Science Flashcards
Sustainability
The ability to maintain balance in a natural or artificial ecosystem.
Are natural and artificial ecosystems sustainable?
Natural ecosystems maintain themselves through a natural processes, but artificial ecosystems must be managed.
1st Trophic Level
Producer
2st Trophic Level
Primary Consumer
3rd Trophic Level
Secondary Consumer
4rd Trophic Level
Tertiary Consumer
What is a trophic level?
(aka. feeding level) Where an organism sits on the food chain.
Food Web
A food web is much more complex than a food chain. It shows the impact of introducing or eliminating a species in a web.
Predation
One individual feeds on another
Mutualism
Two individuals benefit one another
Parasitism
One individual lives on/in another, causing harm
Commensalism
One organism benefits, the host neither benefits nor is harmed
Intraspecies Competition
Between individuals of the same species
Interspecies Competition
Between individuals of different species
Human Abiotic Influences on both Terrestrial Ecosystems Aquatic Ecosytem
Light Availability = Clear cutting and forest fires increase sun’s exposure to sensitive planet/Erosion: More clouding in water
Nutrient Availability= Farming: More or less nutrients in soil/ Entrophilation
Temperature= Global warming impacting cold climate species/ Hot factory water expelled into airways
Human Abiotic Influences only on Terrestrial Ecosystems
Water Availability= Dams and draining swamps: Less water/ Irrigation: More water
Human Abiotic Infuences only on Aquatic Ecosystems
Acidity= Increasing because of factories Salinity= Salting roadways ends up in waterways
Photosynthesis
H2O+CO2+Energy from sun———} O2+C6H12O6
Cellular Respiration
O2+C6H12O6————} H2O+CO2+Energy from the sun
Lithosphere
Rocky shell of the planet that is above the volcanic mantle
Hydrosphere
All water above or bellow the earth
Atmosphere
Gas layer hundreds of kilometers above the earth’s surface that is 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% assorted.
Biosphere
Places in the spheres where life can exist
Ecological Niche
How an organism interacts with its environment
Ecosystem
All living organisms that share a region and interact with one another.
Carrying Capacity
The maximum amount of a certain species in an ecosystem
Habitat
The natural home or environment of an organism
Biodiversity
The variety of species in an ecosystem, which is highest around the equator.
Scavenger
Animal that feeds on the remains of other animals
Periodic Table Trends
- As you move along from left to right across the periodic table, the number of protons and electrons greatly increases.
- As you progress down a group or family, the distance between the nucleus and the outer orbit of the elements become greater (increasing diameter).
- Every time someone moves down a period, a new outer orbit is added in the next period.
- If someone follows down any of the families or groups, the number of electrons in the outer orbit stays the same.
Name the families on the periodic table (as well as the groups they are found in), and also explain them
Alkali Metals (Group 1)
Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2)
Halogens (Group 17)
Noble Gas (Group 18)
Signs of Chemical Change
A new colour appears A change of odour Bubbles of gas are formed A new solid material appears (precipitate) in a liquid A change in temperature or light
Element
A pure substance that has only one type of atom
Diatomic Molecule
A molecule that is made up of two atoms of the same elements.
Ionic Compound
A metal and a non-metal combined with an ionic bond (positive and negative ions). (Strong bond)
Molecular Compound
A non-metal and non-metal combined with a molecular bond. They share electrons instead of transferring electrons. (Weak bond)
Atomic Theory
All matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms.
Atoms are indestructible and unchangeable.
Elements are categorized by their atomic number on the periodic table.
When elements react, their atoms combine in simple, whole number ratios.
Valence Electrons
The electrons in the outer orbit of an atom.
Ion
An atom that has either given up or taken electrons in order to have a stable outer orbit.
Isotopes
A form of an atom that has a different number of neutrons. (An atom, referring to the number of neutrons it has)
Groups
Columns on the periodic table
Period
Rows on the periodic table
The Law of Electric Charges
- Objects with like charges repel each other
- Objects with unlike charges attract each other
- Neutral objects attract with any charged object.
Insulators
Materials where electrons are prevented from moving freely from atom to atom.
Conductors
Electrons are able to move freely through the material with minimum resistance.
Name all of the parts of a circuit and what they do
Power Source/ Cell: Source of electrical energy
Electrical Load: Something that converts electrical energy into another useful form of energy
Conducting Wires: The path for electrons to flow
Switch: Controls the following electrons.
Static Electricity
The charge stays where the rubbing occurred after friction.
Current Electricity
The movement, or flow, of electric charges from one place to another over a period of time, and it requires a conductor.
Current (say symbol and unit)
The amount of charge moving past a given point in a conductor in a given time. The unit is Amperes (or Amps) and the symbol is I.
Voltage (say symbol, unit, and things that can effect it)
The difference in electrical potential energy between two points in a circuit. The unit is volts and the symbol is V. The power source and the load are things that can have an effect on it.
Resistance (say symbol, unit)
The opposition of the flow of electrons as they move through a circuit. The unit is Ohms (omega letter) and its symbol is R.
Device for measuring resistance
Ohmmeter
Factors Affecting Resistance
- Type of Material
- Cross-sectional Area
- Temperature
- Length
What is the point of a resistor?
It alters the current so that there is not too much current going through the load.
Ohm’s Law
I=V divided by R
