SCIENCE Flashcards
In undisturbed sedimentary rocks, each layer is younger than the layer below it and older than the layer above it
Law of Superposition
T or F: Layered rocks are older than igneous rocks
True
Hardened remains or imprints of organisms lived a long time ago
Fossils
Study plant and animal fossils
Paleontologists
4 Geological Times (Oldest to Most Recent)
Precambrian
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
Geologic time up to 600 million years ago
Precambrian
Ancient life
Paleozoic
Intermediate life
Mesozoic
Recent life
Epochs
Cenozoic
Beginning of earth until 600 million years ago
Rocks found were almost devoid of fossils
Algae, sponges, worms existed
Too primitive to leave many fossils
History is either buried under young rock or eroded away
Igneous or metamorphic rocks
Precambrian
Divided into 7 periods
Fossils found in layers of sedimentary rocks
Marine invertebrates lived near shores of
shallow waters
1st animal to breathe air is Amphibian during
Devonian Period
Marine life developed
Reptiles appeared in late era
Land climate changed at end of era
Paleozoic
Formation of several continents
With formation of continents, new bodies of water were formed
Changes in plant and animal life
Footprints, eggs, bones, fossils of reptiles
were found
Largest creatures existed (Dinosaur)
Largest meat-eating dinosaur is
Tyrannosaurus
More continents broke up
Dinosaurs died in end if this era
Mesozoic
As mountains uplifted, new life forms appeared
Volcanic activity was present
More mammals with tooth structures for specific diets, limb structures of various
postures, and increasing brain size
Cenozoic
Line drawn around middle of a globe or map
Numbered 0 in latitude
Equator
Drawn east to west
Lines of latitude
North-South line drawn from North to South Pole
Meridian or Longitude
Drawing of earth, part of earth on a flat surface
Map
Spherical model of earth
Globe
Layers of Earth (O to I)
- Crust
- Upper Mantle
- Lower Mantle
- Outer Core
- Inner Core
Thin outermost layer of Earth
All life on Earth exists
Materials found are: silicon, oxygen,
aluminum, calcium, sodium, potassium
Only layer that can be studied directly
Crust
3 Types of Solid Rocks:
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Below crust
Makes up 80% of Earth’s volume
Denser than outermost layer of Earth
Mantle
Surrounds inner core
Made up of liquid iron and nickel
Outer Core
Innermost layer
Contains iron and nickel
Very dense due to intense pressure
Inner Core
German geologist and meteorologist
Theory of Continental Drift
Alfred Wegener
Huge land mass of all continents
Pangea
Single ocean surrounds Pangea
Panthalassa
All continents moved apart
Continental Drift Theory
Comprises upper part and mantle
Has no sharp boundary
Lithosphere
Soft because material is close to melting point due to high temperature and pressure found
Asthenosphere
Layers of Earth as Crust:
Continental Crust
Oceanic Crust
Makes up landforms such as mountains and plains
Continental Crust
Found under ocean
Oceanic Crust
Earth’s crust is broken into seven large plates and several small ones
Plate Tectonics Theory
Boundaries of two plates push against each other
Convergent Boundary
Plates that pull away from each other
Divergent Boundary
When oceanic plates push against each other, the plate edges are bent downward into a deep trench
Subduction Zone
Types of Rocks:
● Magma
● Lava
● Igneous Rocks
● Sedimentary Rocks
● Metamorphic Rocks
Continuous change from magma to rock and vice versa
Rock Cycle
Refer to petroleum, coal, natural gas
Result of incomplete decomposition of
organic matter under extreme conditions of temperature and pressure
Fossil Fuels
Crystalline solid with definite composition and structure
Mineral
An aggregate of minerals
Rock
Most abundant material
Silicates
Important product of weathered rocks
Almost all life on land is dependent on this material
Productive soil in a semiarid area becomes unproductive and desert conditions prevail
Desertification
Periodic rise and fall of sea level
Tides
Layers of Atmosphere (Top to Bottom)
● Thermosphere
● Ionosphere
● Mesosphere
● Stratosphere
● Troposphere
Touches Earth and layer where we live
Where weather takes place
Troposphere
Layer above troposphere
