SCIENCE Flashcards
A collection of parts able to work together to serve a common purpose
Body system
What is the purpose of the body system?
Growth, reproduction, and survival
It is a set of organs and tissues involved in the uptake of oxygen from the atmosphere and the release of carbon dioxide
Respiratory system
What is respiration?
When we inhale oxygen and release carbon dioxide
It is also called breathing or external respiration
Gas exchange
During external respiration, where does the oxygen-rich air enter during respiration?
Alveoli
What are the organs involved in the upper respiratory tract?
Mouth or oral cavity, nose or nasal cavity, Pharynx and larynx
This is the structure where the air enters the body
Nose or Nasal Cavity
Using this, it filters out foreign particles and produces nitric oxide
cilia
Secondary external opening for the respiratory tract. It is also used to replace the nasal cavity’s function when needed
Mouth or oral cavity
The pharynx is also known as?
Lalamunan
A passageway leading from oral and nasal cavities to the larynx and esophagus
Pharynx
The area that connects the throat to the windpipe(trachea)
Larynx
What does the larynx contain?
the vocal cords that produces sounds also known as the voice box
What are the organs in the lower respiratory tract?
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and diaphram
What is Trachea?
It connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs
It conducts the air to the lungs (it serves as a guard)
Bronchi
How many bronchi does a human body have
2
What is the function of bronchioles?
It carries oxygen-rich air into the lungs and carries carbon dioxide-rich air out of the lungs
It is a tiny air sacs located at the end of the bronchioles
Alveoli
What part does the alveoli play a crucial part?
In a gas exchange during breathing
Where does the gas exchange take place?
through the walls of the alveoli
What is a diaphragm
a dome-shaped muscle just below the lungs
When you inhale, is the diaphragm down or up?
Down
Any diseases and disorders of the airways and the lungs that affect human respiration
diseases of the respiratory system
What is obstructive
Obstruction in the air passages with slow and shallow exhalation, blocking a passage or a view
A lung condition wherein the air sacs (alveoli) are damaged
Emphysema
In emphysema, what happens to the inner walls of the alveoli?
It weakens and rupture
What is the main cause of emphysema?
Smoking
What happens to your lungs if you have asthma
The lungs narrows and swell and may produce extra mucus
A small, handheld device that delivers medication directly to your lungs
Inhalers
It targets the bronchi, causing it to be irritated and inflamed
bronchitis
What is restrictive
difficulty in filling the lungs with air during inhalation
A genetic disease that causes sticky, thick mucus to build up in the lungs
cystic fibrosis
An inflammatory disease in which the immune system overreacts causing granulomas consisting of inflamed tissues to form in the lungs
Sarcoidosis
The excessive fluid in the pleural space
Pleural effusion
A membrane that folds on itself to form a two-layered membranous pleural sac
Pleura
What is infectious
it is caused by germs like bacteria, and viruses
It inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs.
Pneumonia
In Pneumonia, Air sacs may fill with what?
Fluid or pus
What is the cause of pneumonia
Streptoccocus Pneumoniae
What is tuberculosis
Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria that can cause infection in your lungs
What is the cause of tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)
It is exposure to high concentrations of asbestos fibers in the air
Asbestosis
What is Covid 19
Caused by sars-cov 2 virus and spreads between people in dose contact
What is vascular
Affecting the blood vessels leading to the lungs or from the lungs
Too much fluid in the lungs. The fluid collects in the alveoli making it difficult to breathe
Edema
A blood cloth stuck in an artery-blocking blood flow
pulmonary embolism
What is hypertension
High blood pressure in the blood vessel
It transports blood and other nutrients throughout the body
Circulatory system
A body fluid in the circulatory system and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances
Blood
What does the blood transport
oxygen and nutrients
A liquid portion of the blood and yellowish in color
Plasma
how much percentage does the plasma take of the blood composition
55%
It is responsible for carrying and transporting oxygen to the body
Red blood cells
Red blood cells are also known as?
Erythrocytes
What is the shape and the protein of red blood cells?
Biconcave in shape and the protein is hemoglobin
White blood cells are also known as?
Leukocytes
It helps the body fight infection and diseases
White blood cells
Platelets are also known as?
Thrombocytes
Small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding
Platelets
Interconnected tunnels or passages where blood flows happen
Blood vessel (ugat)
Has the thickest wall, allowing it to withstand the pressure created by the heart
Artery
Thick muscular blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Artery
has thin walls and carries the blood from the different parts of the body
veins
It is the largest and main artery that carries blood away from the heart
Aorta
The smallest of a body’s vessels. It also bridges the veins and arteries.
capillaries
involved in the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste
capillaries
How many upper and lower chamber that a typical heart consist?
