Science Flashcards
Cell theory
-All living organisms are composed of cells
-The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms
-All cells come from preexisting cells
Cells carry out the Basic processes of life
-Take in food and metabolize it for energy
-Respond to the environment
-Grow
-Reproduce
-Dispose of waste
Cells are
Building blocks to form more complex body parts
Multicellular organisms such as humans use cells as building blocks to form more complex body parts
Cells>tissues>organs>organ systems
Cells that have a specialized function join together to form tissues. Tissues are a group of cells that work together to perform a task. Tissues join together to form organs. Organs are two or more tissues that work together to form a task. Organs and tissues join together to form organ systems. Organ systems are two or more organs that perform a task.
4 main types of tissue
C-MEN (need a tissue?)
C-connective (bone and cartilage)
M-uscle (skeletal and cardiac)
E-pithelial (organ surfaces, mouth lining and skin)
N-ervous (brain cells and spinal nerves)
11organ systems
CLEGGRRIINS
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Endocrine
Gastrointestinal
Genitourinary
Reproductive
Respiratory
Immune
Integumentary
Neuromuscular
Skeletal
Organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis is…
A stable environment inside the human body
Standard Anatomical Position
Forward facing upright feet forward flat hands to the side with palms forward
Anatomical planes
CST
Coronal-divides body front and back
Sagittal-divides body left and right
Transverse-divides body top and bottom
Coronal plane/Frontal
Divides body front and back
Anterior-front
Posterior-back
Ventral-front
Dorsal-back
Sagittal plane/Lateral
Divides body left and right portions
Transverse plane/Axial
Divides body into top and bottom
Superior-head
Inferior-(caudal)feet
TH/A Ventral cavity
THELT
SKIPSLG
Ventral means front (anterior)
Includes Thoracic Cavity with the thymus gland, heart, esophagus lungs, and trachea. Also the Abdominopelvic Cavity with the spleen, kidneys, small and large intestines, pancreas, stomach, liver and gallbladder
Connective tissue
Bone and cartilage
Muscle tissue
Skeletal and cardiac
Epithelial tissue
Skin
Organ surface
Mouth lining
Nervous tissue
Brain cells and spinal nerves
How many types of different tissue does the body contain?
4
CMEN
connective: bone joint cartilage
Muscle: skeletal and cardiac
Endothelial: mouth organ surface skin
Nervous: brain cells and spinal nerves
Connective tissue connects…
Body parts
Muscle tissue does this
Contracts to create skeletal movement
Nervous tissue including nerve cells and fibers do this,,,
Makes up the nervous system
Epithelial tissue does this…
Comprises the linings of body’s internal and external surfaces
How many times does a person breathe per day?
20,000
O2 in/Co2 out
Cells require in/out for energy and growth
Respiration
Provide oxygen to the body cells for use in creating energy through gas exchange to the cells. O2 in CO2 out. Lungs and respiratory system perform gas exchange automatically. The oxygen is used to burn food and create energy.
Gas exchange takes place as follows from body parts to body parts.
Inhale from atmosphere >nose>nasal cavity >pharynx>larynx>trachea>
bronchi>bronchioles>alveoli
Alveoli
Main Site of gas exchange
Gas exchange is diffusion between alveoli and blood
Size of football field
Gas exchange
Takes place in alveoli and blood by diffusion. Oxygen diffuses through surfactant
Surfactant
Coats membrane of alveoli
Reduces pressure required to inflate alveoli by lowering surface tension. Oxygen passes through alveoli wall into blood capillaries and into red blood cells. When exhaling, process is reversed and oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in alveoli released as waste gas.
Diaphragm
Domelike muscle below lungs. Flattens to draw air in and expands to force air out.
Cardiovascular system is also circulatory system
Heart delivers deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs. Gets oxygenated and circulated to the body.
What symptoms would you expect in a patient with low blood oxygen?
Weakness and low energy
Heart does this….deliver
Deliver nutrients, removing waste products, regulating hormones, and fighting infections circulating blood and lymph throughout body.
Circulatory system transports
Transports materials to and from the body’s cells. Blood is the carrier.
