Science

Question 1

Gland/Organ: THYROID GLAND Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone________________ Function: _______________
2. Hormone_______________ Function: _______________
3. Hormone_______________ Function: _______________

Answer 1

Gland/Organ: THYROID GLAND Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone________________ Function: _______________
2. Hormone_______________ Function: _______________
3. Hormone_______________ Function: _______________
4. Hormone: Triiodothyronine T3 Function: Metabolism
5. Hormone: Thyroxin T4 Function: Metabolism and temperature
6. Hormone: Calcitonin Function: Inhibits release of Calcium from bones

Question 2

Gland/Organ: ADRENAL MEDULLA Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone________________ Function: _______________
2. Hormone_______________ Function: _______________

Answer 2

Gland/Organ: ADRENAL MEDULLA Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone________________ Function: _______________
2. Hormone_______________ Function: _______________
3. Hormone: Epinephrine Function: fight
4. Hormone: Norepinephrine Function: flight

Question 3

Gland/Organ: Kindneys Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone________________ Function: _______________
2. Hormone_______________ Function: _______________

Answer 3

Gland/Organ: Kindneys Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone________________ Function: _______________
2. Hormone_______________ Function: _______________
3. Hormone: Etyhropoietin Function: Response to cellular hypoxia
4. Hormone: Renin Function: Promotes production of Angiotensin

Question 4

Gland/Organ: Thymus Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone______________Function: _______________

Answer 4

Gland/Organ: Thymus Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone: Thymosin Function: Stimulates T-Cell

Question 5

Gland/Organ: Adrenal Cortex Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone_______________Function: _______________
2. Hormone_______________ Function: _______________

Answer 5

Gland/Organ: Adrenal Cortex Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone_______________Function: _______________
2. Hormone_______________ Function: _______________
3. Hormone: Cortisol/Glucocorticoids Function: Increase blood glucose, Stress response, metabolism, Decrease immune response;
4. Hormone: Aldosterone Function: Regulates Na content in blood

Question 6

Gland/Organ: Pineal Gland Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone_______________Function: _______________

Answer 6

Gland/Organ: Pineal Gland Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone_______________Function: _______________
2. Hormone: Melatonin Function: Sleep cycles; biorhythms

Question 7

Gland/Organ: Ovaries (female gonads) Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone_______________Function: _______________
2. Hormone_______________ Function: _______________

Answer 7

Gland/Organ: Ovaries (female gonads) Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone_______________Function: _______________
2. Hormone_______________ Function: _______________
3. Hormone: Estrogen Function: Stimulates egg maturation, controls 2ndary sex characteristics
4. Hormone: Progesterone Function: Prepares uterus to receive fertilized egg

Question 8

Gland/Organ: Parathyroid Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone_______________Function: _______________

Answer 8

Gland/Organ: Parathyroid Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone_______________Function: _______________
2. Hormone: Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Function: Stimulates release of calcium from bones, back into blood.

Question 9

Gland/Organ: Intestine Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone_______________Function: _______________
2. Hormone_______________ Function: _______________

Answer 9

Gland/Organ: Intestine Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone_______________Function: _______________
2. Hormone_______________ Function: _______________
3. Hormone: Secretin Function: Response to acidity in small intestine; stimulates secretion by liver and pancreas
4. Hormone: Cholecystokinin Function: Production of Bile Salts

Question 10

Gland/Organ: Heart Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone_______________Function: _______________

Answer 10

Gland/Organ: Heart Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone_______________Function: _______________
2. Hormone: Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) Function: Increase renal Na excretion, decrease ECF

Question 11

Gland/Organ: Testes (male gonads) Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone_______________Function: _______________

Answer 11

Gland/Organ: LIVER Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone_______________Function: _______________
2. Hormone: Angiotensin II Function: Vasoconstriction, Increase BP

Question 12

Gland/Organ: STOMACH Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone_______________Function: _______________

Answer 12

Gland/Organ: STOMACH Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone_______________Function: _______________
2. Hormone: Gastrin Function: Response to food;stimulates production of gastric juice

Question 13

Gland/Organ: Hypothalamus Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone_______________Function: _______________

Answer 13

Gland/Organ: Hypothalamus Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone_______________Function: ___________________
2. Hormone: Releasing/Inhibiting hormones Function: Stimulate Pituitary

Question 14

Gland/Organ: Anterior Pituitary Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone_______________Function: _______________
2. Hormone_______________ Function: _______________
3. Hormone_______________Function: _______________
4. Hormone_______________Function: _______________
5. Hormone_______________ Function: _______________
6. Hormone_______________ Function: _______________