2 upper and lower chambers
The main organ of the circulatory system and responsible for pumping blood
heart
pumps blood out of the heart
right and left ventricle
It receives incoming blood
Right and left atria
Plaque (cholesterol and fat) build-up that blocks the blood flow in the arteries
Atherosclerosis
Excessive production of white blood cells which have become destructive instead of protective
leukemia
Lack of healthy red blood cells
anemia
What is the cause of anemia
iron deficiency
affects the artery that supply the heart with blood
coronary heart disease
Heart valves have been permanently damaged by rheumatic fever
rheumatic heart disease
what is the cause of coronary heart disease
atherosclerosis
high blood pressure build-up of cholesterol narrows the arteries
Hypertension
atherosclerosis can lead to what?
hypertension
an inborn disease characterized by an abnormality in the structure of the heartc
congenital heart disease
What do you call the flap that prevents the food from entering the trachea or windpipe?
epiglottis
what do you call the process of natural movement of oxygen into the blood capilliaries in the alveoli?
absorption/diffusion/evaporation/sublimation
diffusion
characterized by wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing
asthma
A child exhibits chronic cough, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Genetic testing reveals a mutation in the CFTR gene. What disease is most consistent with these findings?
Cystic fibrosis
What do you call the blood vessels responsible for the exchanging of nutrients and gasses with the body’s tissues
capillaries
The passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another
Heredity
Scientific study of genes and heredity
genetics
established the fundamental laws of genetics
Gregor mendel
Gregor mendel is also known as
“the father of genetics”
How many pairs of chromosomes does humans typically have
23
how many in total is the chromosomes of a human
46
Structures found in the center of cells that carry long pieces of DNA
Chromosomes
numbers of chromosomes sets in an organism
ploidy
it is used to describe the complete number and appearance of chromosomes in the body
karyotype
presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells
haploid
What is the cells of haploid?
sex cells
presence of 2 complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells
diplod
what are the cells of diploid
body cells
condition of possessing more than 2 commplete sets of chromosomes
polyploidy
the basic unit of heredity
genes
identical pairs of genes
alleles
responsible for carrying and transmitting the heredity materials from parents to offspring
DNA (deoxyribunocleic acid)
any pattern of inheritance in which traits do not segregate in accordance with mendel’s law
Non mendelian genetics
Also known as semi dominance or partial dominance
incomplete dominance
inherited trait which is a blend of the parental traits
incomplete dominance
White dog + black dog= grey dog?
incomplete dominance
violates the law of codominance. occurs when both alleles are equally strong, meaning neither are dominant or recessive
codominance
White chick+Black chick = white & black chick
Codominance
Traits controlled by a single gene with more than 2 alleles. Are 3 or more possible alleles for one individual traits
Multiple alleles
Some traits can be inherited by male or female only but not both female and male
Sex Inherited traits
Phenotypic characteristics that are specific only in one of the 2 sexes
Sex limited traits
Characteristics from autosomal chromosomes that are affected by the sex cells. Can be expressed in both sexes
Sex influenced traits
occurring in conformity with the ordinary
Natural causes of extinction
Characteristics that can be controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes
Sex linked traits-
as more species dies, it is only making it more difficult for the survivors to find food
Climate change and global warming
Can hit the earth with extreme force. The reverberations can be felt around the world and impact site can be completely destroyed and life can be wiped out
asteroids
radiation being emitted from outer space and the sun
cosmic radiation
forms when sulfur dioxide and/or nitrogen oxides are put out into the atmosphere. Chemicals get absorbed by water droplets in the clouds and falls to the earth as acid precipitation. Danger to the life of plants and animals.
Acid rain
with the changing climate and landscape certain species are losing their ability to fend off disease causing it to become more susceptible to disease and epidemics
diseases
results in flooding, salt water contamination of the soil and destruction of habitats
rising sea level
has a big impact to marine ecosystem. It can lessen food supply of certain marine species
change in water currents
the primary cause of species extinction worldwide
Habitat degradation and habitat loss
Although climate changes by nature, human activities are accountable for the rapid increase in Earth’s temperature.
climate change
causes global warming. Wastes & other chemicals from factories, pesticides, fertilizers, contaminate land, water and air
pollution
illegal capturing and killing of non domesticated animals
poaching
