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1
Q

What is the resultant force?

A

The single force that produces the same effect as two or more forces acting together on an object.

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2
Q

What is the vector sum of all individual forces called?

A

Resultant force.

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3
Q

If the resultant force on an object is non-zero, what does it cause the object to do?

A

Accelerate according to Newton’s Second Law (F=ma).

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4
Q

What must be considered when calculating the resultant force?

A

Direction and magnitude.

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5
Q

How is the resultant force calculated in one dimension?

A

By the algebraic sum of the forces.

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6
Q

What indicates the direction of forces in one dimension?

A

Positive and negative signs.

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7
Q

What method is used to find the resultant force in two or three dimensions?

A

Vector addition.

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8
Q

What are the steps to resolve forces into components?

A
  • Fx = F cos θ
  • Fy = F sin θ
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9
Q

How do you calculate the resultant magnitude in two dimensions?

A

Fresultant = √((Fresultant,x)² + (Fresultant,y)²)

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10
Q

What formula is used to determine the angle (direction) of the resultant force?

A

θ = tan⁻¹(Fresultant,y / Fresultant,x)

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11
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.

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12
Q

What is the key equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2

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13
Q

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

A
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2)
  • Water (H2O)
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14
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A
  • Glucose (C6H12O6)
  • Oxygen (O2)
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15
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

In the chloroplasts of plant cells.

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16
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process by which living organisms break down glucose to release energy.

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17
Q

What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen.

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18
Q

What is the key equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)

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19
Q

What are the products of anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

Lactic acid and energy.

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20
Q

What are the products of anaerobic respiration in yeast?

A

Ethanol, carbon dioxide, and energy.

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21
Q

What is the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?

A

The products of photosynthesis are the reactants for respiration and vice versa.

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22
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

The green pigment found in the chloroplasts that captures light energy for photosynthesis.

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23
Q

What are the two most common forms of chlorophyll?

A
  • Chlorophyll-a
  • Chlorophyll-b
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24
Q

What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?

A

It transfers absorbed light energy to drive chemical reactions.

