science

Question 1

MONTREAL PROTOCOL

Answer 1

• A global agreement to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances.

Question 2

PRONATALIST POLICY

Answer 2

Policies which are designed with the purpose of increasing the birth rate/fertility rate of an area.

Question 3

ANTINATALIST POLICY

Answer 3

Policies which encourage people to plan smaller families, lower fertility rates and reduce the number of births (Ex: China’s One-Child Policy)

Question 4

UNITED NATIONS (UN) AGENDA 21

Answer 4

-A non-binding action plan of the United Nations with regard to sustainable development. Outlines global strategies for cleaning up the environment and encouraging environmental sound development in response to human population sizes.

Question 5

CLUB OF ROME

Answer 5

-A nonprofit, informal organization of intellectuals and business leaders whose goal is a critical discussion of pressing global issues.

Question 6

THE CONVENTION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES (CITES)

Answer 6

• An international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species.

Question 7

INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION (IWC)

Answer 7

• A specialized regional fishery management organization, established under the terms of the 1946 International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW) to “provide for the proper conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of the whaling industry”. The IWC provides for the protection of certain species; designate specified areas as whale sanctuaries; set limits on the numbers and size of whales that may be taken; prescribe open and closed seasons and areas for whaling; and prohibit the striking, taking or killing of calves and female whales accompanied by calves.

Question 8

EUROPEAN UNION COMMON FISHERIES POLICY (EUCFP)

Answer 8

• Sets quotas for which member states are allowed to catch each type of fish, as well as encouraging the fishing industry by various market interventions. Aims to conserve fish stocks and reduce overfishing in order to provide citizens with a long-term stable, secure and healthy food supply.

Question 9

INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER ORGANIZATION (ITTO)

Answer 9

An intergovernmental organization that promotes conservation of tropical forest resources and their sustainable management, use and trade.

Question 10

INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE (IUCN) RED LIST

Answer 10

-The Red List of Threatened Species™ is the world’s most comprehensive information source on the global extinction risk status of animal, fungus and plant species.

Question 11

EVOLUTIONARY DISTINCT AND GLOBALLY ENDANGERED SPECIES (EDGE)

Answer 11

Species which have a high “EDGE score”. EDGE species are often the only surviving member of their genus or even higher taxonomic rank. The extinction of such species would therefore represent a disproportionate loss of unique evolutionary history and biodiversity.

Question 12

DEBT FOR NATURE SWAP

Answer 12

-Financial mechanisms that allow portions of a LIC or MIC country’s foreign debt to be forgiven, in exchange for commitments to invest in biodiversity conservation and environmental policy measures.

Question 13

ANTARCTIC TREATY OF 1959

Answer 13

Agreement signed by 12 nations, in which the Antarctic continent was made a demilitarized zone to be preserved for scientific research.

Question 14

THE CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF ANTARCTIC MARINE LIVING RESOURCES (CCAMLR)

Answer 14

• Bans fishing of species native to the area and determines the opening/closing of fisheries, total allowable catch, and locations of marine protected areas.

Question 15

MADRID PROTOCOL 98’

Answer 15

“Any activity relating to mineral resources in Antarctica, other than scientific research, shall be prohibited”.

Question 16

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ANTARCTIC TOUR OPERATAORS (IAATO) OF 1991

Answer 16

• Enforces guidelines that limit the size of ships that can cruise Antarctic waters and also how many people can be landed at sites around Antarctica.

Question 17

WORLD FOOD PROGRAM-

Answer 17

An international organization within the United Nations that provides food assistance worldwide. It is the world’s largest humanitarian organization and the leading provider of school meals.

Question 18

CLEAN WATER ACT

Answer 18

Federal law in the United States governing water pollution. Its objective is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters; recognizing the responsibilities of the states in addressing pollution and providing assistance to states to do so, including funding for publicly owned treatment works for the improvement of wastewater treatment; and maintaining the integrity of wetlands.

Question 19

KYOTO PROTOCOL

Answer 19

International treaty that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that global warming is occurring and that human-made CO2 emissions are driving it.

Question 20

CARBON TAX

Answer 20

• A tax on fossil fuels, especially those used by motor vehicles, intended to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide. It is a type of penalty that businesses must pay for excessive greenhouse gas emissions through their operations. The tax is designed to encourage such businesses to reduce their output of greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Question 21

CAP AND TRADE

Answer 21

-A central authority or governmental body allocates or sells a limited number (a “cap”) of permits that allow a discharge of a specific quantity of a specific pollutant over a set time period. Polluters are required to hold permits in amount equal to their emissions. Polluters that want to increase their emissions must buy permits from others willing to sell them.