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Science Flashcards

1
Q

Self-duplication

A

Production of offspring via the reproductive system

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2
Q

Regulation

A

Hormonal control of body functions via the endocrine system

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3
Q

Oxygenation

A

Take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide via the respiratory system

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4
Q

Elimination

A

Remove metabolic wastes from the body via the renal system

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5
Q

Circulation

A

Transport oxygen and other nutrients to tissue via the cardiovascular system

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6
Q

Adaptation

A

Receive, interpret and respond to internal and external stimuli via the nervous system

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7
Q

Urinary system (excretory)

A

Maintains water and electrolyte balance
Regulates blood ph balance
Removes nitrogen wastes which are byproducts of protein and nucleic acid

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8
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Support immune system by transporting and housing WBC to and from lymph nodes
Returns fluid that has leaked from the cardiovascular system back into blood vessels

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9
Q

4 types of tissue

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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10
Q

Theory

A

A broad statement that is thought to be true.

May be proven incorrect with data collection.

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11
Q

Inference

A

Draws conclusion without direct observation

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12
Q

Conclusion

A

The purpose of a scientific process is to develop the conclusion.
Explanation supported by data must be consistent with the hypothesis

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13
Q

Analysis

A

Scientists analyze data collected during experimentation. Researchers must determine if the data is reliable and whether or not is supports the hypothesis

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14
Q

Experimentation

A

Compares a control group and an experimental group. Both equally represent population. Their differences is based on one variable.

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15
Q

Data collection

4 steps

A
  1. Observation
  2. Measurement
  3. Samples
  4. Organization
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16
Q

Scientific arguments / investigation

A
  1. Problem identification
  2. Question asking
  3. Hypothesis development
  4. Data collection and experimentation
  5. Analysis
  6. Conclusion
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17
Q

3 steps of a hypothesis

A
  1. Identify a problem
  2. Ask a question
  3. Formulate a hypothesis
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18
Q

Quantitative

A

Numerical measurement of a value, quantity, volume, length, etc.

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19
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Method of arriving at general principles from specific facts

Relies on preponderance of info that leads to a certain degree of confidence in a conclusion

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20
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Method whereby conclusions follow from general principles

Specific conclusion

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21
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of structure organs and body systems

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22
Q

Physiology

A

The study of the function of the organs and body systems

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23
Q

Atoms

A

The smallest parts of elements that still retain all the original properties of the element.

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24
Q

Molecule

A

Chemical bonding of atoms that possess its own characteristics independent of the atoms themselves

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25
Q

Cells

A

The basic unit of life

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26
Q

Tissues

A

Cells that combine in terms of function and type

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27
Q

Organ

A

2 or more tissues work together to perform a specific function. It is possible at this level to perform extremely complex functions

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28
Q

Organ systems

A

Organs work together to perform a task

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29
Q

Organism

A

Highest level of organization

The result of all organ systems working together within the body

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30
Q

Hierarchy of structure of the human body (small-large)

A

Atom ~ molecule ~ cells ~ tissue ~ organs ~ organ systems ~ organism

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31
Q

Inspiration

A

Diaphragm contracts takes in oxygenated air

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32
Q

Expiration

A

Diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is forced out of the body

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33
Q

Alveoli

A

In the lungs they are tiny sacs surrounded by capillaries.

Permit exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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34
Q

Cilia (in lungs)

A

Tiny hairs that keep airways clean by removing unwanted matter from the lungs

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35
Q 
Respiratory system
(Order air passes through)
A

Nose~trachea~right and left bronchial tubes~alveoli~blood stream

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36
Q

Flow of blood through the heart

A

Deoxygenated blood enters superior vena cava ~ right atrium ~ tricuspid valve ~ right ventricle ~ pulmonary valve ~ pulmonary artery and lungs. Oxygenated blood carried back to heart by pulmonary veins ~ left atrium ~ mitral valve ~ left ventricle-aortic valve~ aorta ~ entire body

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37
Q

Hearts 4 valves

A
  • prevents flow of blood back to chambers after a contraction
    Left side: mitral, aortic
    Right side: tricuspid, pulmonary
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38
Q

Four chambers of the heart

A

Right and left atriums and the right and left ventricles

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39
Q

Capillaries

A

Tiny blood vessels that transport blood from the arteries to the veins within the body
Location for exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, fluid and nutrients

