Science

Question 1

Eukaryotic

Answer 1

• Any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus.
• Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells contain mitochrondria, a nucleus, lysosomes, and multiple chromosomes.

Question 2

Prokaryotic

Answer 2

any organism that lacks a distinct nucleus and other organelles due to the absence of internal membranes.

Simple cells

Question 3

Organelles

Answer 3

specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells.

In the same way organs, such as the heart, liver, stomach, and kidneys, serve specific functions to keep an organism alive, organelles serve specific functions to keep a cell alive

Question 4

Nucleus

Answer 4

controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information

Question 5

Cytoplasm

Answer 5

The cytoplasm is the gel-like fluid inside the cell. It is the medium for chemical reaction. It provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell. All of the functions for cell expansion, growth and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell.

Question 6

Ribosome

Answer 6

Ribosomes have two main functions — decoding the message and the formation of peptide bonds.

Question 7

Rough ER

Answer 7

The rough endoplasmic reticulum has on it ribosomes, which are small, round organelles whose function it is to make those proteins.

Question 8

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 8

can either be smooth or rough, and in general its function is to produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function.

Question 9

Smooth ER

Answer 9

s an organelle found in both animal cells and plant cells. … The smooth ER also regulates and releases calcium ions and processes toxins. It is described as ‘smooth’ to distinguish it from rough ER,

Question 10

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 10

cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell.

Post office

Question 11

Nucleolus

Answer 11

nucleolus is a region found within the cell nucleus that is concerned with producing and assembling the cell’s ribosomes. Following assembly, ribosomes are transported to the cell cytoplasm where they serve as the sites for protein synthesis.

Question 12

Lysosome

Answer 12

a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes. … They break down excess or worn-out cell parts. They may be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria. If the cell is damaged beyond repair, lysosomes can help it to self-destruct in a process called programmed cell death, or apoptosis.

Lysol

Question 13

Mitochondria

Answer 13

Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Powerhouse

Question 14

Centrosome

Answer 14

A centrosome comprises two microtubule rings known as centrioles. Its main function is to organize the microtubules and provide a structure to the cell. It also pulls the chromatids apart during cell division.

Question 15

Cilia

Answer 15

The function of cilia is to move water relative to the cell in a regular movement of the cilia. This process can either result in the cell moving through the water, typical for many single-celled organisms, or in moving water and its contents across the surface of the cell.

Question 16

What are the four types of tissues

Answer 16

Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous

Question 17

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 17

Covers and secretes

Question 18

Connective Tissue

Answer 18

Connects other body parts

Question 19

Muscular Tissue

Answer 19

3 Types-
skeletal, cardiac , and smooth

Function is movement

Question 20

Nervous Tissue

Answer 20

makes up brain and nervous system

Question 21

What are the organ systems

Answer 21

Cardiovascular, Endocrine, Lymphatic, Gastrointestinal/digestive, Immune,Integumentary, Musculoskeletal, Nervous, Reproductive Respiratory, Skeletal, Urinary

Question 22

cardiovascular system

Answer 22

transports blood pumped from the heart to the rest of the body

Question 23

Blood vessels

Answer 23

carries blood back to the heart

form a closed loop like a circuit that begins and ends at your heart

Question 24

arteries

Answer 24

deliver oxygen rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body

Question 25

Capillaries

Answer 25

the smallest blood vessels, connects arteries and veins

Question 26

What is the blood flow of blood in the heart

Answer 26

1) Superior & Inferior Vena Cava 2)Blood (Oxygen-poor)enters the right atrium 3)Blood then flows through the tricuspid valve 4)Blood enters into the right ventricle. 4)Blood flows through the pulmonary valve 5)Blood enters the Pulmonary- blood then splits into the left and right pulmonary arteries. 6) Blood then flows into the left and right lungs-discards cafbondeoxide and picks up oxygen. 7)Blood (oxygen-rich) then returns through the pulmonary veins. 8)Blood then enters the left atrium. 9)Blood flows through the mitral (bicuspid) valve 10)Blood enters the left Ventricle 11)Blood flows through the aortic similar valve 12) Blood then enters the Aortic arch 13 the aorta has three branches that distribute the blood to the head and arms. 14) Blood entering the defending aorta supplies the pelvis and lower body.

Question 27

Atria

Answer 27

a chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins and forces it into a ventricle or ventricles

Question 28

Ventricles

Answer 28

The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs through the pulmonary valve. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle through the mitral valve. The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood through the aortic valve out to the rest of the body.

Question 29

Atrioventricular Valve

Answer 29

The Right atrioventricular valve is the tricuspid valve, which is between the right atrium and the right ventricle. The Left Atrioventricular valve is the mitral (bicuspid) valve. Which is between the left atrium and the left ventricle

Question 30

Mitral valve

Answer 30

AKA bicuspid valve- between the left atrium and left ventricle

Question 31

Arterioles

Answer 31

Arterioles are considered as the primary resistance vessels as they distribute blood flow into capillary beds. Arterioles provide approximately 80% of the total resistance to blood flow through the body.

Question 32

Diffusion

Answer 32

Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration . Diffusion occurs in liquids and gases when their particles collide randomly and spread out. Diffusion is an important process for living things - it is how substances move in and out of cells.

Question 33

Aorta

Answer 33

where oxygen-rich blood leaves the heart to be distributed throughout the heart. Three branches that supply the upper body - Brachiocephalic Artery - Common Carotid Artery - Left subclavian Artery One Branch that supplies the lower limbs and the trunk of the body. -Descending aorta

Question 34

Venules

Answer 34

The key difference between Vein and Venule is, the vein is a larger blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart while, the venule is a smaller minute blood vessel that drains blood from capillaries to the veins.

Question 35

Inferior vena cava

Answer 35

Supplies the lower limbs and trunk of the body oxygen rich blood as it leaves the aorta

Question 36

Pulmonary veins

Answer 36

oxygen- rich blood travels through the pulmonary veins leaving the lungs to get to the left atrium.

Question 37

Plasma

Answer 37

Plasma is the largest part of your blood. ... When separated from the rest of the blood, plasma is a light yellow liquid. Plasma carries water, salts and enzymes. The main role of plasma is to take nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the parts of the body that need it. Cells also put their waste products into the plasma.

Question 38

Erythrocytes

Answer 38

a red blood cell that (in humans) is typically a biconcave disc without a nucleus. Erythrocytes contain the pigment hemoglobin, which imparts the red color to blood, and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues.

Question 39

Hemoglobin

Answer 39

Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body's organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your lungs. If a hemoglobin test reveals that your hemoglobin level is lower than normal, it means you have a low red blood cell count (anemia).

Question 40

Anemia

Answer 40

Anemia is a condition in which you lack enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body's tissues. Having anemia, also referred to as low hemoglobin, can make you feel tired and weak. There are many forms of anemia, each with its own cause.

Question 41

Sickle-cell trait

Answer 41

sickle cell disease is an inherited group of disorders in which red blood cells contort into a sickle shape. With sickle cell trait, a child receives the sickle cell gene mutation from only one parent. In this case, the child doesn't get the disease, but can pass the defective gene on to future generations. In most cases, there are no symptoms. No specific treatment is required. Sickle cell trait is NOT a disease and will never turn into a disease. People with sickle cell trait usually do not have any health problems. However, under extreme conditions a person with sickle cell trait can experience some of the same problems as a person who has sickle cell disease.

Question 42

Leukocytes

Answer 42

a colorless cell that circulates in the blood and body fluids and is involved in counteracting foreign substances and disease; a white (blood) cell. There are several types, all amoeboid cells with a nucleus, including... lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages.

Question 43

Platelets

Answer 43

Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are blood cells. They form in your bone marrow, a sponge-like tissue in your bones. Platelets play a major role in blood clotting. Normally, when one of your blood vessels is injured, you start to bleed.

Question 44

Thrombocytopenia

Answer 44

a condition in which you have a low blood platelet count. Platelets (thrombocytes) are colorless blood cells that help blood clot.

Question 45

closed circulatory system

Answer 45

In a closed circulatory system, blood is contained inside blood vessels, circulating unidirectionally (in one direction) from the heart around the systemic circulatory route, then returning to the heart again. ... Most vertebrates and some invertebrates, such as this annelid earthworm, have a closed circulatory system.

Question 46

systemic circuit

Answer 46

Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs. ... The oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart. Systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body. It sends oxygenated blood out to cells and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Question 47

Lymphatic System

Answer 47

he lymphatic system is a network of tissues, vessels and organs that work together to move a colorless, watery fluid called lymph back into your circulatory system (your bloodstream). ... Protects your body against foreign invaders: The lymphatic system is part of the immune system.

Question 48

Lymph

Answer 48

is the fluid that flows through the lymphatic system, a system composed of lymph vessels (channels) and intervening lymph nodes whose function, like the venous system, is to return fluid from the tissues to the central circulation.

Question 49

Lymph Nodes

Answer 49

A small bean-shaped structure that is part of the body's immune system. Lymph nodes filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid, and they contain lymphocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight infection and disease.

Question 50

Pulmonary Circuit

Answer 50

Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs.

Question 51

Systol

Answer 51

The systole is the part of the cardiac cycle during which some chambers of the heart muscle contract after refilling with blood.

Question 52

Diastol

Answer 52

diastole occurs when the heart relaxes after contraction.

Question 53

Congestive Heart Failure

Answer 53

A chronic condition in which the heart doesn't pump blood as well as it should. Heart failure can occur if the heart cannot pump (systolic) or fill (diastolic) adequately. Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, swollen legs, and rapid heartbeat. Treatments can include eating less salt, limiting fluid intake, and taking prescription medications. In some cases a defibrillator or pacemaker may be implanted.

Question 54

Hypertension

Answer 54

A condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high. Usually hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90, and is considered severe if the pressure is above 180/120. High blood pressure often has no symptoms. Over time, if untreated, it can cause health conditions, such as heart disease and stroke. Eating a healthier diet with less salt, exercising regularly, and taking medications can help lower blood pressure.

