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1
Q

democritus was a greek philosipher who propsed

A

matter could not be divided into smaller pieces forever;matter was made from small, hard particles called atoms

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2
Q

john dalton confirmed atoms

A

are tiny solid balls and created the first atomic theory`

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3
Q

jj thompson came up with the plum pudding model and discovered electrons with

A

cathode rays - he showed the atom was made of smaller things

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4
Q

ernest rutherford discovered protons and the nucleus using his

A

gold leaf experiment

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5
Q

in the gold foil experiment it was concluded there was a dense positive centre because

A

the alpha particles did different things - scattered, scattered a lot, and went through the foil

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6
Q

niels bohr created the bohr model from discovering that

A

every atom has a specific number of electron shells (and that there were shells )

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7
Q

erwin schrodinger and werner heisenburg led to the idea of

A

electron clouds

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8
Q

jameschadwick created the modern model which included

A

protons, electrons AND neutrons

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9
Q

a physical change is one where

A

no new substances are formed. It is usually reversible

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10
Q

physical change examples could be

A

ice melting, melting chocolate, breaking a glass (solid, liquid, gas)

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11
Q

a chemical change is a change in which

A

a new substance forms. It is irreversible.

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12
Q

chemical change examples could be

A

cooking food, fireworks, leaves changing color

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13
Q

what are some signs of a chemical change?

A

odour is given off
hear a bang/fizzing - effenresence; bubbles in a liquid, fizz
increase /decrease in temp
see fizzing/ change in color

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14
Q

what is a precipitate?

A

a solid substance that forms at the bottom of a solution

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15
Q

chemical changes happen when

A

chemical reactions occur

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16
Q

chemical change involve

A

the formation of new chemical elements/compounds

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17
Q

physical changes don’t lead to new chemical substances. instead,

A

a substance simply changes physical state (solid-liquid)

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18
Q

reactants=products

A

reversible

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19
Q

reactants-products

A

irreversible

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20
Q

during irreversible chemical changes, the number of atoms stays the same either side whilst the products and reactants

A

simply rearrange

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21
Q

exothermic

A

energy out to surroundings (temp up)

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22
Q

endothermic

A

energy in from surroundings (temp down)

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23
Q

potassium + nitrogen + oxygen -

A

potassium nitrate!

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24
Q

in a word equation, if there is 3 reactants - including oxygen -

A

ate e.g. nitrate

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25
Q

in a word equation if there is 2 reactants - ending witth non-metal -

A

ide e.g. chloride

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26
Q

calcium + fluorine =

A

calcium fluoride

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27
Q

H + O2 - H2O

A

4H + O2 - 2H2O

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28
Q

(s) = solid (l) =liquid (g) = gas

A

(aq) = aqueous - dissolved in water

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29
Q

balancing tip

A

LHS E RHS
1 C 1

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30
Q

PHOTOSYNTHEISIS -

A

converts light into chemical energy

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31
Q

cellular respiration -

A

breakdown of glucose to release energy

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32
Q

rusting is iron reacting with

A

oxygen and water

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33
Q

combustion is when fuel reacts with

A

oxygen to release energy

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34
Q

the law of conservation of mass

A

total mass of reactants
= ————————————-
total mass of products

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35
Q

when one of the products is a gas,

A

the mass does not/may not appear conserved - it may appear to be less than that of the reactants

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36
Q

when balancing chemical equations

A

-only change the molecule number
- whole numbers only
- tackle more unusual ones first

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37
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

occurs with oxygen and releases more energy but more slowly.

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38
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

occurs without oxygen and releases less energy but more quickly.

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39
Q

example of endothermic reaction

A

photosynthesis

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40
Q

e.g. of exothermic reaction

A

cellular respiration

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41
Q

in photosynthesis (endothermic) light energy is converted into chemical energy which is stored in the bonds of

A

C6H1206 aka glucose

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42
Q

carbon dioxide + water -

A

glucose + oxygen

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43
Q

oxygen + glucose -

A

carbon dioxide + water

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44
Q

products of photosynthesis become the reactants for

A

cellular respiration

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45
Q

rust = iron oxide

A

-compound
-powdery
-flakes

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46
Q

formation of rust when a metal(iron) reacts

A

with oxygen in the presence of water

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47
Q

steel contains iron and is therefore

A

prone to rusting

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48
Q

ways to prevent rust

A

painting, oiling, galvanising, covering in plastic

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49
Q

what is combustion?

