Science Flashcards
Epithelial tissue function
Provide covering (skin tissue) Produce secretion (glandular tissue)
Hierarchy of the human body structure
Atom Molecules Cells Tissue Organ Organ system Organism
Connective tissue
Connect different structures of the body
Muscle tissue
Produce movement
3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal (voluntarily)
Smooth (involuntarily)
Cardinal (involuntarily) found only in heart
Nervous tissue
Provides structure for the brain,spinal cord and nerves
Adaptation
Receive,interpret,and respond to internal and external stimuli(thing) through nervous system
Circulation
Transport oxygen and other nutrients to tissues though cardiovascular system
Elimination
Remove metabolic waste from the body through renal system
Locomotion
Allow voluntary or involuntary movement of the body through muscular or nervous system
Nutrition
Take in and break down nutrients for metabolism though digestive system
Oxygenation
Take in oxygen and take out carbon dioxide through respiratory system
Regulation
Hormonal control of body function through endocrine system
Self duplication
Production of offspring through reproductive system
Cells in body human body? Eukaryotic or prokayotic? What is it surrounded by
Eukaryotic and it’s surround by membrane
Organelles membrane are semipermeable
True or false
True
What system surrounds the entire body and protect it from the environmental stimuli and pathogens
Integumentary system
How does human respond to environmental changes
Voluntarily (walk way)
Involuntarily (pain)
Muscular system function
Movement
Moves the bones in the skeletal system
Movement is Voluntarily
What system transports nutrients to other parts of the body
Cardiovascular system
What system releases hormones that signal when and how much to grow
Endocrine system
What is metabolism? What system plays major role and why
The use of energy by cells due to chemical reactions within cells
Digestive system and respiratory system
Because they supply nutrients and oxygen needed for metabolism
What is circulatory system or cardiovascular system? Major organs
Transportation high way for the entire body
Heart,blood,and blood vessels
What does heat do
Contact and pumps blood throughout the body
What are artery, veins and capillaries
Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to capillaries
Veins tranaport blood from the capillaries back to the heart
Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that transport blood from Arteries to veins
What else is capillaries function
It’s the location of nutrients and gas exchange
What does heart consist of? Chambers?
Heart is consist of four Chambers:
Right and left atriums
Right and left ventricles
Other than Chambers, what else is the the consist of
Four valves
Tricuspid and pulmonary on the right side of the heart
Mitral and aortic on the left side of the heart
What is the function of the valves
So that the blood doesn’t flow back into the heart’s chamber after a contraction
The flow of blood through the heart
Deoxegenated blood enter the heart through superior and inferior vena cave
The blood travels into the right atrium
During the contraction of the right atrium the blood flows through Tricuspid valve into right ventricle
When the right ventricle contracts, The blood is then pushed through the pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery and lungs. THE BLOOD PICKS UP O2
The oxygenated blood is carried back into the heart by pulmonary veins into the left atrium, through Mitral valve, and into the left ventricle
Contraction of left ventricle forces blood through the aortic valve, through aorta and out to the entire body
Function of respiratory system
Air exchange
breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide
Process of respiratory system
Inhale air through nose into Trachea and passing into right and left bronchial tubes
What is cilia? What system has it
Respiratory system
It keeps the airway clean by removing unwanted matters from the lungs
Role of red blood cell
Transport oxygen into the bloodstream
What is inspiration and expiration?
Inspiration: taking in oxygen air
Expiration: carbon dioxide force out of the body
What is diaphragms
Abdominal muscle.
When a diaphragm contracts (shrink),the chest cavity enlarges, creating negative pressure in the chest cavity and pulling air into the lungs
What type of 2 sytems does nervous system have
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
Parts of central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
What are the parts of peripheral nervous system
Cranial and spinal nerves
What are peripheral Nervous sytem divided into?
Autonomic nervous system: automatic body function- heartbeat, digestion
Sensory-somatic nervous system: controls voluntary actions like talking and walking
Two types of Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nerves: when person is excited or scared
Parasympathetic nerves: when a person is eating or at rest
What are dendrites
Receive stimuli from internal and external environment
What is neuron
Cells that make up nervous sytem and Transmit messages
Relationship between neurons and dendrites
Dendrites receive stimuli and bring those to the neurons for interpretation
What is a reflex?
A response to react, when neurons transmit message to the spinal cord before it is transmitted to the Brain
Digestive system organs and accessories
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine or colon, anus
Accessories are teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
What is peristalsis
Contractions that occur in the stomach and intestines, which moves food from the stomach toward the anus
What is microville
Increase surface area within small intestine for facilitated absorption
Function of immune system
Cells,tissues, and organs fight off illness and diseases
Protect the body from pathogens
What are Innate and adaptive defenses
Innate are nonspecific defense:
Cells and proteins that are always present and ready to mobilize and fight microbes at the site of infection.
