Science Flashcards
Describe cellular respiration
It is an oxidative catabolic activity
Describe anatomical position
Upright, arms at sides, palms facing anteriorly
The correct order from simple to most complex:
Brain, Neurons, Mitochondria, Nerve tissues
Mitochondria, Neurons, Nerve tissues, Brain
Which process describes the formation of new cells in order to replace worn-out and damaged cells?
Mitosis
Divides into 2 daughter cells
Which process describes the creation of sex cells?
Meiosis
Divides twice to make 4 haploid cells
Which is a heterotrophic organism with a genome stored in DNA?
Human
What condition occurs when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked?
Stroke
Arteries vs Veins
Veins have valves and arteries do not
The condition ________ can often lead to _______ due to buildup and blockage of coronary arteries, preventing blood flow to the myocardium.
atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction
Bllod pressure is recorded as two numbers, for example 110/70. The top number (110) represents _______ blood pressure which is _________________________.
Systole; the pressure in the blood vessels while the heart is ejecting blood
In order for the heart to contract, what happens if signal from the SA node fails to reach the purkinje fibers?
The purkinje fibers will act as pacemaker cells but fire at a slower rate
Which artery has the responsibility of supplying blood to the reproductive system?
Gonadal artery
What happens during hyperventilation?
Decreased CO2 levels result in an increase in pH.
What are some results of an embolus?
Myocardial infarction
TIA
Pulmonary embolism
The ______________ is the blood vessel that carries oxygen depleted blood away from the heart
Pulmonary artery
What happens during a contraction of the diaphragm?
A decrease in alveolar pressure
The _______ is a double layered membrane that lines the lungs
pleura
Gas exchange between the blood and alveoli would be enhanced by ______, but impeded by ______
increased alveolar surface area; increased membrane thickness
Which condition exhibits lung compliance?
Emphysema
______ is the exchange of O2 and CO2 across the alveolar membrane.
Diffusion
Which of the following terms correctly describes the movement of air in and out of the lungs?
Ventilation
Voluntary holding your breath will eventually result in:
an innate reflex to start breathing due to increased CO2 levels.
Which of the following is not a function of pulmonary surfactant?
Decrease in lung compliance
A lung with a low level of compliance could best be described as
a stiff lung requiring extra work to accomplish normal breathing.
The term _____ refers to the contraction of smooth muscle in the digestive system that moves food along the GI tract.
periastalsis
T/F
The hormone glucagon is secreted from the pancreas and stimulates mechanical digestion
False
Gastric reflex occurs as a result of an improper closing of the
lower esophageal sphincter
The ______ is an extension off of the large intestine that is often referred to as a vestigial organ.
Appendix
In the digestive system, bile is manufactured by the ______ and stored in the ______.
Liver; Gallbladder
The primary function of ______ is ________.
bile; fat emulsification in the small intestines
Which digestive organ contains vitamin-producing bacteria?
Large intestine
T/F
A function of pancreatic juice is to increase the acidity of stomach contents
False
Muscle contraction
Actin and myosin filaments slide past eachother.
Neurotransmitters stimulate muscle contraction.
Sarcomere shorten during contraction.
Muscle contraction requires ATP.
Skeletal muscle contraction is stimulated by the release of which neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholine
Which of the following structures divide and multiply in cases of injury or disease?
Glial cells
Describe the role of acetylcholine in muscle contraction
Acetylcholine binds to the membrane receptor in the sarcolemma and facilitates opening of the sodium channels.
Dopamine is one of the neurotransmitters in the nervous system. What happens when dopamine is released into the nerve synapse?
Binding of dopamine to the membrane receptor of the postsynaptic cell.
What refers to the process of nerve stimulation wherein the action potential is generated through several stimulations’ released in rapid succession by a single source?
Temporal summation
T/F Axon / sends stimulus to axon terminal
True
T/F Digestion / autonomic
true
Which disorder is caused by the degenerative demyelination of motor neurons resulting in dysfunction of voluntary muscles?
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Transecting injuries to the spinal cord will have detrimental effect to which of the following?
Somatic and autonomic systems
T/F Actin and myosin filaments shorten during contraction
False
Which division of the nervous system facilitates muscle contraction?
Somatic division
During contraction, thin _____ filaments slide past the thick ____ filaments which result to shortening of sarcomere and contraction of the muscle.
actin; myosin
Which of the following is the thick contractile protein found in the sarcomere?
Myosin
What is the result of demyelination?
Disrupted propagation of action potential along the axon.
T/F Prostate gland / Secretion of fluid that contributes to sperm motility and viability
True
T/F LH is produced by the anterior pituitary gland
False
T/F Ovaries / estrogen
True
WHich organ serves as both the implantation site of a fertilized ovum and the pathway for sperm to reach the uterine tubes?
Uterus
Which protein makes up hair and nails?
Keratin
In which layer of skin are the subcutaneous fat stores found?
Hypodermis
Which layers of the skin are affected by a third degree burn?
The epidermis and all of the dermis
Which layer if epidermis is absent in all parts of the body except in the palms and soles?
Stratum lucidum
T/F Langerhans cells are a sensory receptor found in the skin.
False
What is the result of deficient production of thyrotropin-releasing hormone?
The thyroid gland will produce an insufficient amount of thyroid hormones
T/F Lack or insufficiency of insulin produced by the pancreas can lead to diabetes
True
The response elicited by signals coming from endocrine glands is characterized by which of the following
Slow initiation, prolonged duration of response
Does the stimulation of stretching of the cervix and uterine contractions by oxytocin involve positive feedback?
Yes
T/F FSH / stimulates ovulation and production of testosterone
False
What is the result of deficient production of thyrotropin-releasing hormone?
The thyroid gland will produce an insufficient amount of thyroid hormones