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40
Q

Veins

Heart

A

Blood vessels that transport blood from the capillaries back to the heart

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41
Q

Arteries

A

Blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to the capillaries

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42
Q

Ways that the organ systems interact

A
  • maintain boundaries
  • responding to environmental changes
  • moving
  • ingesting and digesting
  • reproduction
  • growing
  • excreting
  • metabolizing
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43
Q

Involuntary movement

A

Muscular tissue in the cardiovascular, digestive, reproductive, urinary and respiratory systems

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44
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A
  • cells in the human body
  • they are surrounded by a membrane as are the organelles inside the cells
  • membrane is semipermeable which allows some substances to pass through while restricting others
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45
Q

Voluntary movement

A

Muscular system moves the bones in the skeletal system

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46
Q

Enzymes

A

Chemicals that break down proteins , carbs, fats and other nutrients

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47
Q

Chyme

A

Mixture of food , chemicals, and enzymes in the stomach.

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48
Q

Duodenum

A

First section of the small intestine

Releases two hormones: secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK)

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49
Q

Villi and microvilli

Digestive system

A

Increase surface area within the small intestine, increasing the area from which absorption can take place.

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50
Q

The digestion of carbohydrates begins in the ____?

A

Mouth

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51
Q

If the mitral valve is damaged what problem may occur?

A

Back flow of blood into the left atrium

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52
Q

True or false

Blood that passes through the tricuspid valve enters the left ventricle

A

False

Blood that passes through the tricuspid valve enters the right ventricle

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53
Q

True or false

Blood that passes through the mitral valve enters the pulmonary artery

A

False

Blood the passes through the mitral valve enters the left ventricle

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54
Q

True or false

After contraction of the left ventricle, blood enters the aorta

A

True

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55
Q

True or false

After contraction of the right ventricle, blood enters the pulmonary artery

A

True

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56
Q

True or false

After contraction of the right atrium, blood enters the right ventricle

A

True

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57
Q

True or false

The pulmonary valve ensure that blood stays in the aorta

A

False

The pulmonary valve ensures that blood stays in the pulmonary artery

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58
Q

The respiratory system supplies the body with ____ and removes ____

A

Oxygen; carbon dioxide

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59
Q

It is through the walls of the ____ that oxygen and carbon dioxide movie in and out of the capillaries in the lungs

A

Alveoli

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60
Q

True or false

The nervous system directs bodily defenses against external stimuli

A

True

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61
Q

True or false

The nervous system regulates heart and breathing rates

A

True

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62
Q

True or false

The nervous system supplies the body with oxygen and removed carbon dioxide

A

False

The respiratory system

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63
Q

True or false

The nervous system releases heat built up by the muscular system

A

False

The integumentary system

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64
Q

The peripheral nervous system is divided into what systems?

A

The autonomic nervous system and sensory-somatic nervous system

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65
Q

The autonomic nervous system control what?

A

Automatic body functions, like heartbeat and digestion. This includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

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66
Q

The sensory-somatic system controls what?

A

Voluntary actions like walking and talking

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67
Q

The sensory-somatic nervous system consists of?

A

12 cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves and associated ganglia

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68
Q

Ganglia

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies

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69
Q

The propulsion of food through the GI tract is called?

A

Peristalsis

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70
Q

The immune system is composed of what?

A

Both innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) defenses that are designed to protect the body from pathogens and other foreign invaders.

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71
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Engulfing of pathogens by white blood cells

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72
Q

Perforins

A

(Pore-forming proteins) that target cancer and virus cells

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73
Q

Interferons

A

Body’s response to viral infection and prevent replication of the virus after 7 to 10 days. They activate macrophages and NK cells

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74
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Method that WBC respond to damaged body tissues

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75
Q

Cytokines

A

Chemical messengers that are released by damaged tissues

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76
Q

Diapedesis

A

Process of WBCs squeezing through capillary slits in response to cytokines, occurs, followed by cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) guiding the WBC to the site of damage or infection

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77
Q

B cells

A

Types of lymphocytes or small leukocyte a

When bound with T-helper cells they produce antibodies

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78
Q

T cell

A

Lymphocyte that triggers the action of other lymphocytes

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79
Q

What kind of immunity is produced by a vaccine

A

Artificially required active immunity

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80
Q

What is released by damaged cells In an effort to draw WBCs to the area of damage

A

Cytokines

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81
Q

Fertility rates are higher in which of the following types of countries?