Question 55

Atherosclerosis

Answer 55

The build-up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls. A build up of cholesterol plaque in the walls of arteries causing obstruction of blood flow. Plaques may rupture causing acute occlusion of the artery by clot. Atherosclerosis often has no symptoms until a plaque ruptures or the buildup is severe enough to block blood flow. A healthy diet and exercise can help. Treatments include medications, procedures to open blocked arteries and surgery.

Question 56

Endocrine System

Answer 56

made up of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. -Functions to regulate many bodily functions such as reproduction, metabolism, growth and development, and stress responses

Question 57

What are the two types of glands

Answer 57

Endocrine and exocrine

Question 58

Endocrine

Answer 58

- Ductless - produce hormones - Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands

Question 59

Exocrine

Answer 59

- Ducts - Prosuce non hormones - sweat, saliva

Question 60

Posterior Pituitary

Answer 60

The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain, behind the bridge of the nose. It is about one-half inch (1.25 cm) in diameter. The pituitary gland rests within a hollowed out area of the sphenoid bone called the sella turcica. Produces 2 Hormones -Oxytocin and ADH

Question 61

Oxytocin

Answer 61

- Stimulates uterine contractions - Released during childbirth and nursing - Results from positive feedback - also a neurotransmitter in the brain "cuddle hormone"

Question 62

ADH

Answer 62

- Inhibits/prevents urine formation - Helps body avoid dehydration and overload - Triggered by pain - Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion- that is why you pee a lot - Cause vasoconstriction and increased BP

Question 63

ADH deficiency

Answer 63

Diabetes Insipidus- is an uncommon disorder that causes an imbalance of fluids in the body. This imbalance leads you to produce large amounts of urine. It also makes you very thirsty even if you have something to drink.

Question 64

ADH Hyper-secretion

Answer 64

SIA-DH- fluid retention and decreased solute concentration in blood. -requires restricting fluids and monitoring blood Na+ levels.

Question 65

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Answer 65

produces 6 hormones - GH(Growth Hormone) - TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) - ADTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) - FSH(Follicle-stimulating hormone - LH(luteinizing hormone) - PRL(Prolactin)

Question 66

GH

Answer 66

Growth Hormone- stimulated by growth hormone releasing hormone- triggered by decrease in growth hormone, decrease in blood sugar, and other stressors Inhibited by GH and Somatostatin

Question 67

GH Location

Answer 67

bone and skeletal muscle

Question 68

Effects of too much GH

Answer 68

gigantism and acromegaly

Question 69

Effects of too little GH

Answer 69

Dwarfism

Question 70

TSH

Answer 70

Thyroid stimulating Hormone- is produced by the pituitary gland. Its role is to regulate the production of hormones by the thyroid gland. The hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). As blood concentrations of thyroid hormones increase, they inhibit both TSH and TRH, leading to "shutdown" of thyroid epithelial cells. Later, when blood levels of thyroid hormone have decayed, the negative feedback signal fades, and the system wakes up again.

Question 71

Where is TSH located

Answer 71

Thyroid gland

Question 72

Too much TSH

Answer 72

Hyperthyroidism

Question 73

Too little TSH

Answer 73

Cretinism (children) Myxedema (adults) the more general condition associated with hypothyroidism, including weight gain, mental dullness, and sensitivity to cold.

Question 74

ACTH

Answer 74

Adrenocorticotropic hormone is a polypeptide tropic hormone produced by and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It is also used as a medication and diagnostic agent. ACTH is an important component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and is often produced in response to biological stress.

Question 75

Where is ACTH located

Answer 75

Adrenal cortex

Question 76

Too much ACTH

Answer 76

Cushing disease-A condition that occurs from exposure to high cortisol levels for a long time. The most common cause is the use of steroid drugs, but it can also occur from overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands. Signs are a fatty hump between the shoulders, a rounded face, and pink or purple stretch marks. Treatment options include reducing steroid use, surgery, radiation, and medication.

Question 77

Too little ACTH

Answer 77

very rare

Question 78

FSH

Answer 78

Follicle stimulating hormone | stimulated by releasing hormone

Question 79

FSH location

Answer 79

found in the ovaries and testes

Question 80

too much/ too little FSH

Answer 80

too much- no important effects | too little- failure of sexual maturation

Question 81

LH

Answer 81

luteinizing hormone-stimulated by releasing hormone too much- no important effects too little- failure of sexual maturation

Question 82

PRL

Answer 82

Prolactin- stimulated by PIH- inhibited by PIH(dopamine) | found in breast secretory tissue and too much causes inappropriate milk production, no menses

Question 83

Steroid hormones

Answer 83

steroid hormone, any of a group of hormones that belong to the class of chemical compounds known as steroids; ``` Progesterone. Ligand. Eicosanoid Receptor. Testosterone. Cortisol. Enzymes. Cholesterol. Estrogens. ```

Question 84

positive feedback vs Negative feedback

Answer 84

Positive feedback is a process in which the end products of an action cause more of that action to occur in a feedback loop. This amplifies the original action. It is contrasted with negative feedback, which is when the end results of an action inhibit that action from continuing to occur.

Question 85

Example of positive feedback

Answer 85

Childbirth – stretching of uterine walls cause contractions that further stretch the walls (this continues until birthing occurs) Lactation – the child feeding stimulates milk production which causes further feeding (continues until baby stops feeding)

Question 86

Example of negative feedback

Answer 86

the regulation of the blood calcium level. The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone, which regulates the level of calcium in the blood. If calcium decreases, the parathyroid glands sense the decrease and secrete more parathyroid hormone.

Question 87

Vasopressin

Answer 87

t can treat diabetes insipidus. It is also used after stomach surgery or before stomach x-rays. In addition it can also increase blood pressure in patients with vasodilatory shock.

Question 88

Direct Hormones

Answer 88

There are two important classes of hormones: tropic (hormones that act on other endocrine glands) and direct (hormones that act directly on some other, non-endocrine, part of the body).

Question 89

Thyroid Hormones

Answer 89

affect every cell and all the organs of the body. They: Regulate the rate at which calories are burned, affecting weight loss or weight gain. Can slow down or speed up the heartbeat. Triiodothyronine, also known as T3. Tetraiodothyronine, also called thyroxine or T4. Calcitonin.

Question 90

Calcitonin

Answer 90

Calcitonin is a 32 amino acid peptide hormone secreted by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland in humans, and in many other animals in the ultimopharyngeal body. It acts to reduce blood calcium, opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone. Calcitonin has been found in fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Question 91

Diabetes

Answer 91

Diabetes is a chronic (long-lasting) health condition that affects how your body turns food into energy. Most of the food you eat is broken down into sugar (also called glucose) and released into your bloodstream. When your blood sugar goes up, it signals your pancreas to release insulin. Insulin acts like a key to let the blood sugar into your body’s cells for use as energy. If you have diabetes, your body either doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t use the insulin it makes as well as it should. When there isn’t enough insulin or cells stop responding to insulin, too much blood sugar stays in your bloodstream. Over time, that can cause serious health problems, such as heart disease, vision loss, and kidney disease.

Question 92

Estrogen

Answer 92

a category of sex hormone responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. There are three major endogenous estrogens that have estrogenic hormonal activity: estrone, estradiol, and estriol. Wikipedia

Question 93

progesterone

Answer 93

Progesterone is an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other species. It belongs to a group of steroid hormones called the progestogens and is the major progestogen in the body.

Question 94

testosterone

Answer 94

Testosterone is the primary sex hormone and anabolic steroid in males. In humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair.

Question 95

Hypothyroidism

Answer 95

A condition in which the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone. deficiency of thyroid hormones can disrupt such things as heart rate, body temperature, and all aspects of metabolism. Hypothyroidism is most prevalent in older women. Major symptoms include fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, dry skin, and unexplained weight gain. Treatment consists of thyroid hormone replacement.

Question 96

Hyperthroidism

Answer 96

A condition in which the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone.

Question 97

Goiter

Answer 97

irregular growth of the thyroid gland. The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck just below the Adam's apple. commonly develops as a result of iodine deficiency or inflammation of the thyroid gland. Not all goiters cause symptoms. Symptoms that do occur might include swelling, and cough. Rarely, symptoms may include throat tightness or trouble breathing.

Question 98

Insulin

Answer 98

The pancreas responds by producing insulin, which allows glucose to enter the body's cells to provide energy. Store excess glucose for energy. After you eat — when insulin levels are high — excess glucose is stored in the liver in the form of glycogen.

Question 99

Gastrointestinal/ Digestive system

Answer 99

is composed of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small a large intestine, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, rectum and anus. -functions to break down food and absorb nutrients.

Question 100

Mechanical Digestion

Answer 100

physically breaking down food substances into smaller particles to more efficiently undergo chemical digestion.

Question 101

Chemical Digestion

Answer 101

the secretions of enzymes throughout your digestive tract. These enzymes break the chemical bonds that hold food particles together. This allows food to be broken down into small, digestible parts. he majority of chemical digestion occurs in the small intestine. Digested chyme from the stomach passes through the pylorus and into the duodenum.

Question 102

Absorb

Answer 102

take in or soak up (energy or a liquid or other substance) by chemical or physical action.

Question 103

Alimentary Canal

Answer 103

the long tube of organs — including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines — that runs from the mouth to the anus. An adult's digestive tract is about 30 feet (about 9 meters) long. Digestion begins in the mouth, well before food reaches the stomach.

Question 104

Salivary glands

Answer 104

Salivary glands are the glands that make saliva, which helps with swallowing and digestion and protects your teeth from bacteria. three main salivary glands: - Parotid glands in front of the ear in the cheeks. - Submandibular glands under the chin. - Sublingual glands under the tongue.

Question 105

What enzyme is present in salivary glands and what is its function?