A

burning - fuel combining chemically with o2 then releasing energy

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50
Q

complete combustion needs o2 -

A

carbond ioxide vs carbon

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51
Q

is combustion endo or exo thermic

A

exothermic becasue of the heat givem out to surroundings

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52
Q

what is the combustion word equation

A

fuel + oxygen - carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

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53
Q

to test for the presence of hydrogen you do the

A

squeaky pop test

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54
Q

energy def

A

energy is the ability to do work

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55
Q

energy measuring unit?

A

joules ( J )

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56
Q

work done -

A

energy transferred

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57
Q

energy cannot be created or

A

destroyed

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58
Q

energy = E in

A

equations

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59
Q

P =

A

e/t

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60
Q

what is Ek?

A

kinetic energy

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61
Q

what are the two main types of energy?

A

kinetic and potential

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62
Q

what is kinetic energy?

A

motion

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63
Q

what is potential energy

A

( stored due to the positioning

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64
Q

examples of kinetic energy

A

light energy, sound energy, a moving car or rolling ball

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65
Q

examples of potential energy

A

a streched rubber band, book on the shelf, GPE, nuclear energy

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66
Q

9 types of energy

A

chemical, thermal, light, sound, magnetic, gravitational, elastic, electrical, nuclear

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67
Q

4 ways energy can be transferred

A

electrically
heating
mechanically
radiation

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68
Q

transferred means

A

one store to another

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69
Q

transformed means

A

the process of changing energy from one form to another, like converting electrical energy inro light energy (bulb)

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70
Q

what does the law of conservation of energy state?

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another/transferred

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71
Q

what is useful energy?

A

energy which is required for the object to work e.g. with a car its kinetic

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72
Q

what is wasted energy?

A

energy that has been transferred to another store and isn’t useful e.g. with a car its the thermal store

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73
Q

when a rollercoaster reaches the peak, what happens to the ke and gpe?

A

hight gpe and low ke

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74
Q

when a rollercoaster reaches the slope downwards, what happens to the ke and gpe?

A

high ke low gpe

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75
Q

when a rollercoaster starts climbing to the top, what happens to the ke and gpe?

A

low ke and high gpe

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76
Q

when electrical enrgy goes into a tv, what comes out?

A

light, sound and heat energy

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77
Q

when chemical potential enrgy goes into a torch, what comes out?

A

light energy and heat energy (wasted)

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78
Q

when electrical enrgy goes into a tv, what is the internal component?

A

electrical energy

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79
Q

when chemical potential enrgy goes into a torch, what is the internal component?

A

electrical energy

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80
Q

when electrical energy goes into a kettle, what comes out

A

thermal energy and sound energy

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81
Q

when cpe goes into a radio what comes out?

A

sound and heat energy

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82
Q

when cpe and kinetic energy (hands) goes into a guitar what comes out?

A

kinetic energy (strings), sound energy, heat

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83
Q

what is the energy transfer when a pen is dropped?

A

Ek in hand is transferred to pen which then had Ek

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84
Q

what is the energy transformation when a pen is dropped?

A

Ek of pen transforms into GPE as lifted - GPE of pen is transformed into kinetic energy when pen drops

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85
Q

what is the energy transfer when a guitar is strummed?

A

Ek in the hands to Ek in the strings

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86
Q

what is the difference between thermal and heat?

A

thermal energy is a store, heat is a transfer

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87
Q

GPE FORMULA

A

GPE = mgh

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88
Q

KE FORMULA

A

KE =1/2 mv (squared)

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89
Q

g - kg

A

divide by 1000

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90
Q

always do v squared first then

A

times it by 1/2 m

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91
Q

IN GPE YOU NEED KG AND M!