A

Less developed

This is due to higher infant and child mortality rates

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82
Q

Crude birth rate

A

of births per 1,000 people per year

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83
Q

Crude death rate

A

of deaths per 1,000 people per year

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84
Q

Eight levels of taxonomy

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Donkey
Kong
Picks
Candy
Off
Foot &
Spits
85
Q

Natural selection

A

Individuals of a species are better able to survive in their environment and reproduce than others
(Survival of the fittest)

86
Q

Every gene exists in different forms called ____?

87
Q

Mutations

A

Changes to DNA that affect a way a gene functions

The species variations can be passed down from generation to generation

88
Q

Through mutations and combos of alleles, some individuals of a species are better able to survive and adapt to the environment in which they live this is called ____?

A

Adaptation

89
Q

True or false
The action of natural selection is due to the presence of mutations in DNA that are passed on from generation to generation

90
Q

The job of nucleic acid is to what?

A

Store and transmit heredity information

91
Q

A nucleic acid is a chain of ____ that consists of ____?

A

Nucleotides; pentose, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

92
Q

A phosphate group is?

A

A molecule in the backbone of DNA and RNA that links adjoining bases together

93
Q

Nitrogenous base

A

Molecule found in DNA and RNA that encodes the genetic information in cells

94
Q

In DNA which nitrogenous bases pair together?

A

Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and guanine (G) always pairs with cytosine (C)

95
Q

In RNA which nitrogenous bases pair together?

A

Adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U) and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C)

96
Q

True or false

RNA is the messenger between DNA and protein production

97
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

Bacteria have the most basic types of cells that can exist independently of other cells
They contain: cell wall, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, organelles, nucleoid, plasmids, ribosomes and flagella

98
Q

In prokaryotic cells, the DNA is located in the ____, and in eukaryotic cells the DNA is found in the ____.

A

Nucleoid; nucleus

99
Q

A chain of amino acids results in a ____.

100
Q

____ are large structures of DNA that contain ____, the blueprints for making an individual

A

Chromosomes; genes

101
Q

The central dogma of biology states that ____ gives rise to RNA, which gives rise to protein.

102
Q

A fertilized egg begins dividing and becomes a mass of cells called a ____?

103
Q

What is an embryo?

A

Is an animal or plant in the early stages if development after fertilization

104
Q

Cells can divide and remain undifferentiated. This produces _____

A

Stem cells

3 types: totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent

105
Q

True or false

Cell differentiation may occur in a developing embryo or in an adult

106
Q

Interphase

Mitosis

107
Q

Meiosis

A

Process by which gametes reduce their DNA content

Occurs only in gametes or fertilized eggs

108
Q

Diploid cell

A

Cell that contain two sets of chromosomes

109
Q

Haploid cell

A

Contains one set of chromosomes

110
Q

In a diploid cell, each individual chromosome has a twin chromosome called a ____.

A

Homologous chromosome

111
Q

An organism that is able to produce its own food is termed an ____

112
Q

____ are organisms that cannot produce their own food

A

Heterotrophs

They use cellular respiration

113
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Glucose is broken down by glycolysis which transfers some glucose to ATP. The end-products are fed into the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to produce even more ATP

114
Q

To determine whether algae is an autotroph the scientist should observe what?

A

Chloroplasts

Allows sunlight to produce food

115
Q

The organelle in plants that allow photosynthesis to occur is the ____ which contains the chemical ____ to trap energy from the sun

A

Chloroplast; chlorophyll

116
Q

Each codon matches to a specific ____.

A

Amino acid

117
Q

A complete set of DNA for an individual that contains all genes is called a ____.

118
Q

Name the major enzyme responsible for DNA replication in cells

A

DNA polymerase

119
Q

True of false

DNA in gametes is the DNA passed on to future generations

120
Q

When parents give offspring the same allele the offspring is

A

Homozygous

121
Q

If each parent gives the offspring a different allele for a particular trait it is considered a _____ trait

A

Heterozygous

122
Q

Light-years

A

The distance that light will travel within 1 year of time

123
Q

Order the following forms of electromagnetic radiation from short to long wavelengths: infrared, gamma ray, X-ray, microwave, radio, ultraviolet, visible

A

Gamma ray, X-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, & radio waves

124
Q

Order the 7 visible forms of electromagnetic radiation from short to long wavelengths

A

Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red

125
Q

Joules (j) or calories which are larger and what are they?