Answer 105

has an enzyme called amylase that makes it easier for the stomach to break down starches in food.

Question 106

Gastric Juice

Answer 106

Gastric acid, gastric juice, or stomach acid, is a digestive fluid formed within the stomach lining. With a pH between 1 and 3, gastric acid plays a key role in digestion of proteins by activating digestive enzymes, which together break down the long chains of amino acids of proteins.

Question 107

What are the three contents of gastric juices and what do they break down?

Answer 107

- Pepsin-protein digestion - hydrochloric acid- helps to prevent acid reflux - Mucus- coats the lining of the stomach

Question 108

chyme

Answer 108

the pulpy acidic fluid which passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food. Once the bolus has entered the stomach and is mixed with gastric juice and has been partially digested.

Question 109

Bolus

Answer 109

Chewed food at the moment of swallowing, once it reaches the stomach and is mixed with gastric juice it becomes chyme.

Question 110

Pharynx

Answer 110

The throat (pharynx) is a muscular tube that runs from the back of your nose down into your neck. It contains three sections: the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx, which is also called the hypopharynx. connects the mouth to the esophagus

Question 111

Stomach

Answer 111

It produces enzymes (substances that create chemical reactions) and acids (digestive juices). This mix of enzymes and digestive juices breaks down food so it can pass to your small intestine.

