Science Flashcards
What grade should safety googles be introduced?
3rd grade
What grade do students start to use hot plates and field nets?
5th grade
Robert Hooke
Took a “look” under the Microscope and saw cells of organisms
A magnet that can be made?
Temporary Magnet- also called an electomagnet
The strength of the electromagnet is dependent on the number of coils wrapped around a nail. The more coils= the ______ the magnet is. Fewer coils creates=_____ magnet.
more coils= stronger the agent
fewer coils creates= weaker magnet
When using a spreadsheet, students must know?
to be able to categorize
Non-standard units of measurement
pencils, sticks, body parts to measure length. Marbles or paper clips to measure mass
Standard units of measurement
Rulers, yard sticks or meter sticks
A ruler
12 inches or 1 foot
Yard stick
36 inches or 3 feet
Meter stick
39 inches
The most accurate device used to measure liquid volume because the increments between each mark is the smallest
Graduated cylinder
Curved appearance of liquids in glass containers
Meniscus
For an accurate reading of a liquid volume in a cylinder, the reading is taken where?
at the bottom of the meniscus (the smile)
To measure the volume of a solid, irregularly shaped object, like a rock. Fill with a known volume of water and place the object in the water. The increase of volume of water is equal to the volume of the irregularly shaped object. This is called?
Volume by immersion
The amount of matter an object has?
Mass
What do we use to measure mass?
balance scale
2 scales to measure temperature
Fahrenheit and Celsius
Boiling point of water
100* Celsius
200* Fahrenheit
Freezing point of water
0* Celsius
32* Fahrenheit
Absolute Zero
- 273* Celsius
- 459 * Fahrenheit
Makes sharing data and results more convenient and simplifies conversions because unit sizes vary by multiples of ten.
Metric system
Why is the metric system used by 90% of the world?
easier to convert & more accurate
King Henry Died Unexpectedly Drinking Chocolate Milk
kilo( thousand), hecto(hundred), deca(ten), Unit, deci(tenth), centi(hundredth), milli( thousandth)
Form of prediction and is a higher order thinking skill. Improves with experience, practice and understanding.
Estimation of measurement
Uses a circle to divided into sections to display data as parts of a whole. The entire circle represents 100%.
circle graph
Graph that compares individual pieces of data
bar graph
Graph that shows the relationship between 2 variables . The independent variable is drawn on the x-axis and the dependent variable is drawn on the y-axis.
line graph
Map showing how ideas are linked together. Indicates how concept are related and helps organize information about a topic
concept map
5E model of Science instruction
Engage Explore Explain Elaborate Evaluate
Formative Assessment
Done throughout the year
ex: benchmarks, 6 weeks test
Process skills checklist, guides students to create rubric, and asks open-ended, divergent questions
Summative Assessment
Summary at the end
Any factor that can vary or change during the course of scientific inquiry.
variable
Variable that is changed in an experiment
Independent or Manipulated Variable (IM)
Variable that changes as a result of the manipulation
Dependent or Responding Variable (DR)
Variable that is held constant throughout the experiment
Control Variable
Demonstrated that all objects fall at the same speed, showed that all matter has inertia, used a telescope to see the rings of Saturn and the moons of Jupiter
Galileo Galilei
Discovered the 3 laws of motion, introduced the concept of gravity and demonstrated that white light contains many colors
Isaac Newton
Proposed the theory of evolution
Charles Darwin
Outlined the methods of heredity. GENETICS
Gregor Mendel
Realized that tiny organisms caused wine and milk to go sour. He showed that heating the liquids killed the germs, this is called pasteurization. Also developed vaccine for rabies.
Louis Pasteur
Proposed the theory of continental drift that states that all land on the earth was one a single mass but eventually broke apart from one another and drifted away. (Sid Shuffle)
Alfred Wegener
Noticed that the molds in a petri dish produced a substance that killed bacteria. He called this substance, penicillin, the first known antibiotic.
Alexander Fleming
Introduced the first vaccine for polio
Jonas Salk
1st black woman astronomer
Maria Mitchell
First to determine that radiation could be used in the treatment of cancer. Helped develop diagnostic and therapeutic applications for x-rays.
Edith Quimby (Quesey Quimby)
Ecologist famous for her work with the African Gombe Chimpanzee
Jane Goodall- (Goodall=Gorillas)
The most well known African American scientist. Remembered for his research in agricultural methods.
George Washington Carver
First female astronaut
Ellen Ochoa
Groups of populations that interact with each other within a given area. They depend on each other for food and other needs.
