Science Flashcards
Evapotranspiration
Water transpired from plants and evaporated from the soil
Canopy interception
The precipitation that is intercepted by plant foliage and eventually of operates back to the atmosphere rather than falling to the ground
Snowmelt
The run off produced by melting snow
Runoff
The variety of ways by which water moves across the land. Includes surface and channel run off
Percolation
The movement of rainwater as it filters through soil and rocks into the ground, becoming groundwater
Subsurface flow
The flow of water underground, in the vadose zone and aquifers
Sublimation
This date change where solid (ice or snow) changes directly to gas water (vapor)
Condensation
The transformation of water vapor to liquid water droplets in the air, producing clouds and fog
Differential heating
Motive force behind land breezes and sea breezes
Valley breezes
There is temperature inequality between a mountain and a valley
Air rises off of the slopes out of the valleys to replace it
Upslope wind
Mountain breezes
Occur as valleys radiate heat
Cooled peaks transport air into the valley
El Nino
Sea surface temperature abnormal in the Pacific
Warm current replace is cold surface water of Humboldt Current
La Niña
Unusually cold temperatures in eastern Pacific
Atlantic tropical cyclone is enhanced
Estuary
A coastal body of water, partly surrounded by land with access to the open ocean and large supply of fresh water from the river
Semidiurnal tides
Two low tides and two high tides daily
Diurnal tides
One high tide, one low daily
Tide at new/full moon
Tides range is at a maximum, spring tide
Tied at first and third quarter moon
Neat Tide, sun and moon separated at 90° (from earth view), sun canceled moon, lowest range
Kilo
Metric system
1000
Mili
Metric system
1/1000
Length measurement in metric system
Meter
Volume measurement in metric system
Liter
Mass measurement in metric system
Gram
Key points of Origin of Species
– Survival of fittest
- natural selection
– evolution of species overtime
– genetic variation through geographic isolation
Why are there seasons on earth?
The result of Earth’s tilted axis
Perihelion
When we are closest to the sun
Aphelion
When we are farthest from the sun
Equinox
Days are equally long. Two times a year. Tilt of access is not to or away from the sun
Winter solstice
Send position in the sky is the greatest distance from a hemisphere
Geomorphology
Land forms
Petrology
Rocks
Stratigraphy
Layered rocks
Paleontology
Fossils
Two types of cells
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Cytoplasm
Contains organelles, centrosome, vacuole, ribosomes, Golgi body, mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Packages hormones and enzymes materials
Unique characteristics of plant cells
Thick cell wallplastids (chloroplasts) central vacuole
Interphase
Cell prepares for mitosis
Prophase
Cells begin to divide
Metaphase
Chromosomes align around equator of the cell
Anaphase
Sister chromosomes form, moved to opposite end of the cells
Telophase
Two new nuclei form
Cytokinesis
Cell splits into two new daughter cells
Meiosis
Animals – produce gametes, others – sport essential for sexual reproduction creates a haploid cell that will need to join with another haploid cell. Creates distinct individual populations
Photosynthesis
Solar energy + carbon dioxide + water = glucose (carb) + oxygen
Cell
Occurs in mitochondria
Two kinds: aerobic and anaerobic
Aerobic respiration
Needs oxygen
Anaerobic respiration
Fermentation, no oxygen
Cell activities other than respiration
Ingestion, digestion, secretion, expiration, homeostasis
How was oxygen level on earth increased by Early cells?
They use the suns energy and began photosynthesis, creating more advanced lifeforms
Early plants
Developed from freshwater algae, mosses and ferns developed next (used spores to reproduce)
Six kingdoms
Prokaryotes: kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
Eukaryotes: kingdoms Protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia
Autotroph
Produces their own food/energy source
Heterotrough
Takes compounds from the environment
Fungi kingdom
Multi-called eukaryotes, gain nutrition via absorption (mushrooms)
Plantae kingdom
Multi-called eukaryotes, gain energy via photosynthesis
Animalae kingdom
Multi-felled eukaryotes, gain nutrition via ingestion
Bacteria
Prokaryotes
Three bacteria shapes
Rod, circular, coiled
Three functions of bacteria
Decompose, physiological processes, parasites
Viruses
Genetic material surrounded with coat of protein
How viruses change a cell
Sends on genetic material into cell, reproduces, damages host organism
Lunar eclipse
Sun, earth, moon
Moon in earths shadow, only at night, full moon
Solar eclipse
Sun, moon, earth
Acids
Low end of pH scale
Example: battery acid, lemon juice, vinegar, coffee, beer
Neutral on pH scale
7
Water
Bases/alkaline
Higher numbers on pH scale
Example: baking soda, sea water, soap, ammonia, lye, detergents
Order of wavelengths from shortest to longest
Gamma rays X-rays UV rays Visible light Optical rays IR spectrum mu Waves Radio waves
Mechanical advantage of inclined plane
Distance is increased, force is decreased
Weather front
A boundary between to air masses
Warm front
Air behind the front is warmer than the front
Cold front
Air behind the front is colder than the front
H on weather map
High pressure, clear skies, fair weather
L on weather map
Low pressure, cloudiness, precipitation
Order of Eras
Precambrian Paleozoic(542-250 mya)
Mesozoic (250-65 mya)
Cenozoic (65 mya-present)
Precambrian period
Algae, cells
Paleozoic era
542-250 million years ago
Reptiles, ferns, amphibians, vascular land plants, fish, shellfish
Mesozoic era
250-65 million years ago
Primates, flowering plants, birds, dinosaurs, mammals
Cenozoic era
65 million years ago- present
Grazing and meat eating mammals, humans
Male parts on flower 💩💩
Stamen, anther, filament
Female parts on a flower💩💩
Pistil Stigma-receives the pollen Style- tube to ovary Ovary Ovule
Heart contracts
Oxygen poor blood-right ventricle, lungs, Left atrium
oxygen rich blood – left ventricle to body, right atrium
Heart relaxes
Oxygen rich blood goes to left atrium from lungs
oxygen poor blood goes to right atrium from body
