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Science Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between an element and a compound?

A

An element is a substance that is made up of only one type of atom, while a compound is a substance that is made up of two or more different types of atoms.

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2
Q

Give an example of an element.

A

An example of an element is oxygen (O).

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3
Q

Give an example of a compound.

A

An example of a compound is water (H2O).

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4
Q

What is a mixture?

A

A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded together.

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5
Q

Give an example of a mixture.

A

An example of a mixture is air, which is a combination of oxygen, nitrogen and other gases.

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6
Q

What does solubility refer to?

A

Solubility is the ability of a substance (solute) to dissolve in a solvent, usually a liquid.

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7
Q

What is the effect of temperature on solubility?

A

Solubility is usually increased with increasing temperature.

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8
Q

How does pressure affect the solubility of a gas in a liquid?

A

Increasing the pressure of a gas above a liquid increases the solubility of the gas in the liquid.

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9
Q

What is the solubility of a substance in a solvent at a particular temperature called?

A

The maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a particular temperature is called the solubility of that substance in that solvent at that temperature.

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10
Q

How does the solubility of a substance in a solvent affect the rate of dissolving?

A

A substance with greater solubility in a solvent will dissolve more quickly than a substance with lower solubility.

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11
Q

What is chromatography?

A

Chromatography is a technique used to separate and identify the components of a mixture.

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12
Q

What are the two main types of chromatography?

A

The two main types of chromatography are paper chromatography and gas chromatography.

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13
Q

What is a chromatogram?

A

A chromatogram is a visual representation of the components of a mixture separated using chromatography.

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14
Q

What are the two main parts of a chromatogram?

A

The two main parts of a chromatogram are the line of origin and the solvent front.

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15
Q

How is paper chromatography used?

A

Paper chromatography is used to separate and identify the components of mixtures such as inks, dyes, and pigments.

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16
Q

How is gas chromatography used?

A

Gas chromatography is used to separate and identify the components of volatile substances such as gases, liquids, and volatile solids.

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17
Q

What is the water cycle?

A

The water cycle is the continuous movement of water between the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere.

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18
Q

What are the three main stages of the water cycle?

A

The three main stages of the water cycle are evaporation, condensation and precipitation.

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19
Q

What is evaporation?

A

Evaporation is the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor.

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20
Q

What is condensation?

A

Condensation is the process by which water vapor changes back into a liquid.

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21
Q

What is precipitation?

A

Precipitation is the process by which water falls from the atmosphere back to Earth in the form of rain, snow, sleet, hail or other forms of moisture.

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22
Q

what are the stages of the water cycle in order

A

Evaporation, Transpiration, Condensation, Precipitation, Runoff, Infiltration

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22
Q

What are some of the factors that can affect the water cycle?

A

Some factors that can affect the water cycle include temperature, air pressure, wind, and the presence of pollutants in the atmosphere.

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23
Q

what is respiration

A

it is a chemical process
it takes place in the cells
it is the breakdown of glucose to release energy

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24
Q

what is ventilation

A

is a physical process
takes place in the lungs
is the movement of air in and out of the lungs

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25
Q

what is gas exchange

A

is a physical process
takes place between the alveoli and the blood vessels

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26
Q

pharynx

A

throat

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27
Q

larynx

A

voice box

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28
Q

what does the goblet cell do

A

it produces mucus

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29
Q

cilia cells

A

cilia is always moving
cilia are tiny hair on the cilia cells

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30
Q

breating in

A

inspiration

31
Q

breating out

A

expiration

32
Q

What is asthma triggered by?

A

pollen, dust, mites, fur, feathers, chemicals

33
Q

What happens during an asthma attack?

A

The bronchioles get narrower and therefore air cannot flow easily.

34
Q

Solution to asthma attack

A

use and inhaler which would make the muscles relax and the airways will open up

35
Q

What makes the lungs more effective

A
  1. large surface area- millions of alveoli
  2. diffusion pathway short- thin wall of alveolus and capillary
  3. high concentration difference- good blood supply, efficient ventilation
36
Q

What are the main parts of the respiratory system?

A

Answer: The main parts of the respiratory system are the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and lungs.

37
Q

What are the functions of cilia and goblet cells in the respiratory system?

A

Answer: Cilia are tiny hair-like structures that help in filtering and moving mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract, while goblet cells produce mucus that traps dust and other foreign particles to prevent them from entering the lungs.

38
Q

What are the differences between inspired and expired air?

A

Answer: Inspired air contains more oxygen and less carbon dioxide, while expired air contains less oxygen and more carbon dioxide. Inspired air is usually cooler and drier, while expired air is warmer and more saturated with water vapor.

39
Q

How can you use limewater to test for carbon dioxide in air?

A

Answer: If you blow air containing carbon dioxide into limewater, it will turn milky or cloudy, indicating the presence of carbon dioxide.

40
Q

Explain how the diaphragm and intercostal muscles help in the ventilation of the lungs.

A

Answer: The diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and decreasing the pressure inside. This causes air to flow into the lungs. The intercostal muscles between the ribs also contract and expand the rib cage, further increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and drawing air into the lungs.

41
Q

What are the effects of physical activity on the rate and depth of breathing?

A

Answer: Physical activity increases the demand for oxygen and energy, which leads to an increase in the rate and depth of breathing to meet the body’s increased needs.

42
Q

Define aerobic respiration and its importance.