Answer 14

Gland/Organ: Anterior Pituitary Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone_______________Function: _______________
2. Hormone_______________ Function: _______________
3. Hormone_______________Function: _______________
4. Hormone_______________Function: _______________
5. Hormone_______________ Function: _______________
6. Hormone: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Function: Stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
7. Hormone: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Function: Stimulate the Thyroid gland
8. Hormone: Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Function: Stimulates production of ova (females) and sperm (males)
9. Hormone: Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Function: Stimulates Ovaries (females) and Testes (males)
10. Hormone: Prolactin Function: stimulates milk production
11. Hormone: Growth Hormone (GH) Function: Stimulates growth (bones) and metabolic functions

Question 15

Gland/Organ:Posterior Pituitary (back) Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone_______________Function: _______________
2. Hormone_______________ Function: _______________

Answer 15

Gland/Organ:Posterior Pituitary (back) Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone_______________Function: _______________
2. Hormone_______________ Function: _______________
3. Hormone: (ADH) Antidiuretic Hormone/ Vasopressin Function: Promotes retention of water by the kidneys
4. Hormone: Oxytocin Function: Stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells

Question 16

Gland/Organ: Pancreas Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone: (Alpha Cells)_____________Function: _______________
2. Hormone: (Beta Cells)______________ Function: _______________

Answer 16

Gland/Organ: Pancreas Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone: (Alpha Cells)_____________Function: _______________
2. Hormone: (Beta Cells)______________ Function: _______________

Gland/Organ: Pancreas Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone: (Alpha Cells) Glucagon Function: Increase blood glucose
2. Hormone: (Beta Cells) Insulin Function: Decrease blood glucose

Question 17

Gland/Organ: Testes (Male Gonads) Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone: _____________Function: _______________

Answer 17

Gland/Organ: Testes (make gonads) Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone: _____________Function: _______________

Gland/Organ: Testes (make gonads) Hormone Secreted & Function:

1. Hormone: Testosterone Function: Regulates sperm production and 2ndary sex characteristics

Question 18

Which of the following describes cellular respiration?

It is a reductive catabolic activity

It is an oxidative anabolic activity

It is an oxidative catabolic activity

It is a reductive anabolic activity

Answer 18

Answer: It is an oxidative catabolic activity

Which of the following describes cellular respiration?

It is a reductive catabolic activity

It is an oxidative anabolic activity

It is an oxidative catabolic activity

It is a reductive anabolic activity

An anabolic reaction is a reaction that uses energy to build molecules the organism needs. A catabolic reaction breaks down complex molecules into smaller molecules to create energy for the organism to use.

Oxidation is when an element loses one or more electrons to oxygen. Reduction is when an element gains one or more electrons.

Cellular respiration is the process in which a cell takes in oxygen and uses it to break down glucose to create energy in the form of ATP. In the final stage of cellular respiration (called the electron transport chain), oxygen accepts electrons and picks up protons to form water. So, because elements lose electrons to oxygen and it is a reaction in which energy is created, cellular respiration is both an oxidative and catabolic activity.

Question 19

Which of the following types of tissues functions in the covering, lining, and protection of surfaces and body cavities?

Epithelial tissue

Connective tissue

Muscle tissue

Nerve tissue

Answer 19

Answer: Epithelial tissue

Which of the following types of tissues functions in the covering, lining, and protection of surfaces and body cavities?

Epithelial tissue

Connective tissue

Muscle tissue

Nerve tissue

Epithelial tissue functions as the lining and covering of body surfaces and cavities.

Muscle tissue functions in facilitating voluntary and involuntary movements.

Connective tissue is responsible for the support and protection of tissues and organs.

Nerve tissue is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses.

Question 20

The respiratory system is composed of organs that facilitate gas exchange between the blood and the external environment. Which of the following describes the group of organs that function during ga exchange?

Organ

Organelle

Organ System

Tissue

Answer 20

Answer: Organ system

The respiratory system is composed of organs that facilitate gas exchange between the blood and the external environment. Which of the following describes the group of organs that function during ga exchange?

Organ

Organelle

Organ System

Tissue

Tissues are a collection of specialized cells that perform a specific functions (e.g. protection, support, nerve conduction and movement).

A group of tissues that has a specialized function is referred to as an organ.