A

IN KE YOU NEED KG AND M/S

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92
Q

metalloids have

A

properties of both metals and non metals

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93
Q

metals are malle-

A

able

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94
Q

Malleable means you can beat it into

A

thin sheets ( e.g. gold)

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95
Q

metals are sono-

A

-rous

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96
Q

sonourous means capable

A

of producing a deep ringing sound

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97
Q

metals are lustrous. lustrous means shiny or

A

able to be polished

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98
Q

brittle means when hit, fractures without

A

elastic deformation (nonmetal)

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99
Q

conducter let

A

heat and electricity pass through easily - metal

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100
Q

Insulators donot

A

let heat and electricity pass through easily - non metal

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101
Q

copper -

A

cu

102
Q

lead

A

pb

103
Q

iron

A

fe

104
Q

a pure substance consists only of one

A

element/compound

105
Q

A mixture consists of two or more

A

element/compounds not chemically joined togeteher

106
Q

all matter is made from

A

atoms

107
Q

atoms are made of even simpler sub-atomic particles -

A

protons, neutrons and electrons

108
Q

9, F, 19

A

9 is the atomic number, F is the symbol, 19 is the atomic mass

109
Q

electrons are in

A

orbits/shells

110
Q

atomic number is

A

protons or electrons

111
Q

atomic mass is

A

protons+ neutrons

112
Q

a protons charge and relative mass is

A

charge +1 and relative mass is 1

113
Q

a neutrons charge and relative mass is

A

charge 0 and relative mass is 1

114
Q

a electrons charge and relative mass is

A

charge -1 and relative mass is 0.0005

115
Q

electrons maximum number of orbits is (from in - out)

A

2,8,8,2

116
Q

atoms have a overall? charge

A

neutral

117
Q

charged particles are

A

ions

118
Q

+ CHARGED = p>e

A

cations

119
Q
  • CHARGED = p<e
A

anions

120
Q

carbon dioxide and table salt are both

A

compounds

121
Q

e.g. molecular structure

A

oxygen, co2,mwater, glucose

122
Q

e.g. lattice structure

A

sodium chloride, diamond and graphite, silicon dioxide

123
Q

matter occupies

A

space and has mass

124
Q

there are 118

A

elements

125
Q

elements are made of only

A

1 atom type

126
Q

diatomic elements consist of

A

2 atoms e.g. o2

127
Q

compounds are

A

2 or more different elements or types of atoms chemically joined togetehr

128
Q

atoms are the smallest particles

A

substances can be broken down into

129
Q

element exampless

A

o2, magnesium, calcium

130
Q

compound examples

A

water, copper sulphate,

131
Q

mixture examples

A

air, salt water, milk

132
Q

single atoms are called

A

monatomic

133
Q

clusters of molecules are

A

diatomic

134
Q

lattices are

A

large grid like structures

135
Q

molecule means

A

a group of atoms chemically joined together

136
Q

elements and compound can have

A

entirely different properties

137
Q

non metal elements tend to form

A

molecules

138
Q

metal elements tend to form

A

lattic structures

139
Q

most non metallic structures are made of

A

molecules

140
Q

crystal lattices are

A

grid like structures that repeat the s arrangement of atoms over and over

141
Q

diamond and graphite an dgraphene

A

are carbon allotropes

142
Q

allotropes are

A

different structual forms of teh same element

143
Q

describe a diamond

A

lots of bonds, no free electrons, high melting oint, hard and dense, doesn;t conduct electricity

144
Q

describe graphite

A

weakly bonded delocalised electrons, high melting point, conducts electricity, soft and slippery

145
Q

graphene is a

A

single layer of graphite

146
Q

thermal energy is a

A

energy store

147
Q

thermal energy is a measure of all

A

the total kinetic energy of all particles in a substance

148
Q

the greater the volume the ? thermal energy

A

more ( more particles)

149
Q

thermal energy always moves from

A

warmer - colder objects by heat transfer

150
Q

thermal energy is measured in

A

joules (J)

151
Q

Temperature is a measure of how

A

hot/cold a substance is

152
Q

Heat is a type of energy

A

transfer

153
Q

Heat is the amount of energy

A

that is transferred from one object to another due to temp difference

154
Q

Heat travels from hot-

A

cold

155
Q

thermal conductors allow heat

A

to transfer through easily

156
Q

thermal insulators ? heat to transfer through

A

don’t allow

157
Q

The rate at which objects transfer enrgy ( or lose heat ) depends on:

A
  • Sa - volume ratio
  • The objects material
    ( conductor/insulator )
  • The temp difference between the object and it’s surroundings
158
Q

high SA:V ratio means

A

high rate of energy transfer

159
Q

conducting material means

A

high rate of energy transfer

160
Q

high temp differnce means

A

high rate of energy transfer

161
Q

Conduction state

A

solids

162
Q

Convection state

A

fluids ( liquids + gases ) - particles

163
Q

radiation

A

vacuum

164
Q

conduction is the transfer of heat energy by

A

direct contact and the passing of vibration from a hot - cool object

165
Q

convection is the transfer of heat energy by

A

liquid/fluid motion from a hot ocject to a cool one

166
Q

an example of convection is

A

boiling water

167
Q

Radiation is the transfer of heat energy by

A

waves from a hot - cool object

168
Q

radiation has no involvement of particles, only waves - true or false

A

true

169
Q

name some good conducters

A

copper, brass, silver, aluminum

170
Q

name some good insulators

A

wood, plstic, paper, wool, foam, glass, air

171
Q

In conduction, an object is heated - causing the atoms to

A

vibrate.

172
Q

These Vibrations make the atoms next to them vibrate, and so on. This is how the heat energy

A

travels along a solid e.g. plastic and wood

173
Q

Metals (then collide with neighbouring atoms ) contain free elctrons that aren’t attcahed to the atom and are free to move around. The heat can be transferred faster than in a n insulating material bc

A

electrons have a smaller mass than atoms

174
Q

high ke by heating means atoms collide with

A

neighbouring particles and energy is transferred.

175
Q

When part of a liquid or a gas is heated, the particles gain

A

kinetic energy and move apart from each other

176
Q

When heated, fluids become less dense and rise. Once that happens they cool down bc they are

A

further from the heat

177
Q

The particles lose energy when cooling down and become more dense and closer together - making it

A

sink. This is how a convecton current happens

178
Q

Heat Radiation can also be called

A

infrared radiation

179
Q

Radiation travels fastest in a

A

vacuum ( at the speed of light )

180
Q

Radiation can travel through

A

solids, lliquids and gases

181
Q

poor absorbers are poor emitters

A

of radiation and emit much slower

182
Q

why do polar bears cover their nose?

A

to minimize heat loss

183
Q

the bigger the SA the more infrared waves can be emitted -

A

so the quicker the heat transfer

184
Q

all things absorb and emit

A

infrared raduation

185
Q

the hotter something is the ? infrared radiation it emits

A

more

186
Q

Some things glow when they are hot- this means they are giving out

A

visible radiation as well as infrared radiation so we can see them.

187
Q

Matte black surfaces aare very good

A

absorbers and emitters

188
Q

Matte Black surfaces are very bad

A

reflectors

189
Q

Shiny silvery white surfaces are very bad

A

absorbers and emitters

190
Q

Shiny silvery white surfaces are very good

A

reflectors

191
Q

What is Double glazing?

A

2 pieces of glass are used in a window with a gap in between filled with air/vacuum.

192
Q

how does double glazing minimize heat loss in our homes?

A

It reduces heat loss through conduction a s air is and insulator A vacuum prevets loss by conduction and convection

193
Q

What is a wall cavity insulation?

A

if the cavity ( gap ) in the wall is filled with only air, the air can move around and teransfer heat from the inner wall

194
Q

how to minimize heat loss in radiators

A

aluminmunm foil between the radiator and the wall reflects the heat radiation away from the wall as silver is a good reflector

195
Q

GPE =

A

Mgh

196
Q

gpe is measured in

A

joules

197
Q

in GPE - m ( mass ) is measured in

A

kg

198
Q

in GPE - g ( gravity on earth ) is measured in

A

n/kg

199
Q

in GPE - h ( height ) is measured in

A

m ( meters )

200
Q

g on earth aka n/kg is

A

9.81 N/kg

201
Q

what is one way a thermos works?