Question 112

Stomach Functions

Answer 112

``` Gastric pits Secretion of gastric juice Protein digestion. Fat digestion. Formation of chyme. Passage of chyme into the duodenum. Food absorption. Hunger and satiety. ```

Question 113

Esophageal Sphincter

Answer 113

a bundle of muscles at the low end of the esophagus, where it meets the stomach. When it is closed, it prevents acid and stomach contents from traveling backwards from the stomach. The muscles are not under voluntary control.

Question 114

Pyloric Sphincter

Answer 114

responsible for controlling how partially digested food, called chyme, moves from your stomach and into your intestines in a timely manner. This process, known as gastric emptying, should happen at an optimal rate to ensure good digestion.

Question 115

What causes the pyloric sphincter to open/close

Answer 115

When there is more acidity in the stomach, the pyloric sphincter opens, and when the acidic contents move into the duodenum, acidity levels rise and cause the sphincter to close immediately.

Question 116

Small Intestine

Answer 116

The small intestine helps to further digest food coming from the stomach. It absorbs nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and water from food so they can be used by the body. The small intestine is part of the digestive system.

Question 117

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

Answer 117

- duodenum - jejunum - ileum

Question 118

Duodenum

Answer 118

- first part of the small intestine - main role of the duodenum is to complete the first phase of digestion - food from the stomach is mixed with enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder. The enzymes and bile help break down food.

Question 119

Bile

Answer 119

fluid that is made and released by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile helps with digestion. It breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can be taken into the body by the digestive tract.

Question 120

Common Bile Duct

Answer 120

- is a small, tube-like structure formed where the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct join. I - ts physiological role is to carry bile from the gallbladder and empty it into the upper part of the small intestine (the duodenum). - The common bile duct is part of the biliary system.

Question 121

Villi

Answer 121

- are small, finger-like projections that extend into the lumen of the small intestine. - greatly increasing the surface area for food absorption and adding digestive secretions. The villi number about 10 to 40 per square millimetre (6,000 to 25,000 per square inch) of tissue.

Question 122

Microvilli

Answer 122

microvilli are tiny fingerlike projections at the end of each villi ( look like the hard to a villi)

Question 123

Jejumun

Answer 123

he middle part of your small intestine is the jejunum. The jejunum absorbs most of your nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, proteins, and vitamins.

Question 124

Ileumcecum

Answer 124

- main functions of the cecum are to absorb fluids and salts that remain after completion of intestinal digestion and absorption and to mix its contents with a lubricating substance, mucus. - The internal wall of the cecum is composed of a thick mucous membrane, through which water and salts are absorbed.

Question 125

Colon

Answer 125

The longest part of the large intestine (a tube-like organ connected to the small intestine at one end and the anus at the other). The colon removes water and some nutrients and electrolytes from partially digested food.

Question 126

What are the parts of the colon

Answer 126

- Ascending Colon - Transverse Colon - Descending Colon - Sigmoid Colon

Question 127

Rectum

Answer 127

The rectum is the lower part of your large intestine where your body stores stool.

Question 128

Anus

Answer 128

The anus is the opening of the rectum through which stool passes out of your body.

Question 129

Anal Sphincter

Answer 129

An anal sphincter is a group of muscles at the end of the rectum that surrounds the anus and controls the release of stool, thereby maintaining continence. There are two sphincter muscles: one is internal and one is external.

Question 130

Zymogen

Answer 130

A zymogen (/ˈzaɪmədʒən, -moʊ-/), also called a proenzyme (/ˌproʊˈɛnzaɪm/), is an inactive precursor of an enzyme. ... The pancreas secretes zymogens partly to prevent the enzymes from digesting proteins in the cells in which they are synthesised.

Question 131

Hepatic portal vein

Answer 131

The hepatic portal vein is a vessel that moves blood from the spleen and gastrointestinal tract to the liver. It is approximately three to four inches in length and is usually formed by the merging of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins behind the upper edge of the head of the pancreas.

Question 132

What are the digestive hormones

Answer 132

- gastrin - Cholecystokinin-CCK - secretin - somatostatin - ghrelin - bombesin - gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP).

Question 133

Gastrin

Answer 133

- stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility. - It is released by G cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas.

Question 134

Cholecystokinin- CCK

Answer 134

- is a gut hormone released after a meal, which helps digestion and reduces appetite. - in the proximal small intestine and is released following the ingestion of food

Question 135

Secretin

Answer 135

Secretin is a hormone that regulates water homeostasis throughout the body and influences the environment of the duodenum by regulating secretions in the stomach, pancreas, and liver. -It is a peptide hormone produced in the S cells of the duodenum, which are located in the intestinal glands

Question 136

Somatostatin

Answer 136

Somatostatin suppresses secretion of gastric acid and pepsin, lowers the rate of gastric emptying, and reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine. -Produced in gastrointestinal (GI) tract, pancreas, hypothalamus, and central nervous system (CNS)

Question 137

Ghrelin

Answer 137

- a small peptide released from the stomach, is an orexigenic hormone produced in peripheral organs, and its action regulates food intake, body weight and glucose homeostasis. Behavioral studies show that ghrelin is implicated in the regulation of both hedonic and homeostatic feeding and of cognition. - Autonomic nervous system, especially the parasympathetic nerve, plays an important role in the regulation of ghrelin. Excitation of the vagus nerve can stimulate ghrelin secretion.

Question 138

bombesin

Answer 138

A peptide that is found in the intrinsic nerves of the gastrointestinal tract, bombesin stimulates the release of gastrin and pancreatic enzymes and causes contraction of the gallbladder.

Question 139

Gastrin-releasing peptide

Answer 139

Gastrin-releasing peptide is a regulatory human peptide that elicits gastrin release and regulates gastric acid secretion and enteric motor function. The post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve that innervate the G cells of the stomach release GRP, which stimulates the G cells to release gastrin.

Question 140

Immune System

Answer 140

composed of two divisions Innate and adaptive | -Protects the body against disease

Question 141

Innate immune system

Answer 141

nonspecific immune response- born with it It protects you against all antigens. Innate immunity involves barriers that keep harmful materials from entering your body. These barriers form the first line of defense in the immune response.

Question 142

Adaptive immune system

Answer 142

Specific immune response immunity to a pathogen that occurs following exposure to said pathogen

Question 143

Pathogens

Answer 143

a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease

Question 144

Flora

Answer 144

Normal flora are the microorganisms that live on another living organism (human or animal) or inanimate object without causing disease. ... We are covered with, and contain within our intestines, approximately one hundred trillion bacteria that form the normal flora of our bodies.

Question 145

Lysozyme

Answer 145

Lysozyme is a naturally occurring enzyme found in bodily secretions such as tears, saliva, and milk. It functions as an antimicrobial agent by cleaving the peptidoglycan component of bacterial cell walls, which leads to cell death.

Question 146

Antimicrobial Peptides

Answer 146

a class of small peptides that widely exist in nature and they are an important part of the innate immune system of different organisms. AMPs have a wide range of inhibitory effects against bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses.

Question 147

interferon

Answer 147

nterferons are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses. In a typical scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses.

Question 148

memory for pathogens

Answer 148

Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously, and reflects the preexistence of a clonally expanded population of antigen-specific lymphocytes. -Half life has been calculated to around 450 days compared to 30 days of the average memory T cell in the body

Question 149

granulocytes

Answer 149

a type of white blood cell that has small granules. These granules contain proteins. -help the body fight bacterial infections.

Question 150

What are the three major granulocytes

Answer 150

- neutrophils - eosinophils - basophils.

Question 151

Neutrophils

Answer 151

- 40-70% of white blood cells. | - Kill and digest bacteria, fungi to help your body fight infections and heal wounds.

Question 152

Eosinophils

Answer 152

- Beneficial role in host defense against nematodes and other parasitic infections - Active participants in many immune responses. - Can also be damaging as part of the inflammatory process of allergic disease.

Question 153

Basophils

Answer 153

- 0.5% to 1% of circulating white blood cells. (smallest in numbers) - largest type of granulocyte - created inside of your bone marrow

Question 154

Phagocytosis

Answer 154

- Process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome. - type of endocytosis. -A cell that performs phagocytosis is called a phagocyte.

Question 155

Inflammatory Responses

Answer 155

- occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or any other cause. - damaged cells release chemicals including histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins. -These chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, causing swelling.

Question 156

What are the Stages of the inflammatory response

Answer 156

1) initial tissue damage and local activation of inflammatory factors (2) inflammation-driven breakdown of the blood–brain barrier (3) recruitment of circulating inflammatory cells and subsequent secondary immunopathology (4) engagement of tissue repair

Question 157

Dendritic cells

Answer 157

professional antigen-presenting cells that link innate and adaptive immunity and are critical for the induction of protective immune responses against pathogens.

Question 158

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Answer 158

-recognized by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), which play a key role in innate immunity in the recognition of pathogens or of cellular injury. Macrophage mannose receptors and scavenger receptors help mediate phagocytosis.

Question 159

Antigen

Answer 159

In immunology, an antigen is a molecule or molecular structure or any foreign particulate matter or a pollen grain that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor. The presence of antigens in the body may trigger an immune response.

Question 160

Macrophages

Answer 160

specialised cells involved in the detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and other harmful organisms. In addition, they can also present antigens to T cells and initiate inflammation by releasing molecules (known as cytokines) that activate other cells.

Question 161

Natural Killer cells

Answer 161

- large granular lymphocytes (LGL) - a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system that belong to the rapidly expanding family of innate lymphoid cells - represent 5–20% of all circulating lymphocytes in humans.

Question 162

t cells

Answer 162

- T cell, also called T lymphocyte, type of leukocyte (white blood cell) that is an essential part of the immune system. - T cells are one of two primary types of lymphocytes—B cells being the second type—that determine the specificity of immune response to antigens (foreign substances) in the body.

Question 163

Thymus

Answer 163

is in the chest between the lungs. It makes white blood cells (T lymphocytes) which are part of the immune system and help fight infection.

Question 164

Helper t cells

Answer 164

The main difference between T cells and helper T cells is that the cytotoxic T cells destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells whereas the helper T cells secrete cytokines to activate or regulate other cells in the immune system to trigger a specific immune response

Question 165

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Answer 165

- HIV causes AIDS and interferes with the body's ability to fight infections. - transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen, or vaginal fluids. - Within a few weeks of HIV infection, flu-like symptoms such as fever, sore throat, and fatigue can occur. - usually asymptomatic until it progresses to AIDS. -AIDS symptoms include weight loss, fever or night sweats, fatigue, and recurrent infections. - No cure exists for AIDS - but strict adherence to anti-retroviral therapy (ART) can dramatically slow the disease's progress, prevent secondary infections and complications, and prolong life.

Question 166

Cytotoxic T cells

Answer 166

A type of immune cell that can kill certain cells, including foreign cells, cancer cells, and cells infected with a virus. Cytotoxic T cells can be separated from other blood cells, grown in the laboratory, and then given to a patient to kill cancer cells.

Question 167

B cells

Answer 167

B cells are a type of lymphocyte responsible for the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system. These white blood cells produce antibodies, which play a key part in immunity. .

Question 168

Plasma cells

Answer 168

Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells, are white blood cells that originate in the lymphoid organs as B lymphocytes and secrete large quantities of proteins called antibodies in response to being presented specific substances called antigens.

Question 169

antibodies

Answer 169

a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Antibodies combine chemically with substances which the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood.

Question 170

complement system

Answer 170

The complement system, also known as complement cascade, is a part of the immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogen's cell membrane.

Question 171

self tolerant

Answer 171

he ability of the immune system to recognize—and therefore not respond against—self-produced antigens. If the immune system loses this ability, the body can start to attack its own cells, which may cause an autoimmune disease.

Question 172

Autoimmune disease

Answer 172

An autoimmune disease is a condition in which your immune system mistakenly attacks your body. The immune system normally guards against germs like bacteria and viruses. When it senses these foreign invaders, it sends out an army of fighter cells to attack them.

Question 173

Integumentary system

Answer 173

is composed of hair, skin and nails- it is the ody's first line of defense -acts as a barrier

Question 174

what are the functions of the integumentary system?

Answer 174

- Protect the body against damage - excrete was substances via sweat - regulate body temps - synthesizes vitamin D

Question 175

Integument

Answer 175

a tough outer protective layer, especially that of an animal or plant.

Question 176

Adipose

Answer 176

body fat, or simply fat is a loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes.

Question 177

sudoriferous glands

Answer 177

Sudoriferous glands, also known as sweat glands, are either of two types of secretory skin glands, eccrine or apocrine.

Question 178

what are the two types of sudoriferous glands

Answer 178

- eccrine | - apocrine

Question 179

Eccrine Gland

Answer 179

active in thermoregulation by providing cooling from water evaporation of sweat secreted by the glands on the body surface and emotional induced sweating (anxiety, fear, stress, and pain). ... The glands on palms and soles do not respond to temperature but secrete at times of emotional stress.

Question 180

Apocrine Glands

Answer 180

Apocrine glands in the skin and eyelid are sweat glands. Most apocrine glands in the skin are in the armpits, the groin, and the area around the nipples of the breast. Apocrine glands in the skin are scent glands, and their secretions usually have an odor.

Question 181

sebaceous glands

Answer 181

small oil-producing gland present in the skin of mammals. Sebaceous glands are usually attached to hair follicles and release a fatty substance, sebum, into the follicular duct and thence to the surface of the skin.

Question 182

sebum

Answer 182

oily, waxy substance produced by your body's sebaceous glands. It coats, moisturizes, and protects your skin. ... It also contains a mixture of sweat, dead skin cells, and tiny particles of pretty much whatever else is in the dust floating around you.

Question 183

thermoregulation

Answer 183

mechanism by which mammals maintain body temperature with tightly controlled self-regulation independent of external temperatures. Temperature regulation is a type of homeostasis and a means of preserving a stable internal temperature in order to survive.

Question 184

hyperthermia

Answer 184

an abnormally high body temperature caused by a failure of the heat-regulating mechanisms of the body to deal with the heat coming from the environment.

Question 185

Hypothermia

Answer 185

caused by prolonged exposures to very cold temperatures. When exposed to cold temperatures, your body begins to lose heat faster than it's produced. Lengthy exposures will eventually use up your body's stored energy, which leads to lower body temperature.

Question 186

Musculoskeletal system

Answer 186

worked with the skeletal system to allow movement

Question 187

what are the three types of muscle in the human body? where are they found and are they voluntary/involuntary?

Answer 187

- Cardiac- found in the heart- involuntary - smooth- found in bladder, eyes,bloodvessels- involuntary - skeletal- found attached to bone by tendon- voluntary

Question 188

what is the function of the muscular system

Answer 188

allow movement and flexibility

Question 189

Fascicles

Answer 189

a bundle of muscle fibers, also called myocytes, bound together via the endomysium tissue that provides pathways for the passage of blood vessels and nerves.

Question 190

myofibril

Answer 190

Myofibrils are bundles of protein filaments that contain the contractile elements of the cardiomyocyte, that is, the machinery or motor that drives contraction and relaxation.

Question 191

actin

Answer 191

Actin is a spherical protein that forms filaments, which are involved in muscle contraction and other important cellular processes.

Question 192

Myosin

Answer 192

a fibrous protein that forms (together with actin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells and is also involved in motion in other types of cells.

Question 193

t tubules

Answer 193

extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the centre of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. ... Through these mechanisms, T-tubules allow heart muscle cells to contract more forcefully by synchronising calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum throughout the cell.

Question 194

ischemic

Answer 194

some part of your body isn't getting enough blood, so it's not getting enough oxygen, either. It can happen in your brain, legs, and just about everywhere in between. You usually get ischemia because of a build-up or blockage in your arteries.

Question 195

soma

Answer 195

is a muscle relaxer that blocks pain sensations between the nerves and the brain. Soma is used together with rest and physical therapy to treat skeletal muscle conditions such as pain or injury.

Question 196

dendrites

Answer 196

Dendrites are extensions, or processes, of the cytoplasm that carry impulses to the cell body. An extension or process called an axon carries impulses away from the cell body.

Question 197

axon

Answer 197

axon, also called nerve fibre, portion of a nerve cell (neuron) that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body. A neuron typically has one axon that connects it with other neurons or with muscle or gland cells. Some axons may be quite long, reaching, for example, from the spinal cord down to a toe.

Question 198

action potentials

Answer 198

- a rapid rise and subsequent fall in voltage or membrane potential across a cellular membrane with a characteristic pattern - For example, say you want to pick up a glass so you can take a drink of water. The action potential plays a key role in carrying that message from the brain to the hand.

Question 199

polarization

Answer 199

In the neuron an action potential produces the nerve impulse, and in the muscle cell it produces the contraction required for all movement. ... Before stimulation, a neuron or muscle cell has a slightly negative electric polarization; that is, its interior has a negative charge compared with the extracellular fluid.