A group of organs that work together to perform several related functions is an organ system.

Below is a model representing the hierarchy of the structure of the human body:

Question 21

White blood cells contain many _________ because they need to dispose of harmful intruders such as bacteria and viruses. Which of the following options correctly completes the statement above?

ribosomes

lysosomes

mitochondria

Golgi

Answer 21

Answer: lysosomes

White blood cells contain many _________ because they need to dispose of harmful intruders such as bacteria and viruses. Which of the following options correctly completes the statement above?

ribosomes

lysosomes

mitochondria

Golgi

White blood cells contain a larger number of lysosomes because they need to dispose of harmful intruders such as bacteria and viruses. Lysosomes are responsible for digesting and removing waste from a cell. This means they can digest bacteria and viruses that are engulfed by white blood cells in order to protect the body.

Mitochondria are the organelles responsible for generating energy-rich molecules for the cell.

The Golgi apparatus collects small molecules and combines them to make more complex molecules within the cell. Then it packages up the complex molecules to either store or to send out of the cell.

Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis. mRNA is translated into proteins by the ribosomes.

Question 22

Which of the following organ systems is correctly paired with its function?

Digestive/ waste elimination

Endocrine/ regulation of homeostasis through hormone signaling

Circulatory/ obtaining nutrients necessary for growth, energy and normal body processes

Excretory/ transport of substance to all tissues of the body

Answer 22

Answer: Endocrine/ regulation of homeostasis through hormone signaling

Which of the following organ systems is correctly paired with its function?

Digestive/ waste elimination

Endocrine/ regulation of homeostasis through hormone signaling

Circulatory/ obtaining nutrients necessary for growth, energy and normal body processes

Excretory/ transport of substance to all tissues of the body

The Endocrine system is responsible for regulating homeostasis through hormone signaling.

The Digestive system is responsible for obtaining nutrients through the breakdown and absorption of food.

The Circulatory system is responsible for transport of substance to all tissues of the body.

The Excretory system is primarily responsible for waste elimination.

Question 23

Which of the following correctly describes anatomical position?

Upright, arms at sides, palms facing anteriorly

Seated, arms at sides, palms facing posteriorly

Supine, arms at sides, palms facing posteriorly

Prone, arms at sides, palms facing anteriorly

Answer 23

Answer: Upright, arms at sides, palms facing anteriorly

Which of the following correctly describes anatomical position?

Upright, arms at sides, palms facing anteriorly

Seated, arms at sides, palms facing posteriorly

Supine, arms at sides, palms facing posteriorly

Prone, arms at sides, palms facing anteriorly

Anatomical position is described as standing erect, arms at sides, face and palms are facing anteriorly (facing to the front).

Question 24

HIV is a virus that destroys the body’s defense against diseases by inserting itself into the host’s DNA. In which part of the infected host cell will HIV virus be found?

Ribosomes

Lysosomes

Peroxisomes

Nucleus

Answer 24

Answer: Nucleus

HIV is a virus that destroys the body’s defense against diseases by inserting itself into the host’s DNA. In which part of the infected host cell will HIV virus be found?

Ribosomes

Lysosomes

Peroxisomes

Nucleus

HIV infects a host cell by integrating its genetic material with the genetic material of the host cell. Genetic material is located in the nucleus.

Ribosomes are the sites for protein synthesis.

Peroxisomes break down fatty acids to be used for forming membranes and as fuel for respiration. They also transfer hydrogen from compounds to oxygen to create hydrogen peroxide and then convert hydrogen peroxide into water.

Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out cell parts, food, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.

Question 25

Osteoblasts are specialized cells that secrete the protein collagen and other substances necessary for bone formation. Which of the following organelles is more likely to be predominant in osteoblasts?

Nucleus

Lysosomes

Ribosomes

Mitochondria

Answer 25

Answer: Ribosomes

Osteoblasts are specialized cells that secrete the protein collagen and other substances necessary for bone formation. Which of the following organelles is more likely to be predominant in osteoblasts?

Nucleus

Lysosomes

Ribosomes

Mitochondria

Ribosomes are the organelles responsible for protein synthesis, so it is expected to be predominant in protein-secreting cells such as osteoblasts.

Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out cell parts, food, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.

Mitochondria are responsible for ATP production and are considered the powerhouse of the cell.

The nucleus is the “control center” that is responsible for directing the overall activity of the cell. The nucleus contains most of the cell’s DNA

Question 26

Which of the following is the correct order of structures from simple to most complex?