High concentration of ozone
Warmed by chemical reactions occurring
when ozone breaks down into oxygen
Stratosphere
Above stratosphere
Air cools as a result of lack of ozone
Mesosphere
Layer above mesosphere
Air is very thin and cold
Radio Waves back to earth and makes
long-distance broadcasts
Ionosphere
Outer edge of atmosphere
Sun’s rays first hit, air temperature rises
again
Thermosphere
Trapping of heat in the atmosphere
Greenhouse effect
Increase in temperature may cause the atmosphere to become warmer
Global Warming
Study of living organisms/things
Biology
Basic structure of all living things
Cell
Do not have nuclear membrane or membrane-bound organelles
Prokaryotes
Cells making up all other living organisms
Eukaryotes
Parts of a Generalized Cell:
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Double layer of lipids
Acts as “gatekeeper”’ controls what moves in
and out cell
Cell Membrane
Separated from cytoplasm by thickened membrane
More selective than cell membrane
Control center of cell as it contains all
genetic information
Nucleus
Semi fluid liquid that fills cell and holds its components
Holds dissolved nutrients such as amino acids and sugars
Contain all chemicals to carry out living activities
Cytoplasm
Powerhouse of the cell
Energy is obtained from food
Mitochondria
Site of photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Store chlorophyll for use of chloroplasts
Plastids
Membrane-Bound vacuoles in cytoplasm
Lysosomes
Does not have ribosomes attached
Transportation system of cell
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Has ribosomes attached
Carries cell transportation (mainly protein)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Manufactures, synthesizes, stores, distributes hormones, enzymes, and protein materials needed by cell/organism
Golgi Apparatus
Manufacture, store, secrete oxidation enzymes needed by cell
Peroxisomes
Dark-staining organelle within nucleus which contains RNA, proteins, DNA
Synthesis of ribosomal RNA
Nucleolus
Threadlike structures composed of mainly DNA arranged in genes
Hereditary information of the cell
Chromosomes
Tiny, grainy structure attached to Endoplasmic Reticulum
Protein factory of cell
Contain enzymes to carry out protein
synthesis
Ribosomes
Capture light energy and use to make cell’s food
Chloroplasts
Maintain balance or working equilibrium
Homeostasis
Process of cell reproduction following several stages to produce two daughter cells
Cell Division
Types of Cell Division:
Mitosis
Meiosis
2 daughter nuclei receives same chromosome complement as parent nucleus
All kinds of asexual reproduction
Mitosis
Carried out by mitosis in eukaryotic cells
Asexual Reproduction
Five Stages of Asexual Reproduction:
Interphase’
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Stages of Asexual Reproduction:
Not resting phase
In nucleus, DNA replicates itself and forms
messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal
RNA
Interphase
Stages of Asexual Reproduction:
Chromatids shorten and thicken
Nucleoli and nuclear membrane disappears
Spindle fibers form
Prophase
Stages of Asexual Reproduction:
Chromosome moves to equator, or middle of
spindle
Paired chromosomes attach to spindle and centromere
Metaphase
Stages of Asexual Reproduction:
Separation of sister chromatids to a single-stranded chromosome
Anaphase
Stages of Asexual Reproduction:
Chromosomes uncoil
Telophase
Two successive cell divisions where chromosomes duplicate only once
Results in daughter cells with haploid/one-half chromosome number
Meiosis
Occurs within all plant cells which supply all carbohydrates used by plants and animals
Photosynthesis
Absorb light energy from the sun
Chloroplasts
Sugar
Material for production of other food molecules
Glucose
Catabolic activity that breaks down carbohydrates, fats and proteins to produce energy in the form of ATP
Consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water as by-products
Cellular Respiration
Eukaryotic Cells = __________
Prokaryotic Cells = __________
Mitochondria
Cell Membrane
Energy currency of the cell
ATP
Release of energy from organic compounds occurs in the presence of oxygen
Aerobic Respiration
No oxygen is present and it must occur by a fermentation process
