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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell theory

A

-All living organisms are composed of cells
-The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms
-All cells come from preexisting cells

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2
Q

Cells carry out the Basic processes of life

A

-Take in food and metabolize it for energy
-Respond to the environment
-Grow
-Reproduce
-Dispose of waste

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3
Q

Cells are

A

Building blocks to form more complex body parts

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4
Q

Multicellular organisms such as humans use cells as building blocks to form more complex body parts

A
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5
Q

Cells>tissues>organs>organ systems

A

Cells that have a specialized function join together to form tissues. Tissues are a group of cells that work together to perform a task. Tissues join together to form organs. Organs are two or more tissues that work together to form a task. Organs and tissues join together to form organ systems. Organ systems are two or more organs that perform a task.

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6
Q

4 main types of tissue

A

C-MEN (need a tissue?)
C-connective (bone and cartilage)
M-uscle (skeletal and cardiac)
E-pithelial (organ surfaces, mouth lining and skin)
N-ervous (brain cells and spinal nerves)

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7
Q

11organ systems

A

CLEGGRRIINS
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Endocrine
Gastrointestinal
Genitourinary
Reproductive
Respiratory
Immune
Integumentary
Neuromuscular
Skeletal

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8
Q

Organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis is…

A

A stable environment inside the human body

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9
Q

Standard Anatomical Position

A

Forward facing upright feet forward flat hands to the side with palms forward

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10
Q

Anatomical planes

A

CST
Coronal-divides body front and back
Sagittal-divides body left and right
Transverse-divides body top and bottom

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11
Q

Coronal plane/Frontal

A

Divides body front and back
Anterior-front
Posterior-back
Ventral-front
Dorsal-back

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12
Q

Sagittal plane/Lateral

A

Divides body left and right portions

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13
Q

Transverse plane/Axial

A

Divides body into top and bottom
Superior-head
Inferior-(caudal)feet

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14
Q

TH/A Ventral cavity
THELT
SKIPSLG

A

Ventral means front (anterior)
Includes Thoracic Cavity with the thymus gland, heart, esophagus lungs, and trachea. Also the Abdominopelvic Cavity with the spleen, kidneys, small and large intestines, pancreas, stomach, liver and gallbladder

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15
Q

Connective tissue

A

Bone and cartilage

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16
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Skeletal and cardiac

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17
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Skin
Organ surface
Mouth lining

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18
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Brain cells and spinal nerves

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19
Q

How many types of different tissue does the body contain?

A

4
CMEN
connective: bone joint cartilage
Muscle: skeletal and cardiac
Endothelial: mouth organ surface skin
Nervous: brain cells and spinal nerves

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20
Q

Connective tissue connects…

A

Body parts

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21
Q

Muscle tissue does this

A

Contracts to create skeletal movement

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22
Q

Nervous tissue including nerve cells and fibers do this,,,

A

Makes up the nervous system

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23
Q

Epithelial tissue does this…

A

Comprises the linings of body’s internal and external surfaces

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24
Q

How many times does a person breathe per day?

A

20,000

O2 in/Co2 out
Cells require in/out for energy and growth

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25
Q

Respiration

A

Provide oxygen to the body cells for use in creating energy through gas exchange to the cells. O2 in CO2 out. Lungs and respiratory system perform gas exchange automatically. The oxygen is used to burn food and create energy.

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26
Q

Gas exchange takes place as follows from body parts to body parts.

A

Inhale from atmosphere >nose>nasal cavity >pharynx>larynx>trachea>
bronchi>bronchioles>alveoli

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27
Q

Alveoli

A

Main Site of gas exchange
Gas exchange is diffusion between alveoli and blood
Size of football field

28
Q

Gas exchange

A

Takes place in alveoli and blood by diffusion. Oxygen diffuses through surfactant

29
Q

Surfactant

A

Coats membrane of alveoli
Reduces pressure required to inflate alveoli by lowering surface tension. Oxygen passes through alveoli wall into blood capillaries and into red blood cells. When exhaling, process is reversed and oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in alveoli released as waste gas.

30
Q

Diaphragm

A

Domelike muscle below lungs. Flattens to draw air in and expands to force air out.

31
Q

Cardiovascular system is also circulatory system

A

Heart delivers deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs. Gets oxygenated and circulated to the body.

32
Q

What symptoms would you expect in a patient with low blood oxygen?

A

Weakness and low energy

33
Q

Heart does this….deliver

A

Deliver nutrients, removing waste products, regulating hormones, and fighting infections circulating blood and lymph throughout body.

34
Q

Circulatory system transports

A

Transports materials to and from the body’s cells. Blood is the carrier.