Brain, neurons, mitochondria, nerve tissues

Mitochondria, neurons, nerve tissues, brain

Neurons, mitochondria, nerve tissues, brain

Mitochondria, nerve tissues, neurons, brain

Answer 26

Answer: Mitochondria, neurons, nerve tissues, brain

Mitochondria = cell organelle

Neurons = cells

Nerve tissues = tissues

Brain = organ

Which of the following is the correct order of structures from simple to most complex?

Brain, neurons, mitochondria, nerve tissues

Mitochondria, neurons, nerve tissues, brain

Neurons, mitochondria, nerve tissues, brain

Mitochondria, nerve tissues, neurons, brain

Neurons are the basic cells that make up the nervous system. Since the mitochondria is an organelle that you would find inside a neuron, it is going to be the simplest structure in the list. Multiple neurons are needed to form nervous tissue, which in turn makes up the brain.

Below is a diagram illustrating the hierarchy of the structure of the human body:

Question 27

Which of the following processes correctly describe the formation of new cells in order to replace worn-out and damaged cells during injury?

Mitosis

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Meiosis

Answer 27

Answer: Mitosis

Which of the following processes correctly describe the formation of new cells in order to replace worn-out and damaged cells during injury?

Mitosis

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Meiosis

Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division.

Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. The major purpose of mitosis is to replace worn-out and damaged cells.

Meiosis is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information. The purpose of meiosis is to create sex cells – sperm in males, eggs in females.

Exocytosis is the cellular process of transporting substances out of the cell.

Endocytosis is the cellular process of taking substance into the cell.

Question 28

Which of the following is not located on the anterior region of the human body?

Mandible

Clavicle

Sternum

Vertebral column

Answer 28

Answer: Vertebral column

Which of the following is not located on the anterior region of the human body?

Mandible

Clavicle

Sternum

Vertebral column

The vertebral column is located posteriorly (at the back). The mandible, sternum, and clavicle are all located anteriorly (front).

You may use the diagram below as a visual reference for the location of various body parts.

Question 29

Which of the types of tissue is responsible for providing the matrix that supports and connects other tissues of the body?

Nerve tissue

Epithelial tissue

Muscle tissue

Connective tissue

Answer 29

Answer: Connective tissue

Which of the types of tissue is responsible for providing the matrix that supports and connects other tissues of the body?

Nerve tissue

Epithelial tissue

Muscle tissue

Connective tissue

Connective tissue is responsible for providing the matrix that supports and connects other tissues of the the body.

Nerve tissue is responsible for transmitting nerve impulse.

Epithelial tissue functions as lining and covering of body surfaces and cavities.

Muscle tissue functions in facilitating voluntary and involuntary movements.

Question 30

Which of the following is the name of the imaginary vertical plane that equally divides the body into left and right?

Horizontal

Sagittal

Coronal

Transverse

Answer 30

Answer: Sagittal

Which of the following is the name of the imaginary vertical plane that equally divides the body into left and right?

Horizontal

Sagittal

Coronal

Transverse

The sagittal plane is also a vertical plane but it equally divides the body into left and right.

The Coronal plane is an imaginary vertical plane that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior).

The horizontal, or transverse, plane is an imaginary plane at right angle with coronal and sagittal planes and it divides the body into superior and inferior.

You may use the diagram below as a visual reference for the different types of planes used to divide the body.

Question 31

Which of the following steps of protein synthesis occurs in the nucleus?

Replication

Transcription to mRNA

Translation to amino acid

Elongation

Answer 31

Answer: Transcription to mRNA

Which of the following steps of protein synthesis occurs in the nucleus?

Replication

Transcription to mRNA

Translation to amino acid

Elongation

Protein synthesis is comprised of two main steps, transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA codons to amino acids. In the nucleus, the mRNA transcribes the genetic instruction from the DNA. mRNA then diffuses to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores. Translation to amino acid and elongation to a particular protein molecule occur in the cytoplasm, particularly in the ribosomes.

Question 32

Which of the following describes the function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Synthesis and transport of proteins

Intracellular digestion of damaged structures, macromolecules, and bacteria

Facilitates movement of substance in and out of the cell

Conversion of nutrients to ATP

Answer 32

Answer: Synthesis and transport of proteins

Which of the following describes the function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Synthesis and transport of proteins

Intracellular digestion of damaged structures, macromolecules, and bacteria

Facilitates movement of substance in and out of the cell

Conversion of nutrients to ATP

The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is studded with ribosomes and, as such, assists in the synthesis and transport of proteins.