A

The unit of energy or work. The work done in moving 1 meter against a force of 1 newton. 1 calorie = 4.2 joules

126
Q

Kilojoule or kilocalorie

A

“Kilo” means times one thousand so a kilojoule is one thousand joules

Calorie is for the energy of food and the amount of energy our bodies burn

127
Q

Law of conservation of energy says ___

A

Energy is not lost but rather transferred back and forth between kinetic energy KE and potential energy PE

128
Q

Mass is ____

A

The quantity of matter an object has

129
Q

Elements are ____

A

Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler types of matter

130
Q

Atom

A

The smallest part of an element that still retains all the original properties of the element

131
Q

Atomic number

A

How many protons are in the nucleus of an atom of an element

132
Q

Ion

A

Imbalance of charge in an atom

133
Q

Mass number

A

The amount of protons and neutrons in a nucleus of an atom

134
Q

Isotope

A

Atoms with the same number as protons but different number of neutrons

135
Q

Catalyst

A

Controls the rate of chemical reactions, or reactions in which atoms react to come to a stable rate

136
Q

Substrate

A

Molecular surface acted upon by an enzyme

137
Q

Catalysts increase reaction rates by lowering ____

A

Activation energy

138
Q 
Given reactant (X and Y), a catalyst (C) and a product (Z) order the following steps in general catalytic reaction
XYC -> CZ
CZ -> C + Z
X + C -> XC
Y + XC -> XYC
A

X + C -> XC
XC + Y -> XYC
XYC -> CZ
CZ -> C + Z

139
Q

How does a catalyst increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

A

Reactions rates are increased when activation energy decreases

140
Q

Within a given family on the periodic table, atomic radii ____ while electronegativity_____

A

Increase ; decreases

141
Q

Which groups on the periodic table contain the most metalloids?

A

14, 15, 16

142
Q

Globular protein

A

Proteins that are water soluble are built from amino acids that form chains ranging from a few dozen to thousands

143
Q

The pH value is a measure of ?

A

Hydrogen ions concentration within a solution

144
Q

True or false

Enzyme participate as a limited number of chemical reactions throughout the human body

A

False

Enzymes are selective in their form and function

145
Q

True or false

Enzymes act to lower the activation energy of chemical reactions

146
Q

An enzyme can reshape itself when placed in contact with a substrate

147
Q

True or false

The amino acid structure of an enzyme is important to its function

148
Q

Regarding bases, ___ number of hydrogen ions is associated with a basic solution, and red litmus paper will turn ____ in the presence of a base

A

Smaller ; blue

149
Q

A difference of one unit on the pH scale represents a difference of ____ in strength of concentration

150
Q

Ionic

A

The electrical attraction between ions of opposite charges

151
Q

Covalent

A

Sharing of electrons between atoms

152
Q

Methane, propane and butane are ?

A

Hydrocarbons

153
Q

Saturated hydrocarbons aka alkanes are composed of

A

Singles bonds

154
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbons have how many bonds

A

One or more double or triple bonds
Alkenes are one double bond
Alkynes contain triple bonds

155
Q

Organic chemistry

A

The study of hydrocarbon structure

156
Q

Identify the name and formula of the common saturated hydrocarbon that has four carbon atoms

A

Butane C4H10

157
Q

Identity the name and formula of a common unsaturated hydrocarbon that has five carbon atoms

A

Pentene; C5H10

Pentyne; C5H8

158
Q

Covalent bonding is greatest between atom of similar ____

A

Electronegativites

159
Q

Lewis structures

A

Visual representation of covalent bonding between atoms of a molecule. Atoms shown surrounded by dots that represent the valance shell

160
Q

Why does hydrogen gas exist as H2 and never just H?

