science Flashcards
Do a balance excercise.
I’m serious. Go do it.
What is the rule for number of electrons that fit on each shell?
2-8-8-8
What are valence electrons?
Electrons in the outermost shell.
How are Lewis diagrams set up?
The name of the element in the middle then valence electrons as dots around it.
What are the rows of the periodic table called?
Periods.
What are the groups/families of the periodic table from left to right?
Alkali metals, Alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases.
Where is the atomic number found on elements? (on the periodic table)
Under the element name, over the letter/symbol of the element.
What are the parts of an atom and their charges?
Protons (positive charge), Neutrons (neutral charge), Electrons (negative charge)
Do a concentration excersice.
Just do it.
How do you figure out the net charge of an atom?
Add together the number of protons and electrons.
Do a conversion excercise (liters to mililiters or something).
C’mon you can find one.
Do a concentration exercise.
do it.
What is an acidic pH?
0-6.9
What is a basic pH?
7.1-14
What is a neutral pH?
7
If item 1 has a pH of 5 and item 2 has a pH of 7, how much more acidic is item 1?
1000x more acidic.
What is dissociation?
When a compound breaks up into simpler parts.
What is a solvent?
A substance that dissolves a solute.
What is a solute?
A substance that gets dissolved by a solvent.
How do you neutralize a base?
Add an acid.
If you add an acid and base together, it makes what?
Salt and water.
How can you tell if something is an acid by looking at its formula?
H+non-metal
How can you tell if something is an base by looking at its formula?
metal+OH
Are salts neutral?
Yes!
What does it mean if an energy source is green?
It doesn’t emit greenhouse gases.
What does renewable mean?
It doesn’t get used up.
What is the greenhouse effect?
Most of the sun’s rays are absorbed by the earth’s surface. Once the surface is heated, some infrared rays escape back into space. Greenhouse gases trap some infrared rays and send them back to earth, heating it’s surface even more.
What are some energy ressources?
Fossil fuels, Uranium/Nuclear energy, Geothermal energy
What can melting permafrost cause?
Unstability in the ground, increase of vegetation, landslides, release of stored carbon in the ground, loss of infrastructure.
What is the permafrost?
A layer of permanently frozen soil that has been 0 degrees or lower for over 2 years.
What is the lithosphere?
Earth’s crust and top of the mantle. It’s the hard shell of earth.
Does the lithosphere contain minerals?
Yes.
What are tides caused by?
The gravitational pull of the moon and sun on the water s of earth.
Which influences the earth’s tides more, moon or sun?
Moon since it’s closer to earth.
What are examples of cons of an energy ressource?
Expensive, not green, not renewable, not suited for certain climates or areas.
What are examples of pros of an energy ressource?
Green, renewable, low cost to produce, reduce dependance on oil and gas.
What is low and high tide?
Low tide, when the water is low. High tide, when water levels are high.
Where is pack ice located?
In an ocean.
Where are glaciers located?
On a continent.
What is a consequence of melting glaciers?
Rise in sea levels, albedo effect.
What is a consequence of melting pack ice?
Loss of habitat for animals.
What is albedo?
Albedo is an expression of the ability of surfaces to reflect sunlight (heat from the sun).
What is the cryosphere?
Layer made up of frozen water on earth.
What is thermohaline?
Thermohaline circulation is a part of the large-scale ocean circulation that is driven by global density gradients created by surface heat and freshwater fluxes.
What are surface currents caused by?
The winds.
DO surface currents make water warmer or colder?
Warmer.
What are deep currents cause by?
Differences in water density.
Do deep currents make water warmer or colder?
Colder.
Does cold water sink or float?
Sink.
Is hot water dense?
No
What is the hydrosphere?
Earth’s outer layer of water.
What is in the hydrosphere?
Oceans, lakes
What is in the crysophere?
Glacers, pack ice, etc…
What is an oxidation reaction example?
Fe2+O2→H2O→Fe2+O3
Photosynthesis reaction example?
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Combustion reaction example?
CH4+O2→CO2+H2O
Is combustion a type of oxidation?
Yes.
Respiration reaction example?
C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O
Neutralization reaction example?
2HF2+CaCOH2→CaF2+2H2O
What is energy measure in?
Jouls
Which has less heat: 100mL of water at 80 degrees or 100L at 5 degrees?
100mL of water at 80 degrees
How is heat determined?
By the number of particles (mass) and agitation (temp)
How is temperature determined?
It measures the ammount of agitation of susbstance (speed of movement)?
What is the law of conservation of mass?
Matter cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed. What goes in must come out.
How is energy efficiency figured out?
percentage useful over whole percentage (100%)=useful energy over total jouls used.
What are some types of energy?
Thermal, electric, chemical, kinetic, nuclear, mechanical, sound, light, elastic.
What is an element?
Some atom(s) (O2, N, N2)
What is a molecule?
2 or more atoms (O2, H2, H2O)
What is a compound?
2 or more DIFFERENT atoms (H2O, C6H12O6)
What are the properties of metals?
luster, malleable, ductility, reaction with acid
What are the properties of non-metal?
not shiny, no reaction with acid, not ductile, not malleable
What are the properties of a metalloid?
half n half of metals and non metals, yknow?
Where are metals on the periodic table?
On the right of the staricase.
Where are non metals on the periodic table?
On the left of the staircase.
Where are metalloids on the periodic table?
they are the staircase.
What do rows (side side) on the periodic table tell us?
number of shells.
What do colums (up down) on the periodic table tell us?
valence electrons