ATP production is a function of the mitochondria while intracellular digestion is performed by lysosomes.

Entry and exit of substances is facilitated by the cell membrane.

Question 33

Which of the following is the largest organ of the human body?

Skin

Kidney

Pancreas

Lung

Answer 33

Answer: Skin

Which of the following is the largest organ of the human body?

Skin

Kidney

Pancreas

Lung

Skin is the largest single organ of the body that is mainly responsible for covering and protection of internal structures.

Question 34

The head is _________ to the neck.

Proximal

Superior

Inferior

Superficial

Answer 34

Answer: Superior

The head is _________ to the neck.

Proximal

Superior

Inferior

Superficial

Superficial means that the structure is closer to the surface of the body.

Superior indicates that the structure is located at a relatively higher position while inferior denotes a relatively lower position.

Proximal denotes a position that is relatively closer to the center of the body or the point of attachment.

Question 35

Which of the following organ systems is not correctly paired with its function?

Circulatory/ transport of substance to all tissues of the body

Digestive/ provide defense against infectious diseases

Nervous/ collecting, analyzing and integrating information that regulates intrinsic body conditions and maintains behavioral patterns

Respiratory/ breathing and gas exchange

Answer 35

Answer: Digestive/ provide defense against infectious diseases

Which of the following organ systems is not correctly paired with its function?

Circulatory/ transport of substance to all tissues of the body

Digestive/ provide defense against infectious diseases

Nervous/ collecting, analyzing and integrating information that regulates intrinsic body conditions and maintains behavioral patterns

Respiratory/ breathing and gas exchange

The Immune system is responsible for providing defense and immunity against infectious diseases.

The Digestive system is responsible for the breakdown and absorption of food.

The Respiratory system facilitates breathing and gas exchange.

The Nervous system is responsible for collecting, analyzing and integrating information that regulates intrinsic body conditions and maintains behavioral patterns.

The Circulatory system is responsible for transport of substance to all tissues of the body.

Question 36

Which of the following does not correctly describe a cell membrane?

Fat soluble substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and alcohol can easily pass through the membrane.

The phospholipid component has hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

It is composed of a single layer of lipids interspersed with proteins.

It is composed entirely of proteins and lipids.

Answer 36

Answer: It is composed of a single layer of lipids interspersed with proteins.

Which of the following does not correctly describe a cell membrane?

Fat soluble substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and alcohol can easily pass through the membrane.

The phospholipid component has hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

It is composed of a single layer of lipids interspersed with proteins.

It is composed entirely of proteins and lipids.

The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer primarily made up of lipids and proteins. The phospholipid component has hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic ends. The hydrophobic ends make up the middle portion of the membrane and this layer makes it easy for fat soluble substances, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and alcohol to pass through.

You may use the diagram below as a visual reference for the structure of the cell membrane.

Question 37

Which of the following organelles plays a vital role in the breaking down of macromolecules?

Lysosomes

Golgi Apparatus

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosomes

Answer 37

Answer: Lysosomes

Which of the following organelles plays a vital role in the breaking down of macromolecules?

Lysosomes

Golgi Apparatus

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosomes

Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. Ribosomes are attached to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, where the synthesized proteins are processed and sorted.

The Golgi Apparatus is then responsible for transporting and delivering synthesized proteins to other regions of the cell or to the plasma membrane for exocytosis into the extracellular fluid.

Lysosomes, on the contrary, are responsible for digesting molecules/ substances being transported inside the cell from the outside, such as during phagocytosis by macrophages.

Question 38

Which of the following cell organelles is correctly paired with its function?

Nucleus/ Intracellular digestion

Ribosome/ Protein synthesis

Mitochondria/ Cell division

Lysosomes/ ATP production

Answer 38

Answer: Ribosome/ Protein synthesis

Which of the following cell organelles is correctly paired with its function?

Nucleus/ Intracellular digestion

Ribosome/ Protein synthesis

Mitochondria/ Cell division

Lysosomes/ ATP production

Ribosomes are responsible for synthesis of proteins.

The nucleus houses the genetic material and is responsible for cellular division, not intracellular digestion.

The mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, wherein ATP is generated. They are not involved in cell division.

