SCIENCE Flashcards
Two branches of science
Physical Science, Biological Science
The study of non-living things
Physical Science
The science of living things
Biological Science
The term biology comes from TWO greek words
bios means life and logos means knowledge
regarded as the father of Biology
Aristotle
Biology has been divided into two branches
Botany , Zoology
Deals with theoretical discussion and research about characteristics and features of plants.
Botany
Limited in subjects relating to animals
Zoology
Extensive research has been done on microorganisms, and with this, a new branch has been made, known as
Microbiology
The whole range of biology is divided into the following branches:
Morphology , Cytology , Histology , Physiology , Taxonomy , Genetics , Ecology , Evolution
Deals with both external and internal structures of organisms. The subject concerning internal structures is also known as Anatomy
Morphology
Each living organism consists of one or more cells. Structures and functions of cells are treated in this branch,
Cytology
Discussion is made on structure, location and functions of different tissues.
Histology
Include all the activities of living things eg. growth respiration, excretion, photosynthesis, and other biological activities.
Physiology
Discussion is made on identification nomenclature, and classification of plants and animals into groups and subgroups.
Taxonomy
How different characters are inherited from parent to offspring, and how the processes can be controlled and improved are brought under study and research.
Genetics
Considers the effects of environment on living organisms or living communities and also interaction between them
Ecology
Deals with the origin and successive transformations of living organisms
Evolution
Includes on members of algae
Phycology
Where fungi are treated
Mycology
Deals with viruses only
Virology
Deals with bacteria
Bacteriology
Based on study of worms only
Helminthology
Discusses insects
Entomology
Regarded as the father of Zoology
Aristotle
Wrote a book on animals and named it “Historia animalium”
Aristotle
Aristotle wrote a book on animals and named it ____
Historia animalium
Is a simple one celled animal
AMOEBA
lives in ponds, rivers, and other freshwater pools.
Amoeba
Amoeba appears as a ___ and ___ drop of jelly when viewed under a microscope.
colourless , transparent
It lacks a definite body shape because it changes its shape by producing the ____ every moment.
pseudopodia
As Amoeba’s shape is changeable, its body cannot be divided into two similar parts. This condition is called
asymmetry
In size, a full grown Amoeba generally may be from ____ mm to __ mm.
1/20 , 1
The body of Amoeba can be divided into two main parts, _____ and _____.
Plasmalema , Protoplasm.
Gives the amoeba shape
Plasmalema
It helps the Amoeba to become attached to any solid surface.
Plasmalema
The thick jelly-like substance surrounded by the plasmalemma is the
Protoplasm
Protoplasm can be divided into two parts
Cytoplasm and Nucleus
Without the nucleus, the rest of the protoplasm is
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is divided into two parts:
Ectoplasm and Endoplasm.
The part of cytoplasm immediately behind the plasma membrane is known
Ectoplasm
The granular portion of cytoplasm which is surrounded by the ectoplasm is known as the ____.This part is semi transparent and less viscous.
Endoplasm
At the middle of the endoplasm the translucent round body seen is the ____. It cannot be clearly seen in the body of living Amoeba.
nucleus
Attempts to understand the behavior of matter extended back for more than 2500 years.
Chemistry
is sometimes referred to as “the central science” due to its interconnectedness with a vast array of other STEM disciplines
Chemistry
play vital roles in biology, medicine, materials science, forensics, environmental science, etc.
Chemistry
A tentative explanation of observations that acts as a guide for gathering and checking information.
hypothesis
The ___ of science summarize a vast number of experimental observations, and describe or predict some facet of the natural world. If such a hypothesis turns out to be capable of explaining a large body of experimental data, it can reach the status of a theory.
laws
are well-substantiated, comprehensive, testable explanations of particular aspects of nature. Theories are accepted because they provide satisfactory explanations, but they can be modified if new data become available.
Scientific theories
The path of discovery that leads from question and observation to law or hypothesis to theory, combined with experimental verification of the hypothesis and any necessary modification of the theory, is called the ____
scientific method
Chemists study and describe the behavior of matter and energy in three different domains:
macroscopic, microscopic, and symbolic.
is a Greek word that means “large.”
Macro
It is the realm of everyday things that are large enough to be sensed directly by human sight or touch. In daily life, this includes the food you eat and the breeze you feel on your face.
Macroscopic Domain
The ____ domain includes everyday and laboratory chemistry, where we observe and measure physical and chemical properties, or changes such as density, solubility, and flammability.
macroscopic
also comes from Greek and means “small.”
Micro
Some aspects of the _____ domains are visible through a microscope, such as a magnified image of graphite or bacteria.
microscopic
Other components of the ____ domain include ions and electrons, protons and neutrons, and chemical bonds, each of which is far too small to see.
microscopic
Contains the specialized language used to represent components of the macroscopic and microscopic domains.
Symbolic Domain
Chemical symbols (such as those used in the periodic table), chemical formulas, and chemical equations are part of the _____ _____, as are graphs and drawings.
Symbolic Domain
Defined as anything that occupies space and has mass, and it is all around us.
Matter
What are the 3 states of matter commonly found on earth
Solids, liquids, and gas
is rigid and possesses a definite shape.
Solid
flows and takes the shape of a container, except that it forms a flat or slightly curved upper surface when acted upon by gravity.
Liquid
takes both the shape and volume of its container.
Gas
Fourth state of matter, ___, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars.
Plasma
a gaseous state of matter that contains appreciable numbers of electrically charged particles.
Plasma
The ____ of an object is a measure of the amount of matter in it.
mass
refers to the force that gravity exerts on an object.
