Science Flashcards
1
Q
proton location
A
Nucleus
2
Q
neutron location
A
nucleus
3
Q
electron location
A
orbit around nucleus
4
Q
Proton Mass
A
1 amu
5
Q
neutron Mass
A
1 amu
6
Q
electron mass
A
1/2000th amu
7
Q
Proton charge
A
+1
8
Q
neutron charge
A
neutral
9
Q
electron charge
A
-1
10
Q
Atom
A
smallest particle of matter
11
Q
molecule
A
2 or more atoms bonded together
12
Q
elements
A
consist of only one type of atom
13
Q
compound
A
made up of two or more different atoms bonded together.
14
Q
Mass number
A
- Protons + Neutrons
- top number
15
Q
atomic number
A
- number of protons
- bottom number
16
Q
isotope
A
- same atomic number but a different mass number
- same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
17
Q
groups on periodic table
A
different vertical columns of elements
18
Q
Group 1 name
A
alkali metals
19
Q
group 2 name
A
alkaline earth metals
20
Q
groups 3 - 12 name
A
transition metals
21
Q
group 13 name
A
boron group
22
Q
group 14 name
A
carbon group
23
Q
group 15
A
nitrogen group
24
Q
group 16
A
oxygen group
25
group 17
halogens
26
group 18
noble gases
27
periods on periodic table
different rows of elements
28
electron configuration
2, 8, 8, 2
29
3 classes of elements
metals, non-metals, metalloids
30
metals
- left of zig zag line (exception, hydrogen)
- few electrons on outer shell, loose electrons easily
- ductile, good conductors, malleable, shiny, most solid, room temp
31
non - metals
- right of zig zag line
- full electrons on outer shell, gain electrons easily
- not ductile, not malleable, poor conductors, most solid, some gas
32
metalloids
- borders zig zag line
- half or some full set of electrons on outer shell
- properties of metals and metalloids
33
how many orbitals does period 1 have
1
34
how many orbitals does period 6 have
6
35
how many orbitals does period 3 have
3
36
how many orbitals does period 7 have
7
37
cation
positive ion
38
anion
negative ion
39
how many electrons does group 1 loose or gain
Lose 1 electron to form 1+ ions
40
how many electrons does group 13 loose or gain
Loses 3 electrons to form 3+ ions
41
how many electrons does group 2 loose or gain
Loses 2 electrons to form 2+ ions
42
how many electrons does group 14 loose or gain
neither. they rarely form ions
43
how many electrons does group 15 loose or gain
Gains 3 electrons to form 3- ions
44
how many electrons does group 16 loose or gain
Gains 2 electrons to form 2- ions
45
how many electrons does group 17 loose or gain
Gains 1 electron to form 1- ions
46
how many electrons does group 18 loose or gain
stable. noble gases. do not form ions
47
how many electrons does groups 3 - 12 loose or gain
Many transition elements have more than one possible oxidation state.
e.g. iron (ll) = Fe 2+, iron (lll) = Fe 3+
48
Write Aluminum sulfide ionic compound
Al3+, S2- = Al2S3
49
Monatomic anion
root + -ide
50
neutralisation reactions
- Acid + base
- transfer of a hydrogen from the acid to the base
- Acid + Base → Salt + Water
51
Acid + Metal Reactions
- result in the formation of a salt and hydrogen gas
- Acid + metal → salt + hydrogen gas
52
Acid + Carbonate Reactions
- acid is reacted with a carbonate, a salt, water and carbon dioxide gas is produced.
- Acid + “carbonate” → salt + water + carbon dioxide gas
53
Combustion Reactions
- burning in air, where a substance chemically combines with oxygen
- Hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
54
Structure of DNA
Double Helix
55
Molecule of DNA is made up of
Neucleotides
56
nucleotides consists of
Phosphate group
Pentose sugar
Nitrogenous base
57
4 bases
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
58
Combination/Synthesis Reactions
- Two or more chemicals are combined to form another.
- A + B → AB
59
Decomposition Reactions
- Chemical compounds can be split into their components in decomposition reactions.
- Most need energy input and special conditions for this to happen.
60
Precipitation Reactions
- two ionic compounds in solution are mixed, sometimes a precipitate (solid) is formed.