Lysosomes contain digestive and hydrolytic enzymes which is essential for breaking down of molecules. Lysosomes are not involved in ATP

Question 39

Which organelle is responsible for storing DNA?

Golgi Apparatus

Lysosomes

Nucleus

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 39

Answer: Nucleus

Which organelle is responsible for storing DNA?

Golgi Apparatus

Lysosomes

Nucleus

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

The genetic material, DNA, is found within the membrane-bound nucleus.

The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is where synthesized proteins are processed and sorted.

The Golgi Apparatus is responsible for the transport of proteins within and out of the cell.

Lysosomes are responsible for digesting molecules/ substances being transported inside the cell from the outside.

Question 40

Which of the following is a heterotrophic organism with a genome stored in DNA?

Algae

Human

Virus

Plants

Answer 40

Answer: Human

Which of the following is a heterotrophic organism with a genome stored in DNA?

Algae

Human

Virus

Plants

Humans are heterotrophic organisms, which means that they cannot make their own food. Instead, they rely on other sources of nutrition, such as plants and animals. Humans have their genome stored in DNA.

Plants and algae are autotrophic (they can create their own food/nutrition) and have their genome stored in DNA.

A virus, on the other hand, is neither autotrophic nor heterotrophic, and has RNA as genetic material.

Question 41

Which of the following organelles is responsible for digesting damaged cellular structures, as well as macromolecules and bacteria ingested by the cell?

Mitochondria

Lysosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 41

Answer: Lysosomes

Which of the following organelles is responsible for digesting damaged cellular structures, as well as macromolecules and bacteria ingested by the cell?

Mitochondria

Lysosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus

Lysosomes are responsible for intracellular digestion of damaged structures, macromolecules, and bacteria.

The Golgi Apparatus is responsible for the transport of proteins within and out of the cell.

Mitochondria are the organelles responsible for converting nutrients to energy as ATP.

The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is where synthesized proteins are processed and sorted.

Question 42

Which of the following anatomical terms is correctly matched with its meaning?

carpal/foot

inguinal/neck

cervical/wrist

cranial/skull

Answer 42

Answer: cranial/skull

Which of the following anatomical terms is correctly matched with its meaning?

carpal/foot

inguinal/neck

cervical/wrist

cranial/skull

Cranial refers to the bone comprising the skull.

Carpal refers to the bone comprising the wrist.

Cervical refers to the region of vertebrae in the neck.

Inguinal is the superior region of the thigh.

Question 43

Which of the following is happening during a contraction of the diaphragm?

An increase in alveolar pressure

A decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity

Forced expiration

A decrease in alveolar pressure

Answer 43

Answer: A decrease in alveolar pressure

Which of the following is happening during a contraction of the diaphragm?

An increase in alveolar pressure

A decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity

Forced expiration

A decrease in alveolar pressure

When the diaphragm is contracting, it is moving downward and allowing the lungs to inflate. During inhalation, alveolar pressure is decreased because the expansion of the lungs increases the surface area or number of alveoli available for gas exchange, thus reducing the pressure at the alveoli.

Since air is being inhaled, the volume of air in the thoracic cavity is increased, not decreased.

Alveolar pressure increases during exhalation, because the lungs are slightly collapsing, reducing the surface area of the alveoli.

Forced expiration is not occurring during diaphragm contraction, because this indicates inhalation.

Question 44

The ______________ is a double layered membrane that lines the lungs.

alveolus

pericardium

pleural cavity

pleura

Answer 44

Answer: pleura

The ______________ is a double layered membrane that lines the lungs.

alveolus

pericardium

pleural cavity

pleura

The pleura of the lungs is composed of two layers of tissue that separate the lungs from the thoracic cavity. There as an inner visceral pleura which lines all of the folds of the lungs, and an outer parietal pleura. A pleural cavity exists between the two layers of the pleura.

The pericardium is the lining of the heart.

An alveolus is a single air sac that makes up the alveoli, where the majority of gas exchange occurs in the lung.

You may use the diagram below as a visual reference for the structures referenced in this question.

Question 45

Which of the following lists the respiratory passageways in order from largest diameter to smallest diameter?

Bronchioles, bronchi, trachea

Bronchi, trachea, bronchioles

Trachea, bronchioles, bronchi

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Answer 45

Answer: Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Which of the following lists the respiratory passageways in order from largest diameter to smallest diameter?