Communities
Made up of a biotic community- the plants, animals, and other living organisms- and the abiotic factors- like temperature, light, water, and soil conditions that affect it.
Ecosystem
Renewable energy source- something that can be replenished continually
trees, wind and water
Nonrenewable energy source- cannot be replaced within a short period of time, if at all.
Fossil fuels(coal, natural gas, petroleum)
Causes all weather, most of all the energy on the earth
the sun
Inexhaustible energy resource- can never be depleted by human use
the sun
Earth’s internal heat, underneath the surface
Geothermal
Heat source found within the earth’s crust is the hot water or stream coming out of the ground
Geysers
Transforming the potential energy of water that is trapped behind dams. The electricity that is formed supplies the world with almost 20% of the world’s electrical energy
Hydroelectricty
Have rotating blades that convert kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy.
wind turbines
Atmospheric Cycle
As the energy from the sun warms the source of the Earth, the air near the surface is heated by conduction. Cool air pushes the warm air upward causing a convection current
Describes all the water on the earth’s surface.
Hydrosphere
Water Cycle
Heat energy from the sun causes water in the hydrosphere to change from a liquid to a gas through the process of evaporation. If the water vapor in the atmosphere cools, it changes back into a liquid, forming clouds. This process is called condensation. As water in the clouds forms liquid drops, it falls to earth as precipitation.
Evaporation-Condenstation-Precipitation
3 categories of rocks
igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary
Igneous rocks
formed by cooling and melting- granite
Metamorphic rock
formed by heat and pressure- marble
Sedimentary rock
formed by weathering and erosion, compaction and cementation- limestone
Hierarchy of organization in most multi-celled organisms that live in the ecosystems
CT3O’s- Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms
Model explaining the unfamiliar by comparing it to something familiar. Inflating and deflating a balloon with air can be compared to inflating and deflating lungs with air
conceptual model
Form and Function
A butterfly has wings (form) that allows it to fly to find food and to escape predators (function)
Inter-disciplinary
across the states or subjects
Intra-disciplinary
within the state or within that subject
Closed questions
yes or no answer- low on Blooms
Open questions
High on Blooms, can be answered in a number of ways, promote divergent thinking
Rocky and Inner planets
The first four- Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
Gaseous and Outer Planets
The last four- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
Teaching tool to help students remember the order of data that is to be remembered.
Mnemonic devices such as Acronyms. Example: My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nachos.
Authentic Assessment
Real World
Diagnostic Assessment
used prior to teaching to provide the teacher with information about what the students already know about a topic.
Formative Assessment
collecting data on student learning during a lesson. Can be informal or formal.
Self-assessment
used to help students plan, implement, and evaluate their processes and products of learning. ex: rubrics
A push or a pull on an object that causes the object to start moving, speed up, slow down, stop, or change directions.
Force
Friction-causes object to stop
Force that pulls any 2 objects toward one another.
Gravitational
Why do objects weigh less on the moon
weight depends on gravity
Pulling or pushing force that exists around charged particles
Electrical force
The result of a force moving an object
Work
Example of an Inclined Plane
Ramp
Example of a Wedge
Ax
Example of a Pulley
Wishing Well
Example of a Wheel and Axle
Car Wheel and Axle
Example of a Lever
Hammer or Screwdriver
The force that slows the motion of moving objects
Friction
The tendency of an object to keep moving if it is in motion or to stay at rest if it is not moving
Inertia (Isaac Newton- laws of motion)
Stored energy
Potential energy
Tallest mountain has the most potential energy
Energy of motion
Kinetic energy
States of matter
Solid- has a definite shape and volume
Liquid- no definite shape but does have a definite volume
Gas- no shape or volume of its own
Going from a solid to a gas
sublimation
Going from a gas to a solid
deposition
A materials ability to transfer heat or electrons
conduction
good conductor?
bad conductor?
metal
wood
The amount of space that matter takes up
volume
How much mass is in a certain volume of mass
density
mesure of the gravitational force acting on an object
Weight
Measuring volume- cubic meter
length x width x height
Measuring density
D= M/V
Ability of a substance to burn
combustion
Change in matter involving size, shape or state without making a new substance
Physical change- ex: wood being sanded, metal being filed, clay being shaped, glass being blown, peanuts ground into peanut butter
Change that occurs when atoms link together to form new substances with new properties
Chemical change- ex: a fried egg, a baked cake, a lit match, rusty nail
combination of 2 or more different kinds of matter, each keeping their own properties
mixture- ex: salad(can be taken back apart)
combination of 2 or more different kinds of matter in which one substance is dissolved into another
solutions- ex: lemonade
Energy an object has because it has the potential to move or is moving
mechanical
Energy that comes from chemical changes
chemical (found in fuels like gasoline and coal)
energy that travels as waves and moves through empty spaces
radiant- ex: X-rays
Produced by vibrating matter such as air, water or other media. travels by waves
sound-ex: listening to music, talking to a friend
The energy of the movement of atoms and molecules. T The more rapidly the atoms move the greater the ___ energy.