Anaerobic Respiration
Organic Compounds:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Enzymes
Nucleic Acids
Inorganic Compounds:
Water
Minerals
Depicts transfer of Sun’s energy through many organisms
Dependence of animals on plants and interdependence of animals upon each other for food
Food Chain Magnate
Complex food relationship whereby a certain kind of food maybe eaten by more than one consumer
Interlocking food chain
Food Web
2 Processes in Oxygen Cycle
Photosynthesis
Oxidation of Organic Compounds
Production of carbohydrates and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water
Photosynthesis
Chemical changes that make oxygen cycle possible are also the same chemical changes involved in carbon and hydrogen cycles
Oxidation of Organic Compounds
Occurs only in lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere
Phosphorus Cycle
Released in atmosphere due to burning of coal and petroleum, volcanic eruptions, and decay of organic matter
Sulfur
Humans have __ pairs of chromosomes in each cell
Person has one pair of sex chromosomes, __ for Females and __ for Males
23
XX
XY
Remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes
Autonomies
Sex cells
Contains 23 single chromosomes each
Gametes
Fertilization
23 pairs of chromosomes
Zygote
Chromosomes made up of subunits
Genes
Pairs of genes that have same position on each member of a pair of chromosomes, which can alternate forms
Alleles
Appearance of an individual
Phenotype
Chromosomes bearing genes for same characters
Homologous Chromosomes
Identical pair of alleles on homologous chromosomes for any given trait
Homozygous Trait
Mixed pair of alleles on homologous chromosomes for any given trait
Heterozygous Trait
__________ Era
● Unicellular organisms originated
__________ Era
● Multicellular animals and fern-like plants originated
__________ Era
● Birds, mammals, reptiles, flowering plants originated
__________ Era
● Radiation of birds, mammals, reptiles, flowering plants occurred
Precambrian
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
Amount of space occupied
Volume
Amount of matter contains
Mass
Distinguish substance from another substance
Ex: boiling point, acidity, sweetness, hardness, odor, density
Intrinsic
Depend on amount of matter observed
Ex: height, weight, volume, shape,
temperature, length
Extrinsic
__________
● Reaction whereby energy is absorbed or taken in
__________
● Resulting in release of energy
Endothermic
Exothermic
Either an element or compound
Pure Substance
Substance formed when two or more elements are combined
Compound
3 Classifications of Compounds
Acid
Base
Salt
Can either proton donors or acceptors (considered as either an acid or base)
Amphiprotic
Reaction by which equivalent quantities of an acid and a base react to form a salt and water
Neutralization
__________ Mixtures
● Mixtures having similar properties throughout and cannot be separated by ordinary chemical means
__________ MIxtures
● Mixtures having parts with dissimilar properties
Homogenous
Heterogenous
Property of molecules having separate charges, or dipole with positive and negative poles
Polarity
_____
● Quantity of matter an object contains
_____
● Measure of pull of gravity of an object of given mass
Mass
Weight
Homogenous mixture between two or more substances
Solution
2 Parts of Solution
Solute
Solvent
Substance being dissolved in a solution
Solute
Substance in which solute is dissolved
Solvent
Basic building blocks of matter
Atoms
__________
● Negatively charged
__________
● Positively charged
__________
● Electrically neutral
Electrons
Protons
Neutrons
Atom composed of protons and neutrons
Nucleus
Attractive force which holds together the atoms of a molecule
Chemical Bond
Atoms are held together by an electrostatic force due to transfer of electron(s) from one atom to another
Ionic Bond
Where atoms are held together by sharing of electrons
Covalent Bond
2 Kinds of Covalent Bond:
Polar
Non-Polar
Where atoms are held together by unequal sharing of electrons
Polar Covalent Bond
Where delocalized electrons of a metal atom move freely in their valence shell while being attracted strongly to positive kernel of the same or neighboring atoms
Non-Polar Covalent Bond