A

Hydrogen exists in pairs because the atom is unstable on its own. A covalent bond is necessary to make the atom stable

161
Q

Oxidation

A

Involves electron donation to produce a more positive ion

162
Q

Reduction

A

Involved electron acceptance to produce a more negative ion

163
Q

Examples of oxidation-reduction

A

Combustion, photosynthesis, and metabolism

164
Q

What refers to the chemical reaction in living organisms that are necessary to maintain life

A

Metabolism

165
Q

True or false

pH neutralization is an important oxidation-reduction reaction

A

False

pH neutralization is an important acid-base reaction

166
Q

True or false

Metabolism is an important oxidation-reduction reaction

167
Q

True or false

Combustion is an important acid-base reaction

A

False

It’s an oxidation-reduction reaction

168
Q

True or false

Photosynthesis is an important oxidation- reduction reaction

169
Q

Polar molecule is

A

A molecule that possess both positive and negative atomic structure

170
Q

What Celsius is the melting point of ice and boiling point of water

A

Ice is 0 degrees Celsius
Boiling is 100 degrees Celsius

Ice is less dense than water

171
Q

Kelvin temperatures are standardized by the ____ of water

A

Triple-point
The temperature and pressure at which will coexist as a solid, liquid and gas
273 K= 0.01 degree C

172
Q

____ ____ is the energy required to raise one unit mass of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

A

Specific heat

173
Q

True or false

The maximum density of water is 4 degrees Celsius

174
Q

True or false

Water has the standard electronegative value on the periodic table

A

False

No standard for water exists with respect to electronegativity value

175
Q

True or false

The Kelvin temperature scale is based on waters triple-point

176
Q

Crystalline order

A

Atoms are arranged in a highly ordered state, to a state in which atoms lack true order

177
Q

____ ____ is related to the energy needed to cause a phase transition at a fixed temperature

A

Latent heat

178
Q

Suppose a phase transition occurs between a liquid and gas at -196 degrees Celsius what is the Kelvin temperature

179
Q

A ____ ____ is an alteration of the physical state between a solid, liquid, and gas

A

Phase transition

180
Q

The heat of vaporization refers to the energy necessary (at a constant temp) to cause a complete phase change from a ____ to a ____

A

Liquid; gas

181
Q

A scientist is measuring a clearing in the forest what would be an appropriate unit of measure?

182
Q

House is drawn on 1:40 scale. I length of the living room on the plan measures 4.5 inches what is the actual length of the built living room?

A

Set up 1/40 = 4.5/x cross multiply x=180 convert to feet 180/12 or

15 feet

183
Q

Hypertonic solution

184
Q

Hypotonic

185
Q

Isotonic

A

Stays the same

186
Q

The headrest on a car prevents traumatic injury by limiting

A

Hyperextension

187
Q

Energy content from greatest to least

A

Producers->primary consumers->secondary consumers-> decomposers

188
Q

Why do we perceive chlorophyll as green

A

It fails to absorb green light it absorbs red an blue light but reflects green light

189
Q

Acid solutions

A

[H+] > [OH-]

190
Q

Basic solution

A

[H+] < [OH-]

191
Q

Neutral solutions

A

[H+] = [OH-]

192
Q

Why doesn’t a raindrop accelerate as it approaches the ground

A

Air resistance balances the gravitational force

193
Q

Two balloons are hanging on both ends of a hanger one ballon is released and the hanger tilts, what causes this?

A

Gas is matter and therefore has mass

194
Q

What is the major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotes have nuclei prokaryotes have none

195
Q

Prophase 2 only happens in?

196
Q

____ is a form of respiration that takes place without ____

A

Fermentation; oxygen

197
Q

Bone, cartilage, blood vessel, and myelin which is not a connective tissue,

198
Q

While conducting an experiment, a scientist determines that the data do not support the original theory. This determination corresponds to which of the following steps in the scientific method?

A

Analyzing data.

199
Q

How do the intercostal muscles between the Ribs assist with respiration?

A

By enlarging and reducing the space in the thorax.

200
Q

Lack of Vitamin C may lead to the condition known as?

201
Q

You contain To odorous gases in vials with porous plugs. Gas A Has twice the mass of gas B. Which one would you smell first?

A

You would smell gas B first

A gas with a greater mass effuses less rapidly than a gas with a lesser mass.

202
Q

Unlike inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning typically moves from ____ to _____

A

Generalities, specifics

203
Q

If 3 moles are added to a container that Currently holds 1 mole of gas, How will the pressure within the container change, assuming temperature remains constant

A

The pressure will be four times as great

204
Q

A bicycle and a car are both traveling at a rate of 5 miles per second which has less kinetic energy?

A

A bicycle

The greater the mass the greater its kinetic energy

205
Q

What results from the second stage of meiosis?

A

Four haploid cells

206
Q

What is an example of igneous rock?

207
Q

The digestion of which product begins with the secretion of salivary amylase?

208
Q

Which part of the nervous system is termed involuntary?

Teas (4 decks)

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