Heat energy- ex: kids on a play ground
Allows for an electric current to flow through the entire circuit. (turns the light on)
Closed Circuit
An open path through which electric current does not flow. (turns the light off)
Open Circuit
When visible light passes through a material
Transparent
When visible light passes through but it is difficult to see details
Translucent
When visible light is not able to pass through a material
Opaque
Bending light
when light rays pass from air to another medium, the light may bend, making objects look different than they really are
the light energy that bounces off of a material
Reflection
Order of the colors of the color spectrum
ROY G BIV
The bending of light rays that often happens when light travels from one substance to another
Refraction- Ex: pencil appears broken because the light passes through the water and glass
States that energy is never lost. It can never be created or destroyed. The only thing that changes is the form in which the energy appears.
The Law of Conservation of Energy
Process by which green plants transform energy into chemical energy. Sunlight+Water+Carbon Dioxide= Glucose and Oxygen
Photosynthesis
Which heats up faster? the Earth’s land or water?
Earth’s land
3 ways thermal energy can be transferred
conduction- (pot of water on a burner, heat is transferred into the pot, then into the water)
convection- (water in pot becomes hot, the bottom heats first. The hot water rises in the post while the cooler water sinks)
radiation- (energy is transferred through electromagetic waves) heat coming off the burner
Use the mechanical energy of falling water to spin turbines of electric generators
Hydroelectric plants
Contain cell walls for structure, one main vacuole for food and water storage, and chloroplasts for photosynthesis
Plant cells
Cells work together to form tissues, such as the bark of the tree
Plant tissues
Plant organs
roots
stem
leaves
flower- where fertilization takes place
The life cycle of a plant
dormant seed- germinating seed- seedling- mature plant( after fully grown, it blooms and it is pollinated)
The life cycle of the insect
egg stage- nymph stage- adult stage
the way insects develop, grow, and change form
metamorphosis
Characterized by nymphs that resemble adults
Incomplete metamorphosis
Characterized by larvae that do not resemble adults
Complete metamorphosis
The life cycle of a butterfly
egg stage- larva stage- Pupa stage- adult stage
The life cycle of a frog
eggs- young tadpole- older tadpole- adult tadpole
Movement from plane from the stamen to the pistil
Pollination
Pollination is accommodated by ___,____, and ____
wind , water and animals
Occurs when the pollen grain reaches the pistil, pistil grows a thin tube to the ovary. The sperm from the pollen combine with the egg and a seed forms
Fertilization
Asexual Reproduction
One-celled organisms can reproduce or make whole new individuals by splitting in 2 and separating. ex: amoeba, or cloning
46 chromosomes
23 chromosomes of a human egg cell combine with 23 chromosomes in a sperm to form a zygote
Found in the cell’s nucleus. made up of DNA
Chromosomes
DNA was discovered by?
Fredrick Miechen in 1869 and rediscovered by Crick and Watson in 1950
Contains the code for all the traits an organism inherits
Gene (Allele)
Gene that prevents the expression of another gene
Dominant Gene
Gene whose expression is prevented by a dominant gene
Recessive gene
Characteristic that is passed from parent to offspring
Inherited Trait
Characteristic that all organisms in the same population inherit. ex: birds need to build a nest
Instinct
Characteristic that an organism has been taught
learned behavior
Plant adaptations
adaptations that allow plants to better survive in their environments. ex: cactus have shallow roots
Animal adaptations
adaptations that allow animals to obtain food more readily. ex: beaks (chisel, long and thin, nut crackers, hooked, pouch), feet- (webbed, scratching, talons,perching)
Adaptations that allow animals to protect themselves against predators
spines, armored skin, camouflage, speed, bad odors, mimicry(Viceroy butterfly mimics the Monarch butterfly)
Inherited behavior that helps an organism to survive. They are instinctive behaviors
Behavioral Adaptation
“Survival of the fittest”- living organisms best adapted to their environment will be the ones most likely to survive and reproduce
Natural selection
Intentional breeding of organisms in order to pass on certain desirable traits
selective breeding
Permanent change in an organism’s DNA
Mutation
Mutations passed on from parent to offspring
Hereditary mutation
Mutations that occur in a fertilized egg. Parents do not have this mutation
New mutation
Mutations that occur during the course of a life time in response to environmental factors. Cannot be passed on to offspring
Acquired mutation
Animals with backbones
vertebrates- cold or warm blooded. Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, birds, mammals
Animals without backbones and make up about 97% of earth’s animals
Invertebrates- worms, sponges, mollusks, spiny skinned, spiders and insects
Kangaroos and opossum are what type of mammal?