- written with (aq), (s)
61
Phosphate and sugar form what
Backbone of DNA
62
Bases form what
'Rungs'
63
A gene
a section of DNA that codes for a protein
64
Unique gene sequences...
code for proteins
65
Metal Displacement Reactions
- more reactive metal is added to a solution containing the salt of a less reactive metal, it will “displace it from solution"
- AB + C -> AC + B
66
Protein combinations give
Phenotypes
67
During cell replication chromatids form...
Chromosomes
68
chemical reaction formula
reactants → products
69
sister chromatid
identical copies (chromatids) formed by the DNA replication
70
chemical reaction balancing
both sides must have same amount of each atom
71
chromatid
two threadlike strands, where a chromosome divides
72
Centromere
joins the sister chromatids
73
Gene Locus
position on chromosome that has a given gene
74
To determine homologous pairs you need
- Position of the centromere
- Length of short and long arms.
- And gene locus
75
Displacement
- final position – initial position
- Does depend on direction.
- Vector quantity
76
Linear Motion
Objects travelling in a straight line
77
Sex Chromosomes
XX or XY 23rd pair
78
Alleles
variants of genes
79
Vibrational Motion
All particles in an object have vibrational motion
80
Motion
All objects that are moving
81
Circular Motion
Objects travelling in a circle
82
Cell division
process in which a parent cell divides
83
Distance
- how much ground an object has covered
- not depend on direction
- Scalar quantity
84
2N
46 chromosomes
85
N
23 chromosomes
86
mitosis
- 1 division
- 2 daughter cells
- Daughter cells have 2N
- Body cells
- Identical to parent cell
87
meiosis
- 2 divisions occur
- 4 daughter cells
- half genetic information of each parent
- gamete cells
- 1st division – 2N
- 2nd division – N
88
acceleration
- rate of change of velocity of an object.
- speeding up
89
Diploid
2N
90
Displacement by calculation
a2 + b2 = c2
91
Haploid
N
92
Karyotype
A photomicrograph of a cell’s chromosome pairs (homologous pairs) arranged in order.
93
Speed
- Rate at which an object is moving
- does not depend on direction
94
Function of a karyotype
Determine sex and abnormalities
95
Sex of a cell
XX = Female XY = Male
96
Speed formula
speed = distance / time
97
velocity
- speed with direction
- rate at which an object changes its position
98
Monosomy
one chromosome lacks its homologous partner. .
99
velocity formula
velocity = displacement / time
100
Scalar quantity
- has magnitude but not direction
- distance and speed
101
Trisomy
an extra copy of a chromosome is present
102
vector quantity
- has magnitude and direction
- Displacement and velocity
103
2 principles of inheritence
Dominance, segregation and Independent Assortment
104
acceleration formula
Final Velocity – Initial Velocity
--------------------------------------------
time
105
Principle of Dominance
- dominant allele is a trait that’s appearance will always be seen
- Capital Letter
- Recessive is 'hidden'
- Lower Case
106
Principle of Segregation
- During meiosis the pairs of alleles separate.
- Gametes contain ONE of each allele
107
Independent Assortment
- During meiosis each gamete receives only ONE set of genes, the other set going to another gamete.
- factors recombine during fertilisation.
108
Converting Length
x1000 x100 x10
km -> m -> cm -> mm
÷1000 ÷100 ÷10
109
Converting Time
. x7 x24 x60 x60
wk -> day -> hr -> min -> sec
. ÷7 ÷24 ÷60 ÷60
110
Crossing Over
first division in Meiosis, when all the homologous pairs line up.
Segments of non-sister chromatids break and reattach to the other chromatid. – Remember DNA is sticky
111
Cross Fertilisation
- 2 Gametes cross together to create one fertilised cell
- Gametes (sperm and egg) finish with haploid number of chromosomes
112
Punnett Square
Table that is used to predict the probability of possible genotypes
113
Genotype
The name given to show the “competing” alleles of a chromosome pair.
Eg. bb, Bb, BB
114
Phenotype
The physical expression of the genotype on the offspring.
Eg. Genotype bb, results in brown hair phenotype
115
HOMOZYGOUS
If both letters of the genotype are the same eg. AA or aa
116
Converting Speed
. ÷3.6
Km/h -> m/s
. x 3.6
117
HETEROZYGOUS
If both letters of the genotype are different eg. Aa
118
Genotypes percentages
¼ or 25% A
A Homozygous dominant ½ or 50% Aa Heterozygous ¼ or 25% aa Homozygous recessive
119
phenotypes percentages
¾ or 75% Black hair ¼ or 25% brown hair
120
deceleration
- negative acceleration
- slowing down
121
