Science Flashcards
1
Q
What is the difference between an element and a compound?
A
An element is a substance that is made up of only one type of atom, while a compound is a substance that is made up of two or more different types of atoms.
2
Q
Give an example of an element.
A
An example of an element is oxygen (O).
3
Q
Give an example of a compound.
A
An example of a compound is water (H2O).
4
Q
What is a mixture?
A
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded together.
5
Q
Give an example of a mixture.
A
An example of a mixture is air, which is a combination of oxygen, nitrogen and other gases.
6
Q
What does solubility refer to?
A
Solubility is the ability of a substance (solute) to dissolve in a solvent, usually a liquid.
7
Q
What is the effect of temperature on solubility?
A
Solubility is usually increased with increasing temperature.
8
Q
How does pressure affect the solubility of a gas in a liquid?
A
Increasing the pressure of a gas above a liquid increases the solubility of the gas in the liquid.
9
Q
What is the solubility of a substance in a solvent at a particular temperature called?
A
The maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a particular temperature is called the solubility of that substance in that solvent at that temperature.
10
Q
How does the solubility of a substance in a solvent affect the rate of dissolving?
A
A substance with greater solubility in a solvent will dissolve more quickly than a substance with lower solubility.
11
Q
What is chromatography?
A
Chromatography is a technique used to separate and identify the components of a mixture.
12
Q
What are the two main types of chromatography?
A
The two main types of chromatography are paper chromatography and gas chromatography.
13
Q
What is a chromatogram?
A
A chromatogram is a visual representation of the components of a mixture separated using chromatography.
14
Q
What are the two main parts of a chromatogram?
A
The two main parts of a chromatogram are the line of origin and the solvent front.
15
Q
How is paper chromatography used?
A
Paper chromatography is used to separate and identify the components of mixtures such as inks, dyes, and pigments.
16
Q
How is gas chromatography used?
A
Gas chromatography is used to separate and identify the components of volatile substances such as gases, liquids, and volatile solids.
17
Q
What is the water cycle?
A
The water cycle is the continuous movement of water between the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere.
18
Q
What are the three main stages of the water cycle?
A
The three main stages of the water cycle are evaporation, condensation and precipitation.
19
Q
What is evaporation?
A
Evaporation is the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor.
20
Q
What is condensation?
A
Condensation is the process by which water vapor changes back into a liquid.
21
Q
What is precipitation?
A
Precipitation is the process by which water falls from the atmosphere back to Earth in the form of rain, snow, sleet, hail or other forms of moisture.
22
Q
what are the stages of the water cycle in order
A
Evaporation, Transpiration, Condensation, Precipitation, Runoff, Infiltration
22
Q
What are some of the factors that can affect the water cycle?
A
Some factors that can affect the water cycle include temperature, air pressure, wind, and the presence of pollutants in the atmosphere.
23
Q
what is respiration
A
it is a chemical process
it takes place in the cells
it is the breakdown of glucose to release energy
24
what is ventilation
is a physical process
takes place in the lungs
is the movement of air in and out of the lungs
25
what is gas exchange
is a physical process
takes place between the alveoli and the blood vessels
26
pharynx
throat
27
larynx
voice box
28
what does the goblet cell do
it produces mucus
29
cilia cells
cilia is always moving
cilia are tiny hair on the cilia cells
30
breating in
inspiration
31
breating out
expiration
32
What is asthma triggered by?
pollen, dust, mites, fur, feathers, chemicals
33
What happens during an asthma attack?
The bronchioles get narrower and therefore air cannot flow easily.
34
Solution to asthma attack
use and inhaler which would make the muscles relax and the airways will open up
35
What makes the lungs more effective
1. large surface area- millions of alveoli
2. diffusion pathway short- thin wall of alveolus and capillary
3. high concentration difference- good blood supply, efficient ventilation
36
What are the main parts of the respiratory system?
Answer: The main parts of the respiratory system are the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and lungs.
37
What are the functions of cilia and goblet cells in the respiratory system?
Answer: Cilia are tiny hair-like structures that help in filtering and moving mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract, while goblet cells produce mucus that traps dust and other foreign particles to prevent them from entering the lungs.
38
What are the differences between inspired and expired air?
Answer: Inspired air contains more oxygen and less carbon dioxide, while expired air contains less oxygen and more carbon dioxide. Inspired air is usually cooler and drier, while expired air is warmer and more saturated with water vapor.
39
How can you use limewater to test for carbon dioxide in air?
Answer: If you blow air containing carbon dioxide into limewater, it will turn milky or cloudy, indicating the presence of carbon dioxide.
40
Explain how the diaphragm and intercostal muscles help in the ventilation of the lungs.