Question 200

myelin

Answer 200

n insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord. It is made up of protein and fatty substances. This myelin sheath allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells. If myelin is damaged, these impulses slow down.

Question 201

multiple sclerosis

Answer 201

-A disease in which the immune system eats away at the protective covering of nerves. -In MS, resulting nerve damage disrupts communication between the brain and the body. Multiple sclerosis causes many different symptoms, including vision loss, pain, fatigue, and impaired coordination. The symptoms, severity, and duration can vary from person to person. Some people may be symptom free most of their lives, while others can have severe chronic symptoms that never go away.

Question 202

synapse

Answer 202

a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell. Synapses are essential to the transmission of nervous impulses from one neuron to another.

Question 203

neurotransmitters

Answer 203

a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure.

Question 204

Neuromuscular Junction

Answer 204

a highly specialized synapse between a motor neuron nerve terminal and its muscle fiber that are responsible for converting electrical impulses generated by the motor neuron into electrical activity in the muscle fibers.

Question 205

Acetylcholine

Answer 205

chief neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system, the part of the autonomic nervous system (a branch of the peripheral nervous system) that contracts smooth muscles, dilates blood vessels, increases bodily secretions, and slows heart rate.

Question 206

motor unit

Answer 206

made up of a motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers, also known as sarcomere innervated by the neuron's axon terminals. Groups of motor units often work together as a motor pool to coordinate the contractions of a single muscle. The concept was proposed by Charles Scott Sherrington.

Question 207

atrophy

Answer 207

- a decrease in the size of a tissue or organ due to cellular shrinkage; the decrease in cell size is caused by the loss of organelles, cytoplasm and proteins. - ith muscle atrophy, your muscles look smaller than normal. Muscle atrophy can occur due to malnutrition, age, genetics, a lack of physical activity or certain medical conditions. Disuse (physiologic) atrophy occurs when you don't use your muscles enough. Neurogenic atrophy occurs due to nerve problems or diseases.

Question 208

muscle fatigue

Answer 208

a symptom that decreases your muscles' ability to perform over time. It can be associated with a state of exhaustion, often following strenuous activity or exercise. When you experience fatigue, the force behind your muscles' movements decrease, causing you to feel weaker.

Question 209

lactic acid

Answer 209

It assists in cell respiration, glucose production, and molecule signaling. Contrary to belief, lactic acid does not cause muscle soreness. However, the concentration of lactic acid in the blood does increase during exercise. High levels of lactic acid in the blood can lead to hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosis.

Question 210

Muscle strain

Answer 210

an injury to a muscle or a tendon — the fibrous tissue that connects muscles to bones. Minor injuries may only overstretch a muscle or tendon, while more severe injuries may involve partial or complete tears in these tissues.

Question 211

Nervous system

Answer 211

composed of the central and peripheral nervous system - facilitates communication between brain and nerves and the body (tells the body what to do to protect it)

Question 212

Central nervous system

Answer 212

houses the brain and spinal cord

Question 213

peripheral nervous. system

Answer 213

houses the nerves and sensory organs

Question 214

cranium

Answer 214

the part of the skull that encloses the brain

Question 215

cerebrum

Answer 215

The largest part of the brain- initiates and coordinates movement and regulates temperature. Other areas of the cerebrum enable speech, judgment, thinking and reasoning, problem-solving, emotions and learning. Other functions relate to vision, hearing, touch and other senses.

Question 216

Corpus callous

Answer 216

a large bundle of more than 200 million myelinated nerve fibers that connect the two brain hemispheres, permitting communication between the right and left sides of the brain. Abnormalities within the corpus callosum have been identified in maltreated children.

Question 217

brain stem

Answer 217

- stalklike part of your brain that connects your brain to your spinal cord - helps regulate some body functions, including your breathing and heart rate. - also controls your balance, coordination and reflexes.

Question 218

cerebellum

Answer 218

- is a structure that is located at the back of the brain, underlying the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex - accounts for approximately 10% of the brain's volume, it contains over 50% of the total number of neurons in the brain. - vital role in virtually all physical movement. This part of the brain helps a person drive, throw a ball, or walk across the room. The cerebellum also assists people with eye movement and vision.

Question 219

medulla

Answer 219

the lowest part of the brain and the lowest portion of the brainstem. ... The medulla oblongata plays a critical role in transmitting signals between the spinal cord and the higher parts of the brain and in controlling autonomic activities, such as heartbeat and respiration.

Question 220

spinal cord

Answer 220

long bundle of nerves and cells that extends from the lower portion of the brain to the lower back. It carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body. -These signals help you feel sensations and move your body.

Question 221

spinal nerves

Answer 221

A total of 31 pairs of spinal nerves control motor, sensory, and other functions. These nerves are located at the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal levels.

Question 222

Somatic nervous system

Answer 222

- A part of the peripheral nervous system | - Associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles.

Question 223

autonomic nervous system

Answer 223

part of your nervous system that controls involuntary actions, such as the beating of your heart and the widening or narrowing of your blood vessels. When something goes wrong in this system, it can cause serious problems, including: Blood pressure problems.

Question 224

sympatric nervous system

Answer 224

- makes up part of the autonomic nervous system - known as the involuntary nervous system. - directs the body's rapid involuntary response to dangerous or stressful situations. - fight or flight response - norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 225

Parasympathetic Nervous system

Answer 225

- subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) - Involuntary control - leads to decreased arousal. - Rest and digest - Acetylcholine- contracts smooth muscles, dilates blood vessels, increases bodily secretions, and slows heart rate.

Question 226

cranial nerve

Answer 226

- set of 12 paired nerves in the back of your brain. - send electrical signals between your brain, face, neck and torso. - help you taste, smell, hear and feel sensations. - They also help you make facial expressions, blink your eyes and move your tongue.

Question 227

Optic nerve

Answer 227

- second cranial nerve - carries sensory nerve impulses from the more than one million ganglion cells of the retina toward the visual centers in the brain - At this point the optic nerve from each eye comes together and forms an X-shaped structure called the optic chiasm.

Question 228

Vagus nerve

Answer 228

- The vagus nerve is responsible for the regulation of internal organ functions, such as digestion, heart rate, and respiratory rate. - as well as vasomotor activity, and certain reflex actions, such as coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting

Question 229

Sciatic nerve

Answer 229

The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the human body and is formed by the union of 5 nerve roots from the lower spine. It passes deep in the buttock and down the back of the thigh all the way to the heel and sole of the foot.

Question 230

Neuropathy

Answer 230

result of damage to the nerves located outside of the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nerves), often causes weakness, numbness and pain, usually in the hands and feet. It can also affect other areas and body functions including digestion, urination and circulation.

Question 231

Olfactory

Answer 231

- Smell | - Sensory

Question 232

Optic

Answer 232

- sight | - Sensory

Question 233

Oculomotor

Answer 233

eye movement | -motor

Question 234

Trochlear

Answer 234

- Eye movement | - Motor

Question 235

Trigeminal

Answer 235

- Facial sensations, chewing | - Motor and sensory

Question 236

Abducens

Answer 236

- Eye movement | - Motor

Question 237

Facial

Answer 237

- Taste buds, tears, saliva, smiling | - motor and sensory

Question 238

vestibulocochlear

Answer 238

- hearing and balance | - sensory

Question 239

glossopharyngeal

Answer 239

- taste and swallowing | - sensory and motor

Question 240

vagus

Answer 240

control of peripheral nervous system | -sensory and motor

Question 241

accessory

Answer 241

shoulder shrugging | -motor

Question 242

Hypoglossal

Answer 242

Tongue | -motor

Question 243

Female reproductive system

Answer 243

is composed of the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and vagina. Regulates menstrual cycle and puberty the ovaries release hormones that develops uterine lining and causes an egg to mature.

Question 244

what are the main female sex hormones

Answer 244

Estrogen progesterone Luteinizing Hormone Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

Question 245

Estrogen

Answer 245

-Produced in the ovaries -helps make women curvier than men by making their pelvis and hips wider, and their breast grow. -is part of your menstrual cycle helps you get pregnant -plays a role in helping you develop bones and grow hair. -regulate your moods and impacts your brain development and structure.

Question 246

Progesterone

Answer 246

- produced mainly in the ovaries following ovulation each month. - After you ovulate each month, progesterone helps thicken the lining of the uterus to prepare for a fertilized egg. If there is no fertilized egg, progesterone levels drop and menstruation begins.

Question 247

Luteinizing Hormone

Answer 247

- made by your pituitary gland - a small gland located underneath the brain. - plays an important role in sexual development and functioning. - In women, LH helps control the menstrual cycle. It also triggers the release of an egg from the ovary.

Question 248

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Answer 248

- essential to pubertal development and the function of women's ovaries - stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary before the release of an egg from one follicle at ovulation. It also increases oestradiol production.

Question 249

oogenesis

Answer 249

- Occurs in the ovaries | - growth process in which the primary egg cell (or ovum) becomes a mature ovum.

Question 250

Endometrium

Answer 250

the mucous membrane lining the uterus, which thickens during the menstrual cycle in preparation for possible implantation of an embryo.

Question 251

Placenta

Answer 251

organ that develops in your uterus during pregnancy. This structure provides oxygen and nutrients to your growing baby and removes waste products from your baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of your uterus, and your baby's umbilical cord arises from it.

Question 252

follicular phase

Answer 252

the longest step in the menstrual cycle, lasting from the first day of a period to ovulation, meaning the release of the egg. This critical step in the development of an egg pre-fertilization (meaning penetrative sex), and can last between 11 and 27 days.

Question 253

luteal phase

Answer 253

one stage of your menstrual cycle. It occurs after ovulation (when your ovaries release an egg) and before your period starts. During this time, the lining of your uterus normally gets thicker to prepare for a possible pregnancy. - headache, breast tenderness, acne, bloating

Question 254

ovarian follicle

Answer 254

small sacs filled with fluid that are found inside a woman's ovaries. They secrete hormones which influence stages of the menstrual cycle and women begin puberty with about 300,000 to 400,000 of them. Each has the potential to release an egg for fertilisation.

Question 255

ovulation

Answer 255

process in which a mature egg is released from the ovary. After it's released, the egg moves down the fallopian tube and stays there for 12 to 24 hours, where it can be fertilized.

Question 256

Corpus luteum

Answer 256

a completely normal cyst that forms on the ovary every single month in women of childbearing age. - This cyst is actually a group of cells inside your ovaries that forms during each menstrual cycle. - It appears right after an egg leaves your ovary - f the egg does not undergo fertilization. It will stop secreting progesterone and will decay and turn into a corpus albicans

Question 257

Male Reproductive System

Answer 257

is composed of the testes, glands, sperm ducts, urethra, and penis.

Question 258

Testes

Answer 258

produce male sex hormones (testosterone) and male sex cells (sperm)

Question 259

when is testosterone released?

Answer 259

Once puberty hits

Question 260

Seminiferous tubules

Answer 260

The seminiferous tubules are the site of spermatogenesis where germ cells develop into spermatozoa in close interaction with Sertoli cells.

Question 261

spermatogenesis

Answer 261

The production of sperm from the primordial germ cells.

Question 262

Epididymis

Answer 262

- A narrow, tightly-coiled tube that is attached to each of the testicles - Sperm cells (male reproductive cells) move from the testicles into the epididymis, where they finish maturing and are stored.

Question 263

Ejaculatory duct

Answer 263

about two centimeters in length and is created when the seminal vesicle's duct merges with the vas deferens. -Semen flows through each ejaculatory duct during ejaculation, traveling through the penis to exit the body.

Question 264

Seminal Vesicles

Answer 264

-located in the pelvis superior to the rectum, inferior to the fundus of the bladder and posterior to the prostate. consists of a single, coiled, blind-ending tube giving off several irregular pouches. It is normally around 3 to 5 cm in length and 1 cm in diameter. -is important for semen coagulation, sperm motility, and stability of sperm chromatin and suppression of the immune activity in the female reproductive tract.

Question 265

Prostate gland

Answer 265

located just below the bladder in men and surrounds the top portion of the tube that drains urine from the bladder (urethra). The prostate's primary function is to produce the fluid that nourishes and transports sperm (seminal fluid).

Question 266

Bulbourethral Glands

Answer 266

small, about the size of a pea, and located near the base of the penis. ... This fluid neutralizes the acidity of the urine residue in the urethra, helps to neutralize the acidity of the vagina, and provides some lubrication for the tip of the penis during intercourse.

Question 267

Respiratory System

Answer 267

composed of the nose, throat and lungs -Also includes the trachea, bronchi, and diaphragm -Functions to receive oxygenated remove carbon dioxide

Question 268

Where does gas Exchange occur in the lungs

Answer 268

between co2 and o2 occurs in the lungs specifically in the alveoli

Question 269

Ventilation

Answer 269

Rate at which gas enters or leaves the lungs

Question 270

Where is ventilation controlled

Answer 270

Controlled by the medulla oblongata and pons of the autonomic nervous system

Question 271

Pharynx

Answer 271

he membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus.

Question 272

Larynx

Answer 272

hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box.

Question 273

epiglottis

Answer 273

small, movable "lid" just above the larynx that prevents food and drink from entering your windpipe. But if the epiglottis becomes swollen — either from infection or from injury — the airway narrows and may become completely blocked.

Question 274

trachea

Answer 274

trachea, or windpipe, is one part of your airway system. Airways are pipes that carry oxygen-rich air to your lungs. ... When you inhale, air travels from your nose, through your larynx, and down your windpipe. The windpipe splits into two bronchi that enter your lungs.

Question 275

bronchi

Answer 275

bronchi carry air to and from your lungs. The bronchi also help moisturize the air you breathe and screen out foreign particles. Your airways are lined with cells that create mucus.

Question 276

bronchioles

Answer 276

the bronchioles carry air to small sacs in your lungs called alveoli.

Question 277

surfactant

Answer 277

essential for life as it lines the alveoli to lower surface tension, thereby preventing atelectasis during breathing. ... The hydrophobic proteins, SP-B and SP-C, together with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, confer surface tension-lowering properties to the material.

Question 278

pleura

Answer 278

he pleura includes two thin layers of tissue that protect and cushion the lungs. The inner layer (visceral pleura) wraps around the lungs and is stuck so tightly to the lungs that it cannot be peeled off. The outer layer (parietal pleura) lines the inside of the chest wall.

Question 279

Pleura fluid

Answer 279

a liquid that is located between the layers of the pleura. The pleura is a two-layer membrane that covers the lungs and lines the chest cavity. Pleural fluid keeps the pleura moist and reduces friction between the membranes when you breathe.

Question 280

Simple Diffusion in the lungs

Answer 280

The body needs a way to get oxygen in and carbon dioxide out, which is through diffusion. When blood returns to your lungs from the body, it has a lot of carbon dioxide and little oxygen. -So, by the rule of diffusion, the carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the alveoli, where it can be exhaled through the lungs.

Question 281

Diffusion rate in the lungs

Answer 281

- about 5 to 8 liters (about 1.3 to 2.1 gallons) of air per minute are brought in and out of the lungs - about three tenths of a liter (about three tenths of a quart) of oxygen is transferred from the alveoli to the blood each minute

Question 282

ventilation rate

Answer 282

the volume of gas entering or leaving the lungs in a given amount of time. It can be calculated by multiplying the volume of gas, either inhaled or exhaled, during a breath (the tidal volume) by the breathing rate [e.g., 0.4 liter (or 0.4L) × 15 breaths/min = 6L/min].

Question 283

Acidosis

Answer 283

is a condition in which there is too much acid in the body fluids.

Question 284

Alkalosis

Answer 284

condition in which the body fluids have excess base

Question 285

Negative pressure Breathing

Answer 285

When you inhale, the diaphragm and muscles between your ribs contract, creating a negative pressure—or vacuum—inside your chest cavity. The negative pressure draws the air that you breathe into your lungs.

Question 286

Total lung capacity

Answer 286

Lung capacity or total lung capacity (TLC) is the volume of air in the lungs upon the maximum effort of inspiration. Among healthy adults, the average lung capacity is about 6 liters.

Question 287

Residual Volume

Answer 287

the amount of air that remains in a person's lungs after fully exhaling.

Question 288

vital capacity

Answer 288

the total volume of air that can be displaced from the lungs by maximal expiratory effort.

Question 289

tidal volume

Answer 289

amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle. - 500 mL in an average healthy adult male - 400 mL in a healthy female. It is a vital clinical parameter that allows for proper ventilation to take place.

Question 290

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 290

the amount of air a person can inhale forcefully after normal tidal volume inspiration;

Question 291

Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 291

is an inherited disorder that causes severe damage to the lungs, digestive system and other organs in the body. - The cells that produce mucus, sweat and digestive juices. - These secreted fluids are normally thin and slippery but are caused to become thick and sticky

Question 292

Surfactant insufficiency

Answer 292

ung disorder that causes breathing problems. This condition results from abnormalities in the composition or function of surfactant, a mixture of certain fats (called phospholipids) and proteins that lines the lung tissue and makes breathing easy.

Question 293

Emphysema

Answer 293

a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness.

Question 294

Skeletal system

Answer 294

composed of bones and supporting tissues including cartilage, tendons, and ligaments facilitates movement and protects internal organs, produces WBC and RBC

Question 295

How many bones are in the adult body

Answer 295

206

Question 296

What are the 5 types of bones in the human body

Answer 296