A

The plastic cap stops cooling by evaporation and convection and conduction

202
Q

CO2 test is

A

cloudy lime water

203
Q

Neutral oject

A

balanced number of + AND - CHARGE

204
Q

Positive Object

A

more + than - charge

205
Q

Negative Object

A

more - than + charge

206
Q

Charged Object

A

unbalanced number of + and - charge

207
Q

Atoms are neutral bc

A

Protons = Electrons

208
Q

charged particles are called

A

ions

209
Q

positively charged particle ( p>e )

A

cations

210
Q

negatively charged particle ( p<e )

A

anions

211
Q

two oppositely charged objects means

A

attraction

212
Q

two similarly charged objects means

A

repulsion

213
Q

The moving of charges through electricity is a form of energy transfer - it can be referred to as

A

electrical energy which is a form of Ek ( when applied to moving charges )

214
Q

3 elements of an electric circuit

A

1) an energy source e.g. battery
2) a conducting path e.g. wire
3) an energy user e.g. lightbulb

215
Q

electrical circuit is a

A

closed loop

216
Q

Current ( I ) is a measure of

A

the flow of electrons ( moving ) around the circuit

217
Q

Potential Difference/Voltage ( V ) is the force

A

driving the flow of elecetrons provided by cell battery

218
Q

an example of something for electrons to flow through

A

wire

219
Q

current is measured in

A

amps using an ameter

220
Q

1Amp =

A

1000 ma

221
Q

what is the difference between a cell and a battery

A

A cell is a single device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy, while a battery is a collection of cells that provide a steady source of electrical energy.
A battery provides a higher voltage and more energy than a single cell.

222
Q

the force that causes opposite charges to attract is called

A

electrostatic force

223
Q

Electrons leave the - terminal of a power supply bc

A

they are repelled by the - terminal ( like charges repel )

224
Q

Electrons move from the negative termina to the

A

positive bc opposite charges attract

225
Q

We show the current moving from the positive to negative terminal

A

even though its wrong

226
Q

a circuit that only has 1 path for the current to flow through is called a

A

series circuit

227
Q

a circuit that has more than 1 patyh for the current to flow through is called a

A

parallel circuit

228
Q

what are 2 adavantages of household wiring being on a parallel circuit?

A

1) some appliances can be on while others are off ( acheived by inserting switches )
2) if one appliance fails, the others will still work

229
Q

Voltage is the

A

amount of energy used up by a charge ads it moves through a load/ressistor

230
Q

Potential energy transformed as charge moves through a

A

component

231
Q

Resistance ( R ) is measured in

A

ohms Ω

232
Q

Resistance opposes the flow of charge in an

A

electric circuit

233
Q

a resistor is a device

A

deliberately placed in a circuit to control the size of the current

234
Q

high # of components means

A

high resistance

235
Q

high temp of wire means

A

high resistance ( more cahllenging for electrons to get through )

236
Q

Ammeters must be connected to

A

series circuit

237
Q

Voltmeters must be connected to

A

parllel circuit

238
Q

when in a series circuit, current

A

stays the same

239
Q

when in a series circuit, voltage

A

splits

240
Q

when in a parallel circuit, voltage

A

stays the same

241
Q

when in a series circuit, current

A

splits

242
Q

which time of diagram helps look at efficiency?

A

sankey diagram ( arrow )

243
Q

Efficiency (%) =

A

useful energy output/total energy input x 100

244
Q

P = e/t

A

power = energy/time

245
Q

power is measured in

A

joules/second

246
Q

joules per second is also known as

A

watts ( w )

247
Q

1000w =

A

1KW

248
Q

Kwh ( kilowatthour) is a

A

unit of energy

249
Q

Why is efficiency important for personal cost?

A

pay less for the same output

250
Q

Why is efficiency important for the environment?

A

Where does energy come from? - non renewable resources such as fossil fuels like coal, oil which contributes to global warming. We want renewable resources liek solar or tidal power

251
Q

Cost =

A

power x time x tariff
Power = kw
time = hours
Tariff = 27.56

252
Q

we want

A

50000 hours

Science Yearly Exam (1 decks)

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