Answer: The diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and decreasing the pressure inside. This causes air to flow into the lungs. The intercostal muscles between the ribs also contract and expand the rib cage, further increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and drawing air into the lungs.
41
What are the effects of physical activity on the rate and depth of breathing?
Answer: Physical activity increases the demand for oxygen and energy, which leads to an increase in the rate and depth of breathing to meet the body's increased needs.
42
Define aerobic respiration and its importance.
Answer: Aerobic respiration is the process by which cells use oxygen to break down nutrient molecules, releasing energy in the form of ATP for the body to use. It is important because it is the primary way for the body to generate energy for various functions and activities.
43
Write the word equation and balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration.
Word equation: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
Balanced symbol equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
44
What are the roles and adaptations of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma in the blood?
Answer: Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide using hemoglobin, and they have a biconcave shape for increased surface area. White blood cells protect the body from pathogens through phagocytosis and the production of antibodies. Platelets help in blood clotting to prevent blood loss. Plasma is the liquid part of the blood, transporting nutrients, waste products, hormones, and other substances throughout the body.
45
How are solutions made and how does dissolving relate to the formation of a solution?
Answer: Solutions are made when a solute dissolves in a solvent. Dissolving is the process where particles of the solute become evenly dispersed in the solvent, resulting in the formation of a homogeneous mixture.
46
What is the purpose of chromatography in separating and identifying substances?
Answer: Chromatography is used to separate and identify substances in a sample by allowing the components to move at different rates through a stationary medium due to their varying solubilities or affinities for the medium.
47
How do convection currents contribute to the movement of tectonic plates?
Answer: Convection currents in the mantle result from the rising of hot, less dense material and the sinking of cooler, denser material. These currents generate forces that push and pull tectonic plates, causing them to move across the Earth's surface.
48
What evidence supports the theory of tectonic plates?
Answer: Evidence for tectonic plates includes the jigsaw-like appearance of continental coasts, the distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes, the fossil record, and the alignment of magnetic materials in the Earth's crust.
49
Describe the carbon cycle and its processes.
Answer: The carbon cycle is the continuous exchange of carbon between the atmosphere, land, water, and living things. Key processes include photosynthesis, respiration, feeding, decomposition, and combustion.
50
What are the consequences of climate change and how is it related to greenhouse gases?
Answer: Climate change can result in sea-level rise, increased risk of flooding, more severe droughts, and extreme weather events. It is related to greenhouse gases because these gases trap heat in the atmosphere, increasing the Earth's temperature and altering global climate patterns.
51
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
Answer: The main function of the respiratory system is to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide from the body.
52
How does the diaphragm help in breathing?
Answer: The diaphragm helps in breathing by contracting and expanding to change the volume and pressure in the thoracic cavity.
53
What is the role of red blood cells?
Answer: Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.
54
Define aerobic respiration.
Answer: Aerobic respiration is the process of using oxygen to break down nutrients and release energy.
55
What is a solution?
Answer: A solution is a mixture of two or more substances.
56
How are solutions made?
Answer: Solutions are made by dissolving a solute in a solvent.
57
What is the purpose of chromatography?
Answer: Chromatography is used to separate and identify different substances in a mixture.
58
What causes tectonic plates to move?
Answer: Tectonic plates move due to the convection currents in the mantle.
59
Name one effect of climate change.
Answer: One effect of climate change is an increase in global temperatures.
60
What is a galaxy made of?
Answer: A galaxy is made of stars, gas, dust, and planetary systems.
61
What are asteroids?
Answer: Asteroids are small rocky objects found in space, formed from leftover material during the formation of our solar system.
62
How is the Moon believed to have formed?
Answer: The Moon is believed to have formed from a collision between the Earth and another celestial object. This is called the big splash
63
What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs called?
Answer: The tiny air sacs in the lungs are called alveoli.
64
How does oxygen enter the bloodstream?
Answer: Oxygen enters the bloodstream through diffusion in the alveoli.
65
What is the main function of white blood cells?
Answer: White blood cells protect the body from infections and foreign substances.
66
What gas is produced during aerobic respiration?
Answer: Carbon dioxide is produced during aerobic respiration.
67
What is a solute and a solvent in a solution?
Answer: A solute is a substance that gets dissolved, while a solvent is a substance that dissolves the solute.
68
What is a volcano?
Answer: A volcano is an opening in the Earth's crust that allows hot lava, ash, and gases to escape from the magma chamber below.
69
How are earthquakes related to tectonic plates?
Answer: Earthquakes often occur when tectonic plates move and release energy in the form of seismic waves.
70
What is the greenhouse effect?
Answer: The greenhouse effect is the trapping of heat in the Earth's atmosphere by greenhouse gases.