``` Long flat short sesamoid irregular ```

Question 297

Long Bone

Answer 297

humerus

Question 298

Flat bone

Answer 298

sternum

Question 299

Short bone

Answer 299

trapezoid, wrist bone

Question 300

sesamoid

Answer 300

patella

Question 301

irregular

Answer 301

vertebra

Question 302

Axial Skeleton

Answer 302

made up of the 80 bones - bones in your skull - back (vertebrae, sacrum and tailbone) - ribcage (sternum and ribs).

Question 303

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 303

upper and lower extremities

Question 304

Synovial joint

Answer 304

- the most common type of joint in the body - Cavity contains synovial fluid, secreted by the synovial membrane (synovium), which lines the articular capsule. This fluid-filled space is the site at which the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. - Shoulder, elbow, hip, knee.

Question 305

Fibrous Joint

Answer 305

a type of joint where the bones are joined by strong fibrous tissue rich in collagen. These joints allow for very little movement (if any) and are often referred to as synarthroses. sutures between skull bones, teeth

Question 306

Cartilaginous Joint

Answer 306

artilaginous joints are a type of joint where the bones are entirely joined by cartilage, either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. These joints generally allow more movement than fibrous joints but less movement than synovial joints. joint between the manubrium and the sternum

Question 307

Arthritis

Answer 307

the swelling and tenderness of one or more joints. The main symptoms of arthritis are joint pain and stiffness, which typically worsen with age. The most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Question 308

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 308

a form of arthritis that causes pain, swelling, stiffness and loss of function in your joints. It can affect any joint but is common in the wrist and fingers. More women than men get rheumatoid arthritis. It often starts in middle age and is most common in older people

Question 309

Antagonistic muscle and contraction

Answer 309

one muscle contracts the other muscle relaxes or lengthens. The muscle that is contracting is called the agonist and the muscle that is relaxing or lengthening is called the antagonist. biceps contracts (agonist) and triceps relaxes and lengthens (antagonist)

Question 310

Spongy Bone

Answer 310

Spongy bone reduces the density of bone and allows the ends of long bones to compress as the result of stresses applied to the bone. Spongy bone is prominent in areas of bones that are not heavily stressed or where stresses arrive from many directions.

Question 311

bone marrow

Answer 311

the spongy tissue inside some of your bones, such as your hip and thigh bones. It contains stem cells. The stem cells can develop into the red blood cells that carry oxygen through your body, the white blood cells that fight infections, and the platelets that help with blood clotting.

Question 312

compact bone

Answer 312

under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or Haversian system.

Question 313

diaphysis

Answer 313

the shaft or central part of a long bone.

Question 314

epiphyses

Answer 314

the end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft.

Question 315

epihseal plate

Answer 315

The growth plate, also known as the epiphyseal plate is a thin layer of cartilage that lies between the epiphyses and metaphyses, and is where the growth of long bones takes place.

Question 316

periosteum

Answer 316

a thin membrane on the outside of your bones. It serves to protect your bones but also has the ability to help them heal. It can even help your body grow new bone when damage occurs. made of collagen

Question 317

osteoblast

Answer 317

The primary role of osteoblasts is to lay down new bone during skeletal development and remodelling. ... Through these mechanisms, cells of the osteoblast lineage help retain the homeostatic balance between bone formation and bone resorption. Osteoblast build bone

Question 318

Osteoclast

Answer 318

Osteoclasts are the cells that degrade bone to initiate normal bone remodeling and mediate bone loss in pathologic conditions by increasing their resorptive activity. Osteoclast break down bone

Question 319

Osteocyte

Answer 319

osteocyte, a cell that lies within the substance of fully formed bone

Question 320

osteon

Answer 320

the chief structural unit of compact (cortical) bone, consisting of concentric bone layers called lamellae, which surround a long hollow passageway, the Haversian canal

Question 321

Lamellae

Answer 321

Spongy bone tissue does not contain osteons that constitute compact bone tissue. Instead, it consists of trabeculae, which are lamellae that are arranged as rods or plates. Red bone marrow is found between the trabuculae. Blood vessels within this tissue deliver nutrients to osteocytes and remove waste.