A

Answer: Aerobic respiration is the process by which cells use oxygen to break down nutrient molecules, releasing energy in the form of ATP for the body to use. It is important because it is the primary way for the body to generate energy for various functions and activities.

43
Q

Write the word equation and balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration.

A

Word equation: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
Balanced symbol equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

44
Q

What are the roles and adaptations of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma in the blood?

A

Answer: Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide using hemoglobin, and they have a biconcave shape for increased surface area. White blood cells protect the body from pathogens through phagocytosis and the production of antibodies. Platelets help in blood clotting to prevent blood loss. Plasma is the liquid part of the blood, transporting nutrients, waste products, hormones, and other substances throughout the body.

45
Q

How are solutions made and how does dissolving relate to the formation of a solution?

A

Answer: Solutions are made when a solute dissolves in a solvent. Dissolving is the process where particles of the solute become evenly dispersed in the solvent, resulting in the formation of a homogeneous mixture.

46
Q

What is the purpose of chromatography in separating and identifying substances?

A

Answer: Chromatography is used to separate and identify substances in a sample by allowing the components to move at different rates through a stationary medium due to their varying solubilities or affinities for the medium.

47
Q

How do convection currents contribute to the movement of tectonic plates?

A

Answer: Convection currents in the mantle result from the rising of hot, less dense material and the sinking of cooler, denser material. These currents generate forces that push and pull tectonic plates, causing them to move across the Earth’s surface.

48
Q

What evidence supports the theory of tectonic plates?

A

Answer: Evidence for tectonic plates includes the jigsaw-like appearance of continental coasts, the distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes, the fossil record, and the alignment of magnetic materials in the Earth’s crust.

49
Q

Describe the carbon cycle and its processes.

A

Answer: The carbon cycle is the continuous exchange of carbon between the atmosphere, land, water, and living things. Key processes include photosynthesis, respiration, feeding, decomposition, and combustion.

50
Q

What are the consequences of climate change and how is it related to greenhouse gases?

A

Answer: Climate change can result in sea-level rise, increased risk of flooding, more severe droughts, and extreme weather events. It is related to greenhouse gases because these gases trap heat in the atmosphere, increasing the Earth’s temperature and altering global climate patterns.

51
Q

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

A

Answer: The main function of the respiratory system is to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide from the body.

52
Q

How does the diaphragm help in breathing?

A

Answer: The diaphragm helps in breathing by contracting and expanding to change the volume and pressure in the thoracic cavity.

53
Q

What is the role of red blood cells?

A

Answer: Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.

54
Q

Define aerobic respiration.

A

Answer: Aerobic respiration is the process of using oxygen to break down nutrients and release energy.

55
Q

What is a solution?

A

Answer: A solution is a mixture of two or more substances.

56
Q

How are solutions made?

A

Answer: Solutions are made by dissolving a solute in a solvent.

57
Q

What is the purpose of chromatography?

A

Answer: Chromatography is used to separate and identify different substances in a mixture.

58
Q

What causes tectonic plates to move?

A

Answer: Tectonic plates move due to the convection currents in the mantle.

59
Q

Name one effect of climate change.

A

Answer: One effect of climate change is an increase in global temperatures.

60
Q

What is a galaxy made of?

A

Answer: A galaxy is made of stars, gas, dust, and planetary systems.

61
Q

What are asteroids?

A

Answer: Asteroids are small rocky objects found in space, formed from leftover material during the formation of our solar system.

62
Q

How is the Moon believed to have formed?

A

Answer: The Moon is believed to have formed from a collision between the Earth and another celestial object. This is called the big splash

63
Q

What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs called?

A

Answer: The tiny air sacs in the lungs are called alveoli.

64
Q

How does oxygen enter the bloodstream?

A

Answer: Oxygen enters the bloodstream through diffusion in the alveoli.

65
Q

What is the main function of white blood cells?

A

Answer: White blood cells protect the body from infections and foreign substances.

66
Q

What gas is produced during aerobic respiration?

A

Answer: Carbon dioxide is produced during aerobic respiration.

67
Q

What is a solute and a solvent in a solution?

A

Answer: A solute is a substance that gets dissolved, while a solvent is a substance that dissolves the solute.

68
Q

What is a volcano?

A

Answer: A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust that allows hot lava, ash, and gases to escape from the magma chamber below.

69
Q

How are earthquakes related to tectonic plates?

A

Answer: Earthquakes often occur when tectonic plates move and release energy in the form of seismic waves.

70
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

Answer: The greenhouse effect is the trapping of heat in the Earth’s atmosphere by greenhouse gases.

71
Q

What is a nebula?

A

Answer: A nebula is a giant cloud of gas and dust in space, often acting as a birthplace for stars.

72
Q

How can paper chromatography be used to separate substances?

A

Answer: Paper chromatography separates substances by allowing them to move at different rates through a paper strip due to their varying solubilities or affinities.

73
Q

What causes convection currents in the Earth’s mantle?

A

Answer: Convection currents in the Earth’s mantle are caused by the differences in temperature and density of the rock material.

74
Q

What evidence from fossils supports the theory of tectonic plates?

A

Answer: Fossils of the same species found on different continents support the theory of tectonic plates, indicating that these continents were once connected.

75
Q

How do greenhouse gases contribute to climate change?

A

Answer: Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, causing global temperatures to rise and leading to climate change.

76
Q

How are asteroids related to mass extinctions?

A

Answer: Asteroid collisions with the Earth can cause catastrophic changes to the environment, leading to mass extinctions of plant and animal life.

Y9 Science (2 decks)

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