Adapted are specific defenses
action against pathogens that are able to evade or overcome innate immune defenses
What is phagocytosis
White cells engulfing the pathogens
Innate defence example
also chemotaxis
What is interferon
Body’s response to viral infection and prevent replication of the virus
What is chemotaxis
Method of which white blood cells respond to damaged body tissues
What is cytokines
Damaged tissue releases cytokines which attract white blood cells to the area of infection or injury
What is diapedesis
Process of WBC sqeezing through capillaries (in response to cytokines), to the site of damage or infection
Adaptive responses
Antibodies produced for invading antigens
2 types of adaptive responses
Active immunity and passive immunity
Active immunity example
Vaccine to produce antibodies with the body for future protection
Passive immunity example
Does not produce its own antibodies, receive from their source
Mother to child: breastfeeding
Mild to moderate fever benefits
Warm body fever kills more pathogens and increases the activity of white blood cell
What is DNA and it’s function
DNA is stores genetic information
What is RNA and its function
Messengers within the cells
How is protein made
Messages stored in the bases of DNA must be transferred to the ribosomes
What is the process of transcription
Cells copy the instructions in DNA into RNA and sends the messenger RNA to the ribosome
What is process of translation
After transcription, proteins are made by ribosome from the infos and sent out to the entire cell
Protein production from mRNA is called
Translation
Description of cell wall
Helps to separate inside and outside of the cell
They are semipermeable
Inner layer of cell
Cytoplasm
Manufacture proteins for the cell from the RNA messages
Ribosome
Cellular movement;transfer info between two cells
Flagella
Organelles of prokayotic cell
Cell wall, ribosome, nucleotide, plasmids
Envelops the cell, is semipermeable
Controls what goes in and out of the cell
Plasma membrane
Transport materials/network within the cell
Secretion: moving proteins from one part of the cell to another, and outside of the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum
What are two types of ER
Rough and smooth
Differences between rough and smooth ER
Rough is attached to ribosome
Smooth is not attach to ribosome
Synthesize Lipids and carbohydrates
Modification and packaging of newly synthesized proteins
Rough ER
Involved in transportation and packaging of proteins in the cell or to other parts of the cell
Works with ER
The golgi apparatus
3 Types of vesicles and their function
Vacuole: storage of cell
Lysosome:have digestive enzymes, cleans cells
Perixisome: rid the body of toxic components
Powerhouse of the cell, where atp is produced
Mitochondria
Forms mitotic spindles that help separate and organize the chromosomes
Microtubules
What helps to form mitotic spindle
Centrisomes
Difference between nucleus and nucleolus
Nucleus is large Organelle
Nucleulos is a small within the nucleus
What are eukaryotic Organelles
ER Golgi apparatus Ribosome Plasma membrane Vesicles: Vacuole, Lysosome, peroxisome Mitochondria Microtubules:centrosome Nucleus Nucleulos Flagella/cilia
Plant Organelles
Same features of eukaryotic
Additional are
Chloroplasts
Chlorophyll
This Organelle contains chlorophyll
Chloroplasts
What is function of chlorophyll?
Allow the capture of sunlight to be used for production of glucose during photosynthesis
mitosis definition
Cell duplication where two daughter cells have the same nuclear material as original
Three steps in interphase
G1
S stage
G2
In what stage does the transcription of DNA into RNA occur
G1 stage when the cell’s DNA is available.
What happens in G1
The double helix unwinds. Expose the bases
RNA base with their complimentary bases on DNA to form mRNA strand
Once the entire gene is copied into the mRNA strand, the DNA double helix closes
mRNA exists the nucleus with the information to he ribosome
What happens in the S stage
DNA double helix unwinds
Break the hydrogen bonds between the bases pairs (separates the bases) with the help of enzyme
Exposed bases pair with new complimentary bases
New complementary stands are synthesized with the help of DNA polymerase
Thus, two new strand of identical DNA form (one strand is the original strand)
What occurs in G2
Continued protein synthesis and cell growth for cell division
The cells have to double their DNA in order to pass one complete copy to each daughter cell
Mitosis
Purpose of meiosis and what’s the end product
Halve the number of chromosomes
The original diploid cell will undergo two divisions to create four haploid cells
Separates two sets of chromosomes into different cells
Cytokinesis
Meiosis I result
2 haploid daughter cells
Result of meiosis II (after Cytokinesis)
Four haploid cells
Sunlight is trapped by the green pigment called
Chlorophyll
Organisms are able to carry out photosynthesis due to what? And why
Chloroplasts
Because it allows an autograph to use sunlight to produce glucose
In Chloroplasts co2, h2o and energy from sun are used to produce ATP
During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down by the process called
Glycolysis
Each code is composed of 3 bases. What is the code called
A codon
How many codons are there? And why
There are 64 codons because 64 different 3-letter combo can be formed from A,T,C and G
Each codon matches with specific
Amino acid. There are 20 amino acids
Chain of amino acids forms
A protein
What is responsible for the genetic traits
Proteins
Short to long wavelength
Gamma ray Xray Ultraviolet Visible Infrared Microwave Radio waves
Visible part of the spectrum
Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet
Energy associated with an object’s motion
Kinetic energy or energy of motion
What happens to the kinetic energy if the velocity increases
KE increases as well
Kinetic energy formula
KE= 1/2 mv^2
Amount of stored energy is called
Potential energy
Potential energy formula
PE= mgh
What does the law of conservation say?
Energy is not lost but transferred back and forth between KE and PE
How to determine the mass of an element
Add the number of protons and neutrons
What are isotopes
Same number of protons but different number of neutrons
How are rows (preriod) in periodic table organized?
According to increasing number of orbital shells
What direction is Electrons added to outer energy shell, one at a time
Left to right across a period
The atomic radius decreases as you go? Why
Left to right across a period because of increase in number of protons
Number of electrons and filled electron shells increase but valence electrons stays the same when
Move down the group
Ionization energy decreases and atomic radius increase when you go________
Down the group in periodic table
Ionization energy increases and atomic radius decreases when you move________
Left to right across the period
Electronegativity decreases as________
As the atomic number increases