Question 322

Haversian canal

Answer 322

series of tubes around narrow channels formed by lamellae.

Question 323

Volkmann canal

Answer 323

Any of the small channels in bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and that lie perpendicular to and communicate with the haversian canals.

Question 324

Lacunae

Answer 324

Between the rings of matrix, the bone cells (osteocytes) are located in spaces called lacunae.

Question 325

Canaliculi

Answer 325

small canals running through the bone solid matrix, hosting osteocyte's dendrites, and saturated by an interstitial fluid rich in ions. Because of the small size of these canals (few hundred nanometers in diameter), fluid flow is coupled with electrochemical phenomena.

Question 326

Osteoporosis

Answer 326

causes bones to become weak and brittle — so brittle that a fall or even mild stresses such as bending over or coughing can cause a fracture. Osteoporosis-related fractures most commonly occur in the hip, wrist or spine. Bone is living tissue that is constantly being broken down and replaced.

Question 327

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer 327

an inherited (genetic) bone disorder that is present at birth. It is also known as brittle bone disease. A child born with OI may have soft bones that break (fracture) easily, bones that are not formed normally, and other problems. Signs and symptoms may range from mild to severe.

Question 328

osteoarthritis

Answer 328

Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, affecting millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones wears down over time. Although osteoarthritis can damage any joint, the disorder most commonly affects joints in your hands, knees, hips and spine.

Question 329

Urinary system

Answer 329

is composed of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra it functions to remove waste from the body and regulate the blood

Question 330

Kidneys

Answer 330

filters blood and turns waste into urine

Question 331

Ureters

Answer 331

carry urin from the kidneys to the bladder

Question 332

bladder

Answer 332

stores urine until expelled

Question 333

Urethra

Answer 333

Expels urine

Question 334

Nephron

Answer 334

nephron, functional unit of the kidney, the structure that actually produces urine in the process of removing waste and excess substances from the blood.

Question 335

Renal Arteries

Answer 335

The renal arteries are large blood vessels that carry oxygen rich blood from your heart to your kidneys.

Question 336

Afferent arteriole

Answer 336

The afferent arteriole is the arteriole that brings blood to the glomerulus. It is larger in diameter than the efferent arteriole.

Question 337

Glomerulus

Answer 337

The glomerulus is the filtering unit of the kidney and is composed of a network of capillaries and highly differentiated epithelial cells, the podocytes, which regulate selective filtration of blood into an ultrafiltrate that will become ultimately urine

Question 338

Efferent arteriole

Answer 338

Efferent (from Latin ex + ferre) means "outgoing", in this case meaning carrying blood out away from the glomerulus.

Question 339

Renal Tubule

Answer 339

One of millions of tiny tubes in the kidneys that returns nutrients, fluids, and other substances that have been filtered from the blood, but the body needs, back to the blood. -The remaining fluid and waste in the renal tubules become urine.

Question 340

What are the parts of the renal tube

Answer 340

- proximal convoluted tubule (found in the renal cortex) - loop of Henle (mostly in the medulla) - distal convoluted tubule (found in the renal cortex) - collecting tubule (in the medulla) - collecting duct (in the medulla)

Question 341

Hematuria

Answer 341

In hematuria, your kidneys — or other parts of your urinary tract — allow blood cells to leak into urine. Various problems can cause this leakage, including: Urinary tract infections. These occur when bacteria enter your body through the urethra and multiply in your bladder.

Question 342

Adrenal Glands

Answer 342

- also known as suprarenal glands - small, triangular-shaped glands located on top of both kidneys. - Produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions.

Question 343

What hormones are produced in the Adrenal Gland

Answer 343

- Cortisol- raises sugar levels - Aldosterone-raises salt reabsorption by kidneys - DHEA and Androgenic Steroids - Epinephrine &Norepinephrine (also called the fight, flight, or freeze response) - androgens and estrogens (sex hormones)

Question 344

Heredity

Answer 344

the mechanism by which genetic information is passed from parent to child This genetic info can be certain traits such as hair color, eye color etc.

Question 345

where is genetic information heald?

Answer 345

DNA

Question 346

what is DNA made up of?

Answer 346

Nucleic acids

Question 347

What is DNA

Answer 347

the fundamental genetic building block in humans and almost all other life

Question 348

Where is DNA located?

Answer 348

Mostly in the nucleus

Question 349

what nucleic acids make up DNA and which are paired together?

Answer 349

Adenine-Thymine | Guanine-cytosine

Question 350

Does DNA replicate itself?

Answer 350

Yes it allows for the creation of new cells

Question 351

Chromosomes

Answer 351

made up of coiled DNA strands

Question 352

How many pairs of chromosomes do we have?

Answer 352

23 pairs- 46 in total in every cell

Question 353

How many chromosomes make up sperm and ova cells

Answer 353

23 in total they only have one set

Question 354

Genes

Answer 354

are made up of DNA and contain the genetic code needed to make proteins they can either be dominant or recessive

Question 355

What three laws did Johann Gregor Mendel discover

Answer 355

Law of segregation Law of independent assortment Law of Dominance

Question 356

Law of segregation

Answer 356

each inherited trait comes from a pair of genes, one from each parent

Question 357

Law of independent assortment

Answer 357

genes on different chromosomes are kept separate from each other so that the inheritance of one trait does not depend on the inheritance of another

Question 358

Law of dominance

Answer 358

if a pair of genes is made up of one dominant and one recessive gene the dominant gene will be expressed

Question 359

Mitosis

Answer 359

a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.

Question 360

Meiosis

Answer 360

Meiosis is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information. These cells are our sex cells – sperm in males, eggs in females. During meiosis one cell? divides twice to form four daughter cells

Question 361

Diploid

Answer 361

Diploid is a cell or organism that has paired chromosomes, one from each parent. In humans, cells other than human sex cells, are diploid and have 23 pairs of chromosomes

Question 362

Haploid

Answer 362

Human sex cells (egg and sperm cells) contain a single set of chromosomes and are known as haploid.

Question 363

Gamete

Answer 363

A gamete is the male or female reproductive cell that contains half the genetic material of the organism.

Question 364

Zygote

Answer 364

When two human gametes meet — that is, a sperm cell and an ovum — you get a zygote, a fertilized egg.

Question 365

Allele

Answer 365

An allele is one of two or more versions of a gene. An individual inherits two alleles for each gene, one from each parent. ... Though the term allele was originally used to describe variation among genes, it now also refers to variation among non-coding DNA sequences.

Question 366

Homozygous

Answer 366

- Same - Homozygous is a genetic condition where an individual inherits the same alleles for a particular gene from both parents.

Question 367

Heterozygous

Answer 367

- Different | - refers to having inherited different forms of a particular gene from each parent.

Question 368

Dominant

Answer 368

In genetic terms, a dominant trait is one that is phenotypically expressed in heterozygotes)

Question 369

Recessive

Answer 369

If the alleles of a gene are different, one allele will be expressed; it is the dominant gene. The effect of the other allele, called recessive, is masked.

Question 370

Genotype

Answer 370

- genetic makeup of an organism - organism's complete set of genes. - can be used to refer to the alleles, or variant forms of a gene, that are carried by an organism.

Question 371

Phenotype

Answer 371

- description of your physical characteristics. - visible traits (like hair or eye color) - your measurable traits (like height or weight). -also refers to characteristics related to your development and behavior, like elements of your personality.

Question 372

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 372

- AKA semi-dominance and partial dominance. - type of inheritance in which one allele is not completely expressed over its paired allele for a specific trait or character. -Example:in a flower Rr Rw you have Both red and white alleles in incomplete the flower would be neither red or white but it would be pink. Both traits are present but neither can be seen.

Question 373

Codominance

Answer 373

both alleles in the genotype are seen in the phenotype. - Example in flowers Rr Rw could show as a pinwheel edesign and you could see both red and white in the flower that would be codominance

Question 374

Punnett square

Answer 374

The Punnett square is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment.

Question 375

x-linked

Answer 375

- a trait where a gene is located on the X chromosome. - Humans and other mammals have two sex chromosomes, the X and the Y. In an X-linked or sex linked disease, it is usually males that are affected because they have a single copy of the X chromosome that carries the mutation.

Question 376

monohybrid cross

Answer 376

a cross between two organisms with different variations at one genetic locus of interest

Question 377

Dihybrid cross

Answer 377

a mating experiment between two organisms that are identically hybrid for two traits. A hybrid organism is one that is heterozygous, which means that is carries two different alleles at a particular genetic position, or locus.

Question 378

Atoms

Answer 378

building blocks of all chemicals

Question 379

What particles make up atoms

Answer 379

- Protons - Neurons - Electrons

Question 380

Protons- charge, location, and how do you determine the number of protons

Answer 380

Positively charged Located inside the nucleus (atomic number)

Question 381

Electrons charge, location, and how do you determine the number of electrons.

Answer 381

Negatively charged Located in the valance shells outside of the atom (Number of Protons)

Question 382

Neutrons charge, location, and how do you determine the number of neutrons

Answer 382

Neutrally charged Located inside the nucleus (atomic mass- atomic number)

Question 383

Nuclear symbol

Answer 383

abbreviation for each element found on the periodic table

Question 384

Can substances be made up of pure elements and pure compounds?

Answer 384

No they can only be made up of one or the other

Question 385

What characteristic properties can substances have

Answer 385

Freezing/melting point boiling/condensing point color density

Question 386

Substance

Answer 386

a particular kind of matter with uniform properties.

Question 387

mixture

Answer 387

A mixture contains two or more substances that are not chemically combined.