71
What is a nebula?
Answer: A nebula is a giant cloud of gas and dust in space, often acting as a birthplace for stars.
72
How can paper chromatography be used to separate substances?
Answer: Paper chromatography separates substances by allowing them to move at different rates through a paper strip due to their varying solubilities or affinities.
73
What causes convection currents in the Earth's mantle?
Answer: Convection currents in the Earth's mantle are caused by the differences in temperature and density of the rock material.
74
What evidence from fossils supports the theory of tectonic plates?
Answer: Fossils of the same species found on different continents support the theory of tectonic plates, indicating that these continents were once connected.
75
How do greenhouse gases contribute to climate change?
Answer: Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, causing global temperatures to rise and leading to climate change.
76
How are asteroids related to mass extinctions?
Answer: Asteroid collisions with the Earth can cause catastrophic changes to the environment, leading to mass extinctions of plant and animal life.
77
Question: What are the building blocks of genes?
Genes are composed of DNA, which is made up of nucleotide bases.
78
How do genes contribute to an organism's characteristics
Answer: Genes code for proteins, which influence various traits and characteristics.
79
Question: Where are chromosomes located in a cell?
Answer: Chromosomes are found in the cell's nucleus.
80
Question: How do genes and chromosomes relate?
Answer: Chromosomes contain organized DNA molecules, and genes are segments of this DNA.
81
Question: What is the role of genes in inheritance?
Answer: Genes are passed on from parents to offspring, contributing to inherited traits.
82
Question: How many chromosomes do humans have?
Answer: Humans typically have 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs.
83
Question: What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Answer: Genotype refers to an organism's genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to its observable traits.
84
Question: What is the primary function of the human excretory (renal) system?
Answer: The primary function of the human excretory system is to filter blood and remove waste products like urea, which are then excreted in urine.
85
Question: What are the main organs involved in the human excretory (renal) system?
Answer: The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra are the main organs involved in the human excretory system.
86
Question: How do kidneys filter blood?
Answer: Kidneys filter blood through structures called nephrons, which remove waste products and excess substances, producing urine in the process.
87
Question: What is urea, and why is it essential to remove it from the body?
Answer: Urea is a waste product formed from the breakdown of proteins in the liver. It is essential to remove urea from the body because high levels can be toxic and affect various physiological processes.
88
Question: What happens to urine after it is produced in the kidneys?
Answer: Urine formed in the kidneys passes through the ureters to the bladder for storage and is eventually eliminated from the body through the urethra.
89
Question: What is the trend in reactivity when moving down Group 1 in the Periodic Table?
Answer: Reactivity increases as you move down Group 1 because elements have a greater tendency to lose their outermost electron.
90
Question: How is density calculated, and what does it represent?
Answer: Density is calculated by dividing an object's mass by its volume and represents the compactness of a substance.
91
Question: Given the mass and volume of two different substances, how can you compare their densities?
Answer: To compare densities, calculate the density of each substance using the formula density = mass/volume, and then determine which substance has a higher density value.
92
Question: How do the structures of elements and compounds influence their physical properties?
Answer: The structure of elements and compounds (simple or giant) affects physical properties such as melting point, boiling point, and electrical conductivity, with giant structures generally exhibiting higher melting points and better conductivity.
93
Question: What is the trend in melting points for Group 1 elements?
Answer: Melting points generally decrease as you move down Group 1.
94
Question: If an object floats in a liquid, what can be said about the object's density compared to the liquid's density?
Answer: The object has a lower density than the liquid.
95
Question: Which type of structure typically has higher melting points: simple or giant structures?
Answer: Giant structures typically have higher melting points.
96
Question: How does the structure of the Periodic Table help predict an element's properties?
Answer: Elements in the same group have similar properties due to their similar atomic structures, and trends in properties can be observed across periods.
97
Question: What is a covalent bond, and how is it formed?
Answer: A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons.
98
Question: What is an ion, and how is it different from a neutral atom?
Answer: An ion is an atom that has gained or lost electrons, giving it a positive or negative charge, while a neutral atom has an equal number of protons and electrons.
99
Question: What is an ionic bond, and how is it formed?
Answer: An ionic bond is formed by the attraction between a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion, typically involving the transfer of electrons.
100
Question: What is the main component of metallic bonds?
Answer: Metallic bonds involve metal ions and shared electrons.
101
Question: Can covalent bonds form between different types of atoms?
Answer: Yes, covalent bonds can form between different types of atoms.
102
Question: Are ionic bonds typically formed between metals and nonmetals or between two metals?
Answer: Ionic bonds typically form between metals and nonmetals.
103
Question: Do metallic bonds involve a transfer of electrons between atoms?
