
B
500
```
Which of the following muscle movements has synapses in the spinal cord rather than the brain?
A.reflax arc
B. Contraction
C. Relaxation
D. Slow twitch
```
A
501
```
Which of the following structures is responsible for egg production?
A. Vagina
B. Fallopian tubes
C. Ovaries
D. Uterus
```
C
502
```
Which of the following integumentary structures produces sweat?
A. Sudoriferous glands
B. Sebaceous glands
C. Ceruminous glands
D. Mammary glands
```
A
503
```
Which of the following endocrine organs produces insulin?
A. Thyroid
B. Pituitary
C.adrenal gland
D. Pancreas
```
D
504
```
Which of the following structures stores urine before excretion?
A. Kidneys
B. Ureters
C. Bladder
D. Urethra
```
C
505
```
Which of the following parts of the adult body makes WBC?
A. Thymus
B. Bone marrow
C. Adrenal glands
D. Liver
```
B
506
```
Which of the following structures is an irregularly shaped bone?
A. Femur
B. Metacarpal
C. Rib
D. Vertebra
```
D
507
The parathyroid is a component of which of the following organ systems?A. Lymphatic
B. Nervous
C. Endocrine
D. Muscular
C
508
```
After passing through the stomach, food continues into which of the following digestive structures?
A. Duodenum
B. Jejunum
C. Ileum
D. Cecum
```
A
509
```
__________ are at a higher structural level of organization than _______
A. Organs;organ systems
B. Cells;molecules
C.atoms;molecules
D. Tissues;Organs
```
B
510
```
In which of the following stages of embryological development are the main germ layers formed?
A. Blastula
B. Morula
C. Gastrula
D. Fetus
```
C
511
Vaccinations are used to create which of the following types of immunity?
A. Naturally acquired passive immunity
B. Artificially acquired passive immunity
C. Naturally acquired active immunity
D. Artificially acquired active immunity
D
512
```
Which of the following nervous systems directs the skeletal muscles o respond in the body’s fight-or-flight response?
A. Enteric
B. Central
C. Parasympathetic
D. Sympathetic
```
D
513
```
Which of the following tissues is responsible for contractions during peristalsis in the digestive tract?
A. Smooth muscle
B. Skeletal muscle
C. Connective tissue
D. Subcutaneous tissue
```
A
514
```
In which of he following organs are immune cells produced?
A. Tonsils
B. Spleen
C. Lymph nodes
D. Bone marrow
```
D
515
```
Exchange of gases occurs in which of the following structures of the respiratory system?
A. Alveoli
B. Bronchioles
C. Trachea
D. Pleura
```
A.
516
```
Which of the following organelles gives rough ER its signature rough characteristics?
A. Ribosomes
B. Mitochondria
C. Centrosomes
D. Vacuoles
```
A
517
```
Which of the following is the number of different types of nucleotide bases found in DNA?
1
2
3
4
```
4
518
```
Which of the following measures volumes of liquids?
A. Triple beam balance
B. Meter stick
C. Graduated cylinder
D. Weight boat
```
C