Weight
summarizes many scientific observations about matter:
Law of Conservation of Matter
It states that there is no detectable change in the total quantity of matter present when matter converts from one type to another (a chemical change) or changes among solid, liquid, or gaseous states (a physical change).
Law of Conservation of Matter
the smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element and can enter into a chemical combination.
Atom
From the Greek atomos, meaning “____”
indivisible
One of the smallest things we can see with our unaided eye is a single thread of a spider web.
Atom
consists of two or more atoms joined by strong forces called chemical bonds.
Molecule
Like atoms, ____ are incredibly small and light. If an ordinary glass of water were enlarged to the size of the earth, the water molecules inside it would be about the size of golf balls
molecules
We can classify matter into several categories. Two broad categories are
mixtures and pure substances.
It has a constant composition.
Pure Substance
All specimens of a ____ ____- have exactly the same makeup and properties.
Pure substance
We can divide pure substances into two classes:
elements and compounds.
Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical changes
Elements
Pure substances that can be broken down by chemical changes
Compounds
composed of two or more types of matter that can be present in varying amounts and can be separated by physical changes, such as evaporation
Mixture
Two types of mixture
Heterogeneous mixture , Homogeneous mixture
A mixture with a composition that varies from point to point
Heterogeneous mixture
also called a solution, exhibits a uniform composition and appears visually the same throughout.
Homogeneous mixtures
The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called ____.
properties
a characteristic of matter that is not associated with a change in its chemical composition.
Physical Property
Familiar examples of ______ _____include density, color, hardness, melting and boiling points, and electrical conductivity.
Physical properties
a change in the state or properties of matter without any accompanying change in its chemical composition
Physical Change
The change of one type of matter into another type (or the inability to change)
Chemical Property
Examples of ____ ____ include flammability, toxicity, acidity, reactivity (many types), and heat of combustion. Iron, for example, combines with oxygen in the presence of water to form rust; chromium does not oxidize
chemical properties
always produces one or more types of matter that differ from the matter present before the change.
Chemical Change
Properties of matter fall into one of two categories.
Extensive Property , Intensive Property
If the property depends on the amount of matter present
Extensive Property
If the property of a sample of matter does not depend on the amount of matter present
Intensive Property
provide the macroscopic information that is the basis of most of the hypotheses, theories, and laws that describe the behavior of matter and energy in both the macroscopic and microscopic domains of chemistry.
Measurements
The number in the measurement can be represented in different ways, including ____ and ____
decimal form and scientific notation.
such as liters, pounds, and centimeters, are standards of comparison for measurements
Units
We usually report the results of scientific measurements in ____, an updated version of the metric system
SI units
The initial units of the metric system, which eventually evolved into the SI system, were established in France during the French Revolution.
SI Base Units
The standard unit of length in both the SI and original metric systems is the
meter (m).
The standard unit of mass in the SI system is the
kilogram (kg)
Temperature is an intensive property. The SI unit of temperature is the
kelvin (K)
The SI base unit of time is the
second (s).
We can derive many units from the seven SI base units. For example, we can use the base unit of length to define a unit of volume, and the base units of mass and length to define a unit of density
Derived SI Units
The measure of the amount of space occupied by an object.
Volume
is the volume of a cube with an edge length of exactly one centimeter.
Cubic centimeter (cm3)
A cubic centimeter is also called a ____ ___ and is 1/1000 of a liter.
milliliter (mL)
We use the mass and volume of a substance to determine its ___.
Density
The ___ of a substance is the ratio of the mass of a sample of the substance to its volume.
density
Counting is the only type of measurement that is free from uncertainty, provided the number of objects being counted does not change while the counting process is underway. The result of such a counting measurement is an example of an
exact number.
The numbers of measured quantities, unlike defined or directly counted quantities, are not exact.
Significant figures in measurement
Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to know both the ___ and the ___ of their results.
precision , accuracy
Measurements are said to be ____ if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner.
precise
A measurement is considered ___ if it yields a result that is very close to the true or accepted value.
accurate
distance/ time
Speed
distance / speed
Time
Is based on the premise: the units of quantities must be subjected to the same mathematical operations as their associated numbers.
Dimensional analysis
This method can be applied to computation ranging from simple unit conversions to more complex, multi-step calculation involving several different quantities.
Dimensional analysis
A ratio of two equivalent quantities expressed with different measurement units can be used as a
unit conversion factor
We use the word ____ to refer to the hotness or coldness of a substance.
temperature
Fahrenheit to Celsius Formula
C = 5/9 x (F - 32)
Celsius to Fahrenheit Formula
°F = (9/5 × °C) + 32.
The smallest unit of matter that can still retain the identity of an element.
Atom
An ___ consists of a central nucleus made up of protons and neutrons, and electrons that whiz around the nucleus in orbitals.
atom
____ and ____ have roughly the same mass, while ____ are much lighter.
Protons and neutrons , electrons
___ have a positive charge, ___ have a negative charge, and ___ have no charge.
Protons, electrons, neutrons
An atom is electrically ___ because the number of protons equals the number or electrons
neutral
Are ford when two or more atoms bond together.
Molecules
The way atoms bond with each other determines the properties of the ___
molecule
There are two main types of chemical bonds:
covalent bonds and ionic bonds.
Atoms share electrons
Covalent Bond
two or more ions come together and are held together by charge differences
Ionic Bond
Are atoms that have gained or lost electrons, giving them an electric charge.
Ions
An atom that gains one or more electrons become negatively charged
Anion
An atom that loses one or more electrons becomes positively charged
Cation
___ are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons in order to achieve a stable electron configuration, which is eight electrons in the other shell.
Ions
Ions are attracted to each other by ___ ____(opposite charges attract)
electrostatic forces