35
Q

TOONHI AND AWAY WASTE CO2 and Salt

A

Circulatory system brings
To
tO
Oxygen (respiratory system)
Nutrients (from digestive system)
Hormones (insulin secreted by glands and nerve cells)
Immune cells

AWAY
WASTE (eventually secretes as urine)
CO2 (exhaled)
Salts (often retained by body)

36
Q

Arteries>arterioles> capillaries

A

Thick walled vessels carry oxygenated blood away from heart (no one way valves)

37
Q

Veins

A

Thin walled vessels carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Blood first diffuses in the lungs into tiny capillaries and then returns to the heart through venules that merge to create larger veins.

38
Q

Heart has 4 chambers

A

Right and left atrium on top
Right and left ventricles on the bottom

39
Q

Medial

A

Nearer to the midline
In anatomical position, the little finger is medial to the thumb

40
Q

Lateral

A

The opposite of medial further away from bodies midline
In the anatomical position, the thumb is lateral to the little finger

41
Q

Proximal

A

Refers to Structures closer to the center of the body. The hip is proximal to the knee.

42
Q

Distal

A

Refers to structures further away from the center of the body. The knee is distal to the hip.

43
Q

Cephalic cephalad

A

Adverbs meaning towards the head

44
Q

Cranial

A

Adjective meaning skull

45
Q

Caudad - caudal

A

Caudad-Adverb meaning towards the tail or posterior
Caudal is the adjective meaning of the Hindquarters

46
Q

Abdomen has 4 quadrants with center being umbilicus (navel)

A

RUQ-duodenum, part of the ascending and transverse:, hepatic flexure, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, parentheses head parentheses, right kidney, and right adrenal gland

47
Q

RLQ

A

Cecum, appendix, right ureter, right fallopian tube, and right ovary

48
Q

LUQ

A

Stomach, liver, parentheses left lobe parentheses, pancreas, parentheses body parentheses, left kidney, left adrenal gland, splenic, flexure, spleen, part of transverse and descending colon

49
Q

LLQ

A

Left ureter, left fallopian tube, left ovary, part of descending:, and sigmoid colon

50
Q

Ventral cavity

A

Thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities separated by the diaphragm
(Skin, skeletal muscles, and bone)

51
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Above the diaphragm and contains the lungs and mediastinum, which separates the cavity into right and left compartments. The heart, trachea, esophagus, and thymus gland lie within the mediastinum

52
Q

Mediastinum

A

Heart, trachea, esophagus, and thymus gland

53
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Extends below the diaphragm to the pelvic floor, contains the upper abdominal cavity and the lower pelvic cavity (not physically separated)
Abdominal cavity-stomach, liver, gallbladder, kidneys, pancreas, large, and small intestines
Pelvic cavity-in case in the pelvic bones contains the internal reproductive organs, the bladder, and the distal part of the colon

54
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

In case in the pelvic bones, contains the internal reproductive organs, the bladder, and the distal part of the colon

55
Q

Upper abdominal cavity

A

Stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, large, and small intestines

56
Q

Parietal layer
visceral layer

A

Parietal the lining of the cavity walls
Visceral layer lines, the organs

57
Q

Dorsal cavity

A

Located on the posterior dorsal aspect of the body and contains the brain and spinal cord

58
Q

Cranial cavity

A

In case in cranial bones at the bottom and skull cap the top, this cavity contains the brain, the 12 cranial nerves in the pituitary gland

59
Q

Meninges

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater and Pia mater lines the cranial cavity and surrounds the brain and spinal cord and contains cerebral spinal fluid between the arachnoid mater and Pia mater in the subarachnoid space. Meninges and cerebral spinal fluid protects and cushions the dorsal cavity

60
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Lines the internal and external surfaces of the body consists of squamous cuboidal and columnar cells they can expand and contract like on the inner lining of the bladder

61
Q

Connective tissue

A

Connective tissue provides the structure of the body, as well as the links between various body parts. Tendons, ligaments, cartilage and bone are all examples of connective tissue.

62
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Muscle tissue is composed of tiny fibers, which contract to move the skeleton. There are three types of muscle tissue, smooth, cardiac and skeletal.

63
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Nerve tissue makes up the nervous system. It is composed of nerve cells, nerve fibers, neuroglia, and traits.

64
Q

DNA is the primary carrier of genetic info. RNA is the Messenger that transmits genetic info to the cytoplasm for nucleotide bases each

A

Nucleotide bases are:
Cytosine adenine guanine plus
DNA-thymine and
RNA-uracil

65
Q

Enzymes

A

Enzymes are protein
enzymes are not acidic
Large molecules that serve as catalyst for certain biological reactions

66
Q

To find neutrons, take atomic weight and subtract the number of protons

A

Science teas (3 decks)

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