Answer: No, metallic bonds involve a shared "sea" of electrons around metal ions.
104
Question: Which type of bond is typically found in salt compounds: covalent, ionic, or metallic bonds?
Answer: Ionic bonds are typically found in salt compounds.
105
Question: Which type of elements generally form covalent bonds with each other: metals, nonmetals, or metalloids?
Answer: Nonmetals typically form covalent bonds with each other.
106
Question: Are covalent compounds typically electrically conductive or non-conductive?
Answer: Covalent compounds are generally non-conductive.
107
Question: In an ionic bond, which type of element typically gains electrons: metals or nonmetals?
Answer: Nonmetals typically gain electrons in an ionic bond.
108
Question: Are metallic bonds typically found in pure elements or compounds?
Answer: Metallic bonds are typically found in pure elements (metals).
109
Question: Which type of bond usually has the highest melting and boiling points: covalent, ionic, or metallic bonds?
Answer: Ionic and metallic bonds typically have higher melting and boiling points compared to covalent bonds.
110
Question: What is the purpose of word and symbol equations in chemistry?
Answer: They help describe chemical reactions by showing reactants and products.
111
What happens in a displacement reaction between a metal and a salt solution?
A more reactive metal replaces a less reactive metal in the salt solution.
112
How can you prepare a salt from a metal and an acid?
React the metal with the acid, then filter, evaporate, and crystallize the solution.
113
How can you prepare a salt from a metal carbonate and an acid?
React the metal carbonate with the acid, then filter, evaporate, and crystallize the solution.
114
115
Why do some objects float in water while others sink?
Objects with a lower density than water float, while those with a higher density sink.
116
What is the difference between heat and temperature?
Heat is the energy transferred between objects due to temperature differences, while temperature measures the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance.
117
What is meant by the conservation of energy?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another.
118
How does heat transfer occur between objects at different temperatures?
Heat transfers from hotter objects or regions to colder ones, which is called heat dissipation.
119
What are the three methods of thermal energy transfer?
Conduction, convection, and radiation are the three methods of thermal energy transfer.
120
How does evaporation help in cooling?
Evaporation cools by removing high-energy particles from a substance, reducing the average kinetic energy, and thus the temperature.
121
How can you calculate resistance in an electrical circuit?
Resistance can be calculated using the formula resistance = voltage / current.
122
What is the relationship between resistance and current?
As resistance increases, current decreases, and vice versa.
123
How are circuit diagrams used to represent electrical components and their connections?
Circuit diagrams use conventional symbols to show electrical components and their connections in a clear, standardized way.
124
Name a few electrical components that can be represented in circuit diagrams.
Cells, switches, resistors, ammeters, voltmeters, lamps, and buzzers are some electrical components represented in circuit diagrams.
125
How can you compare the current flow in two different circuits?
To compare current flow, analyze the circuit diagrams and calculate the current using Ohm's Law (I = V/R) for each circuit.
126
What is the collision theory for the formation of the Moon?
The collision theory proposes that a Mars-sized object named Theia collided with the early Earth, resulting in debris that formed the Moon.
127
What evidence supports the collision theory for the formation of the Moon?
Evidence includes lunar rock samples, Moon's orbit and size, and computer simulations of the collision event.
128
How do lunar rock samples support the collision theory?
Lunar rock samples show similar composition to Earth's mantle, supporting the idea that the Moon formed from Earth's material after the collision.
129
What role does the Moon's orbit play in supporting the collision theory?
The Moon's orbit is tilted and elliptical, which is consistent with the outcome of a collision between Earth and another celestial body.
130
What causes tectonic plates to move?
Tectonic plates move due to convection currents in the Earth's mantle.
131
How do the coastlines, volcanoes, earthquakes, and magnetic materials support the theory of tectonic plates?
They provide evidence of past and present plate movements, such as continental fit, volcanic and seismic activity at plate boundaries, and magnetic striping on the ocean floor.
132
What are the main processes involved in the carbon cycle?
Photosynthesis, respiration, feeding, decomposition, and combustion are key processes in the carbon cycle.
133
What are some consequences of climate change on Earth's ecosystems and human populations?
Consequences include sea-level rise, increased frequency and severity of floods, droughts, and extreme weather events.
134
How can an asteroid collision impact Earth's climate and life?
Asteroid collisions can cause climate change, mass extinctions, and long-term environmental alterations.
135
How does the collision theory explain the formation of the Moon?
The collision theory suggests that a Mars-sized object called Theia collided with the early Earth, resulting in debris that formed the Moon.
136
What are nebulae and how do they contribute to star formation?
Nebulae are clouds of dust and gas that can act as stellar nurseries, providing the necessary materials for star formation.