Question 388

physical property

Answer 388

is a characteristic of matter that is not associated with a change in its chemical composition. Familiar examples of physical properties include density, color, hardness, melting and boiling points, and electrical conductivity.

Question 389

Extensive property

Answer 389

-Depends on the amount of matter - is a property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample. - Mass and volume are examples of extensive properties

Question 390

Intensive Property

Answer 390

-Depends on the type of matter - a property of matter that depends only on the type of matter in a sample and not on the amount. - Color, temperature, and solubility are examples of intensive properties.

Question 391

Density

Answer 391

- Density=Mass/volume - The density of a substance is the relationship between the mass of the substance and how much space it takes up (volume).

Question 392

Melting Point

Answer 392

the temperature at which the substance changes from a solid to a liquid.

Question 393

Boiling Point

Answer 393

the temperature at which the substance changes from a liquid to a vapor

Question 394

Specific heat capacity

Answer 394

the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an object by 1oC.

Question 395

Malleability

Answer 395

Malleability describes the property of a metal's ability to be distorted below compression. It is a physical property

Question 396

polar molecule

Answer 396

molecule that has a charge on one side of the molecule, that is not cancelled out. It has a region of partial charge. One end is slightly positive one end is slightly negative. They are generally asymmetrical, with an uneven distribution of the electrons.

Question 397

cohesive

Answer 397

-Water is attracted to water Cohesion or cohesive attraction or cohesive force is the action or property of like molecules sticking together, being mutually attractive

Question 398

adhesion

Answer 398

- Water is attracted to other substances | - adhesion is the attraction between two dissimilar phases.

Question 399

aqueous solution

Answer 399

An aqueous solution is one in which the solvent is liquid water.

Question 400

solution

Answer 400

a special type of homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. In such a mixture, a solute is a substance dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent.

Question 401

solvent

Answer 401

a substance that dissolves a solute

Question 402

Solute

Answer 402

the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent.

Question 403

diffusion

Answer 403

--Solute is moving process where molecules of a material move from an area of high concentration (where there are many molecules) to an area of low concentration (where there are fewer molecules)until it has reached equilibrium

Question 404

osmosis

Answer 404

--Solvent is moving the spontaneous passage or diffusion of water or other solvents through a semipermeable membrane

Question 405

What are the three states of matter

Answer 405

solid liquid gas

Question 406

What does the state of matter depend on?

Answer 406

Temperature

Question 407

Intramolecular force

Answer 407

- Forces act within molecules - Stronger than intermolecular - force that holds together the atoms making up a molecule or compound. - Examples: chemical bonds such as ionic, covalent and metallic bonds

Question 408

Intermolecular force

Answer 408

- Forces act between molecules. - Intermolecular forces are weaker than intramolecular forces. - Examples: London dispersion force, dipole-dipole interaction, ion-dipole interaction, and van der Waals forces.

Question 409

crystal

Answer 409

- a solid whose atoms (or molecules) are arranged in a repeating pattern. - made from fluids (usually but can be made from gases) by Crystallization.

Question 410

phase transition

Answer 410

transitions between different physical states (phases) of the same substance.

Question 411

what are the 5 phase transitions

Answer 411

``` Sublimation deposition condensation evaporation freezing melting ```

Question 412

Sublimation

Answer 412

Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas state, without passing through the liquid state.

Question 413

Decomposition Reaction

Answer 413

a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances. The general form of a decomposition reaction is: AB→A+B.

Question 414

Condensation

Answer 414

- change of the state of matter from the gas phase into the liquid phase - reverse of vaporization.

Question 415

Evaporation

Answer 415

the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gas phase.

Question 416

Vapor

Answer 416

-diffused matter (such as smoke or fog) suspended floating in the air and impairing its transparency.

Question 417

Latent Heat

Answer 417

- type of energy released or absorbed in the atmosphere. | - related to changes in phase between liquids, gases, and solids.

Question 418

Sensible Heat

Answer 418

- No phase change! - Type of energy released or absorbed in the atmosphere - related to changes in temperature of a gas or object with no change in phase.

Question 419

Latent heat of Fusion

Answer 419

- Changes from solid to liquid - Constant pressure - is the change in its enthalpy (internal energy) - resulting from providing energy, typically heat, to a specific amount of the substance to change its state from a solid to a liquid, at constant pressure.

Question 420

latent heat of Vaporization

Answer 420

- changes from a liquid to a gas - pressure is not constant -the amount of energy that must be added to a liquid substance to transform a specific amount of a substance into a gas. The enthalpy of vaporization is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place.

Question 421

Calorie

Answer 421

the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water through 1 °C (now usually defined as 4.1868 joules).

Question 422

Phase Diagram

Answer 422

-graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. - y-axis- pressure - x-axis- temperature -As we cross the lines or curves on the phase diagram, a phase change occurs.

Question 423

triple point

Answer 423

the temperature and pressure at which the three phases of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. It is that temperature and pressure at which the sublimation curve, fusion curve and the vaporisation curve meet.

Question 424

Critical Point

Answer 424

- Point where liquid and gaseous phase merge into one single phase - point in temperature and pressure on a phase diagram where the liquid and gaseous phases of a substance merge together into a single phase. - Supercritical fluid- formed bond the merge beyond the critical point.

Question 425

chemical reaction

Answer 425

occur when particles collide with each other under the right conditions

Question 426

Active energy

Answer 426

is the amount of energy required for a specific reaction to occur

Question 427

What can cause the rate of reaction to be increased in a chemical reaction?

Answer 427

Increasing the temperature Pressure concentration by adding a catalyst

Question 428

Ionic bond

Answer 428

- chemical bond | - formed through attraction between two oppositely charged ions.

Question 429

Covalent Bond

Answer 429

- chemical bond | - involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

Question 430

Organic molecule

Answer 430

Organic molecules describe most carbon containing molecules that are present in all living organisms. Examples:nucleic acids, glucose, and amino acids.

Question 431

Reactant

Answer 431

a substance or compound added to a system to cause a chemical reaction, or added to test if a reaction occurs.

Question 432

Product

Answer 432

The species formed from chemical reactions.

Question 433

Chemical Equation

Answer 433

The symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form of symbols and formulae, wherein the reactant entities are given on the left-hand side and the product entities on the right hand side

Question 434

Single Displacement Reaction

Answer 434

- A+BC→AC+B | - reaction in which one element replaces a similar element in a compound.

Question 435

Substitution Reaction

Answer 435

chemical reaction during which one functional group in a chemical compound is replaced by another functional group

Question 436

Double Displacement Reaction

Answer 436

- AB + CD → AD + CB | - reaction in which the positive and negative ions of two ionic compounds exchange places to form two new compounds.

Question 437

Molecular Ion

Answer 437

- Net charge that is not equal to zero - Covalently bond of two or more atoms - Behave as a single unit

Question 438

Polyatomic Iom

Answer 438

AKA Molecular Ion - Net charge that is not equal to zero - Covalently bond of two or more atoms - Behave as a single unit

Question 439

Synthesis Reaction

Answer 439

- A + B → C. | - Reactions that occur when two different atoms or molecules interact to form a different molecule or compound.

Question 440

Direct Combination Reaction

Answer 440

- A + B → C. - Pretty much the same as synthesis The reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single substance is called direct combination reaction.

Question 441

Combustion

Answer 441

a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant, usually atmospheric oxygen, that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke.

Question 442

Oxidation Reaction

Answer 442

-chemical reaction gaining oxygen

Question 443

Reduction agent

Answer 443

-Reducing agent is oxidized | The substance which loses election in the process of oxidation

Question 444

Oxidizing Agent

Answer 444

- Oxidizes the reducing agent by gaining one of their electrons

Question 445

Exothermic

Answer 445

- process releases heat | - causing the temperature of the immediate surroundings to rise.

Question 446

Endothermic

Answer 446

absorbs heat | cools the surroundings

Question 447

Catalyst

Answer 447

a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.

Question 448

PH

Answer 448

a measure of how acidic/basic an aqueous solution is

Question 449

Acidity

Answer 449

- 7 is neutral | - Anything below 7 is gaining acidity as it decreases

Question 450

Basicity

Answer 450

The quality of being a base (not an acid).

Question 451

Alkalinity

Answer 451

a measure of the capacity of water to neutralize acids

Question 452

Scientific method

Answer 452

6 steps to problem solving

Question 453

What are the 6 steps to the scientific method?

Answer 453

1) Problem Identification 2) Ask a question 3) Form a Hypothesis 4) Test with an experiment 5) Analyze data and draw conclusion 6) Report Findings

Question 454

Experiment

Answer 454

Procedure carried out to support or refute a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy or likelihood of something previously untried.

Question 455

Null Hypothesis

Answer 455

the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.

Question 456

Independent Variable

Answer 456

the factors or conditions that you manipulate in an experiment.

Question 457

Where does the independent Variable go on a graph (usually)

Answer 457

X axis

Question 458

Dependent Variable

Answer 458

the factor that you observe or measure

Question 459

Where does the dependent variable go when graphing it?

Answer 459

y-axis

Question 460

experimental group

Answer 460

group that receives a treatment in an experiment. The “group” is made up of test subjects (people, animals, plants, cells etc.)

Question 461

Control

Answer 461

an element that remains unchanged or unaffected by other variables.

Question 462

Control Group

Answer 462

group that recieves no treatment in order to have a comparable Researchers change the independent variable in the treatment group and keep it constant in the control group. Then they compare the results of these groups.

Question 463

Controlled Variable

Answer 463

variable or an element which is held constant throughout an experiment o

Question 464

Bias

Answer 464

prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.

Question 465

Reproducibility

Answer 465

The ability of an experiment or calculation to be duplicated by other researchers working independently.

Question 466

Gas exchange between the blood and alveoli would be enhanced by ______________, but impeded by __________________.

Answer 466

increased alveolar surface area; increased membrane thickness