marsupials
Any change in an organism’s environment that causes the organism to react
Stimulus
Internal stimulus- feeling hungry
External stimulus- temperature change
Ecosystems
individual- one mouse in a field
population- all the mice in the field
community- population of mice+ grasshoppers+ rabbits in the field joined together
ecosystem- the community and the environment interacting
habitat- place where the animal or plant lives
niche- certain role within that habitat
Ecosystems hat have limited amounts of resources, such as food, all organisms within the ecosystem compete for these resources
competition- cheetahs have speed that allows them to successfully hunt zebra
Organisms that share resources because of their individual niches.
sharing resources- giraffes eat the leaves on the top branches, antelopes eat from the middle, and rhinos from the lower branches
Long term relationship in which at least one of the organisms involved benefits from the the relationship
Symbiosis
when both organisms benefit from the relationship
mutualism ( clown fish and anemone)
Shows how all the food in the food chains within the ecosystem are connected
food web
shows the flow of energy in a community
food chain
Produce their own food
producers
consumers
gets its energy by eating plants and animals
only eats producers(plants)
herbivore
Only eats other consumers (meat)
carnivore
Eats both producers and consumers
omnivore
Eats dead animals
scavenger
break down the bodies of dead plants and animals into minerals and nutrients
decomposers- fungi
large-scale ecosystem-
biomes- 7 major biomes in the world (rain forest, desert, tundra, savanna, grassland, deciduous forest, taiga forest)
rain forest found near the equator
Tropical rain forest
forest of evergreen trees, such as firs and pines, stretch across the northern parts of north america and Eurasia, very cold
taiga
world’s coldest biome
tundra
Earth’s 3 distint layers
crust, mantle, core
Solid surface of the earth that includes the continents and the ocean floor
lithosphere
Breaks rocks apart but does not change their substance. ex: freezing water, waves, wind and plant roots
physical weathering
Weathering that changes the substance that makes up the rock ex: carbonic acid forming caves
chemical weathering
the theory that says that earth’s surface is broken into plates that move. caused by gravitational pull of the sun
plate tectonics
Continental plates that go across each other cause?
earthquakes
continental plates that hit each other cause?
volcanos
What gases make up the atmosphere?
nitrogen(76%), oxygen (20%), argon(1%), helium(1%),and carbon dioxide (1%)
Layers of the atmosphere
The Sun Might Turn Evil
Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Exosphere
protects living things on the earth form harmful UV from the sun’s rays
ozone
non-living solid material that comes from the earth
minerals
What is happening in the atmosphere at a certain place at a particular time
weather
weather conditions in a particular location that occurs over time
climate
The process by which gases in the atmosphere absorb heat from the earth’s surface and keep the earth warm
greenhouse effect
Tilt of the earth
23.5 degrees- causes the different seasons
Only a funnel unless it makes contact with the ground
tornado
Increase in the earth’s temperature caused by the increased amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
global warming
measures air pressure and predicts changes in weather
barometer (upside down triangles represent cold front and half circles represent warm fronts)
Low-level clouds that produce flat,gray sheets
stratus clouds
clouds with dome shaped flat bottoms
cumulus clouds
thunderstorm clouds and create heavy precipitation
cumulonimbus clouds
wispy clouds
cirrus clouds
Hurricanes are formed by?
warm water and warm moist air
the earth comes between the sun and the moon
Lunar eclipse (lunar last- the moon is the last in line during the lunar eclipse) SEM
the moon comes between the sun and the earth
solar eclipse SME
planet’s day
time it takes to rotate once on its axis
planet’s year
time it takes to revolve around the sun
cycle of the moon
30 days
what do asteroids and comets have in common?
both orbit the sun
form constellations
stars
galaxy in which our solar system lies
milky way