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25
What are the ways plants use carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis?
* Immediate energy (respiration) * Storage (as starch) * Structural support (cellulose) * Growth and reproduction * Transport (sucrose) * Defense (secondary metabolites)
26
What is gas exchange?
The process by which oxygen is absorbed into the blood and carbon dioxide is expelled.
27
What is the function of the trachea?
Carries air from the mouth/nose to the lungs.
28
What are alveoli?
Tiny, balloon-like air sacs where gas exchange occurs.
29
What is the function of the diaphragm during inhalation?
Contracts and flattens to increase chest volume.
30
What happens during exhalation?
The diaphragm relaxes and moves up, decreasing chest volume.
31
What is ventilation?
The process of moving air in and out of the lungs.
32
What is the role of intercostal muscles during inhalation?
Contract to lift the ribcage and increase chest volume.
33
What factors influence ventilation?
* Lung compliance * Airway resistance * Elastic recoil * Surface tension in alveoli
34
What influences the sweetness of maize?
* Genetic varieties * Sugar-starch balance * Harvest timing * Enzymatic activity
35
Why does field corn taste less sweet than sweet corn?
Field corn is bred for starch content, leading to rapid sugar conversion to starch.
36
What stage is sweet corn harvested for maximum sweetness?
Milk stage.
37
What gives maize its sweet taste?
Sugar (sucrose, glucose, fructose).
38
What gives maize its sweet taste?
Sugar (sucrose, glucose, fructose) ## Footnote These sugars are responsible for the sweet flavor in sweet corn.
39
True or False: Field corn is sweeter than sweet corn.
False ## Footnote Field corn is less sweet because its sugars convert to starch more quickly.
40
Sweet corn is harvested at the __________ stage when sugar levels are at their peak.
Milk ## Footnote The milk stage is optimal for sweetness in corn.
41
Why is supersweet corn sweeter than standard sweet corn?
Supersweet corn contains a genetic mutation (e.g., in the sh2 gene) that significantly slows the conversion of sugar into starch, allowing it to retain more sugar and taste sweeter.
42
What is the main pigment involved in photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll ## Footnote Chlorophyll absorbs light energy used in photosynthesis.
43
True or False: Respiration releases energy by breaking down starch directly.
False ## Footnote Respiration breaks down glucose, not starch directly.
44
Fill in the blank: The primary organelle involved in photosynthesis is the __________.
Chloroplast
45
During inhalation, what happens to the diaphragm?
The diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing chest volume.
46
During exhalation, what happens to the diaphragm?
The diaphragm relaxes, returning to its dome shape.
47
What is the primary role of the diaphragm in breathing?
Contracts to increase chest cavity volume.
48
What is starch?
A complex carbohydrate (polysaccharide) made up of many glucose molecules linked together.
49
What are the two main components of starch?
Amylose and Amylopectin ## Footnote Amylose is a linear chain, while amylopectin is branched.
50
What is cellulose?
A complex carbohydrate (polysaccharide) made up of long chains of glucose molecules.
51
Where is cellulose found in plants?
Cell walls ## Footnote Cellulose provides structural support to plant cells.
52
True or False: Supersweet corn converts glucose to starch faster than field corn.
False ## Footnote Supersweet corn converts glucose to starch more slowly, retaining sweetness.
53
What is the role of amylose in starch?
It forms a linear structure for energy storage.
54
What are the properties of starch?
Insoluble in water and can be broken down by cooking or enzymatic digestion.
55
Why do plants convert sugars into starch?
Stability and easier storage ## Footnote Starch is more stable than sugars and prevents excessive water entry into cells.
56
What is gas exchange?
The process by which oxygen from inhaled air moves into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood is expelled into the air.
57
What are alveoli?
Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
58
What happens to the ribcage during inhalation?
The ribcage moves up and outward.
59
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light → C6H12O6 + 6O2
60
Fill in the blank: The movement of air into and out of the lungs is called __________.
Ventilation
61
What is the function of starch in humans?
When consumed, starch is broken down into glucose by enzymes during digestion.
62
What are the two types of respiration?
Aerobic (uses oxygen) and anaerobic (does not use oxygen).
63
What is ventilation?
Ventilation is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs to allow gas exchange.
64
What are the two stages of ventilation?
Inhalation (breathing in) and exhalation (breathing out).
65
What is starch?
Starch is a complex carbohydrate made of glucose units and used by plants for long-term energy storage.
66
What are the two components of starch?
* Amylose (linear structure) * Amylopectin (branched structure)
67
What is cellulose?
Cellulose is a structural carbohydrate found in plant cell walls, providing strength and rigidity.
68
Why can’t humans digest cellulose?
Humans lack the enzyme cellulase needed to break the β-1,4 glycosidic bonds in cellulose.
69
Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
In the alveoli, where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is expelled.
70
Why is a large surface area important in alveoli?
It allows for efficient gas exchange between air and blood.
71
What is chlorophyll?
Chlorophyll is a green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
72
Why is chlorophyll important?
It captures sunlight, which is essential for producing glucose during photosynthesis.
73
What gives maize its sweetness?
The sugars sucrose, glucose, and fructose in sweet corn.
74
Why is sweet corn sweeter than field corn?
Sweet corn converts sugar to starch more slowly due to genetic mutations.
75
What is a physical change?
A change in the form or appearance of a substance, but its chemical composition remains the same.
76
Characteristics of physical changes include:
* No new substance is formed * Changes are usually reversible * Only physical properties like shape, size, or state are affected
77
Examples of physical changes include:
* Melting of ice * Boiling of water * Cutting paper * Dissolving salt in water
78
What is a chemical change?
A chemical change leads to the formation of a new substance with different properties.
79
Characteristics of chemical changes include:
* A new substance is formed * Changes are usually irreversible * Heat, light, or gas may be released
80
Examples of chemical changes include:
* Burning of wood * Rusting of iron * Digestion of food * Souring of milk
81
What is the rate of reaction?
The rate of reaction refers to how quickly a reactant is used up or a product is formed in a chemical reaction.
82
What is a catalyst?
A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
83
How does a catalyst work?
* Lowers the activation energy required for the reaction * Provides an alternative pathway for the reaction
84
What is the effect of surface area on rate of reaction?
The larger the surface area of a solid reactant, the faster the reaction occurs.
85
How does increasing concentration affect the rate of reaction?
Increasing the concentration of a reactant in a solution increases the rate of reaction.
86
What happens to the activation energy when a catalyst is added?
A catalyst lowers the activation energy, making it easier for the reactants to form products.
87
What are the main steps in sexual reproduction in plants?
* Pollination * Fertilization * Seed and fruit formation * Seed dispersal * Germination
88
What is vegetative propagation?
New plants grow from roots, stems, or leaves.
89
What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction in plants?
* Asexual: One parent, genetically identical offspring * Sexual: Two parents, genetically different offspring
90
What is meant by 'activation energy'?
Activation energy is the minimum energy needed for a reaction to occur.

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