TOONHI AND AWAY WASTE CO2 and Salt
Circulatory system brings
To
tO
Oxygen (respiratory system)
Nutrients (from digestive system)
Hormones (insulin secreted by glands and nerve cells)
Immune cells
AWAY
WASTE (eventually secretes as urine)
CO2 (exhaled)
Salts (often retained by body)
Arteries>arterioles> capillaries
Thick walled vessels carry oxygenated blood away from heart (no one way valves)
Veins
Thin walled vessels carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Blood first diffuses in the lungs into tiny capillaries and then returns to the heart through venules that merge to create larger veins.
Heart has 4 chambers
Right and left atrium on top
Right and left ventricles on the bottom
Medial
Nearer to the midline
In anatomical position, the little finger is medial to the thumb
Lateral
The opposite of medial further away from bodies midline
In the anatomical position, the thumb is lateral to the little finger
Proximal
Refers to Structures closer to the center of the body. The hip is proximal to the knee.
Distal
Refers to structures further away from the center of the body. The knee is distal to the hip.
Cephalic cephalad
Adverbs meaning towards the head
Cranial
Adjective meaning skull
Caudad - caudal
Caudad-Adverb meaning towards the tail or posterior
Caudal is the adjective meaning of the Hindquarters
Abdomen has 4 quadrants with center being umbilicus (navel)
RUQ-duodenum, part of the ascending and transverse:, hepatic flexure, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, parentheses head parentheses, right kidney, and right adrenal gland
RLQ
Cecum, appendix, right ureter, right fallopian tube, and right ovary
LUQ
Stomach, liver, parentheses left lobe parentheses, pancreas, parentheses body parentheses, left kidney, left adrenal gland, splenic, flexure, spleen, part of transverse and descending colon
LLQ
Left ureter, left fallopian tube, left ovary, part of descending:, and sigmoid colon
Ventral cavity
Thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities separated by the diaphragm
(Skin, skeletal muscles, and bone)
Thoracic cavity
Above the diaphragm and contains the lungs and mediastinum, which separates the cavity into right and left compartments. The heart, trachea, esophagus, and thymus gland lie within the mediastinum
Mediastinum
Heart, trachea, esophagus, and thymus gland
Abdominopelvic cavity
Extends below the diaphragm to the pelvic floor, contains the upper abdominal cavity and the lower pelvic cavity (not physically separated)
Abdominal cavity-stomach, liver, gallbladder, kidneys, pancreas, large, and small intestines
Pelvic cavity-in case in the pelvic bones contains the internal reproductive organs, the bladder, and the distal part of the colon
Pelvic cavity
In case in the pelvic bones, contains the internal reproductive organs, the bladder, and the distal part of the colon
Upper abdominal cavity
Stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, large, and small intestines
Parietal layer
visceral layer
Parietal the lining of the cavity walls
Visceral layer lines, the organs
Dorsal cavity
Located on the posterior dorsal aspect of the body and contains the brain and spinal cord
Cranial cavity
In case in cranial bones at the bottom and skull cap the top, this cavity contains the brain, the 12 cranial nerves in the pituitary gland
Meninges
Dura mater, arachnoid mater and Pia mater lines the cranial cavity and surrounds the brain and spinal cord and contains cerebral spinal fluid between the arachnoid mater and Pia mater in the subarachnoid space. Meninges and cerebral spinal fluid protects and cushions the dorsal cavity
Epithelial tissue
Lines the internal and external surfaces of the body consists of squamous cuboidal and columnar cells they can expand and contract like on the inner lining of the bladder
Connective tissue
Connective tissue provides the structure of the body, as well as the links between various body parts. Tendons, ligaments, cartilage and bone are all examples of connective tissue.
Muscle tissue
Muscle tissue is composed of tiny fibers, which contract to move the skeleton. There are three types of muscle tissue, smooth, cardiac and skeletal.
Nerve tissue
Nerve tissue makes up the nervous system. It is composed of nerve cells, nerve fibers, neuroglia, and traits.
DNA is the primary carrier of genetic info. RNA is the Messenger that transmits genetic info to the cytoplasm for nucleotide bases each
Nucleotide bases are:
Cytosine adenine guanine plus
DNA-thymine and
RNA-uracil
Enzymes
Enzymes are protein
enzymes are not acidic
Large molecules that serve as catalyst for certain biological reactions
To find neutrons, take atomic weight and subtract the number of protons