Bronchioles, bronchi, trachea

Bronchi, trachea, bronchioles

Trachea, bronchioles, bronchi

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

The trachea is the largest airway of the lower respiratory system and is composed of a single tube. It splits into two smaller tubes, a left and right bronchi. These bronchi further split into small bronchioles.

You may use the diagram below as a visual reference for the respiratory passageways.

Question 46

Which of the following terms is alternatively called the “voice box”?

Pharynx

Trachea

Larynx

Uvula

Answer 46

Answer: Larynx

Which of the following terms is alternatively called the “voice box”?

Pharynx

Trachea

Larynx

Uvula

The larynx is located just inferior to the pharynx and is commonly referred to as the “voice box”.

The pharynx is a shared cavity behind the nose and mouth that leads to the esophagus and trachea.

The trachea, commonly called the “windpipe”, is the large airway that receives air from the pharynx and larynx and delivers it to the lower respiratory structures.

The uvula is the soft tissue hanging in the back of the throat. When swallowing, the uvula helps prevent food from entering the nasal cavity.

Question 47

Which of the following best describes the mechanical process of normal breathing during expiration?

The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, while the intercostal muscles relax and move the ribs downward.

The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, while the intercostal muscles contract and move the ribs upward.

The diaphragm contracts and moves upward, while the intercostal muscles relax and contract upward.

The diaphragm relaxes and moves downward, while the intercostal muscles relax and move the ribs downward.

Answer 47

Answer: The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, while the intercostal muscles relax and move the ribs downward.

Which of the following best describes the mechanical process of normal breathing during expiration?

The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, while the intercostal muscles relax and move the ribs downward.

The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, while the intercostal muscles contract and move the ribs upward.

The diaphragm contracts and moves upward, while the intercostal muscles relax and contract upward.

The diaphragm relaxes and moves downward, while the intercostal muscles relax and move the ribs downward.

During exhalation, two primary components drive the mechanical process- the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. During inhalation, the lungs fill with air with the help of the intercostal muscles moving up and outward to expand the chest cavity. The diaphragm contracts and pushes downward to make room for the expanded lungs.

During expiration, the opposite movements occur in order to help push air out of the lungs. Thus during exhalation, the diaphragm moves up and the intercostal muscles move the ribs downward.

Question 48

Gas exchange between the blood and alveoli would be enhanced by ______________, but impeded by __________________.

increased alveolar surface area; increased membrane thickness

increased tidal volume; decreased membrane thickness

decreased respiratory rate; increased tidal volume

decreased membrane thickness; increased alveolar surface area

Answer 48

Answer: increased alveolar surface area; increased membrane thickness

Gas exchange between the blood and alveoli would be enhanced by ______________, but impeded by __________________.

increased alveolar surface area; increased membrane thickness

increased tidal volume; decreased membrane thickness

decreased respiratory rate; increased tidal volume

decreased membrane thickness; increased alveolar surface area

Gas exchange in the lung can be explained by Fick’s Law of Diffusion, which is represented by the following equation:

Diffusion = k * SA * ( P2 – P1)⁄T

where k represents the diffusion coefficient for the specific gas, SA represents the surface area of the tissue, P2- P1 represents the difference in the gas concentration on one side of the membrane compared to the other side, and T represents the thickness of the tissue.

Thus, any increases in gas coefficient, surface area, or difference in pressure will enhance gas exchange, while any increase in tissue thickness will impede gas exchange.

Question 49

In the respiratory system, the majority of gas exchange takes place ___________________.

in the trachea

in the bronchioles

in the alveoli

in the bronchi

Answer 49

Answer: in the alveoli

In the respiratory system, the majority of gas exchange takes place ___________________.

in the trachea

in the bronchioles

in the alveoli

in the bronchi

When inhaling, air is taken in through the mouth and nose, and then through the larynx and pharynx. These passageways warm the air and prepare it for gas exchange. The air continues on through the trachea, commonly referred to as the “windpipe”. The trachea then splits into a right and left bronchi, with each side dividing further into smaller bronchioles. While some bronchioles may directly be involved in gas exchange, the majority of them are part of the conducting airway, which simply moves air through the respiratory system to get them to the alveoli where most of the gas exchange occurs.

You may use the diagram below as a visual reference for the respiratory passageways.

Question 50

Which of the following describes the volume of air associated with a normal breath?

Inspiratory reserve volume

Total lung capacity

Residual volume

Tidal volume

Answer 50

Answer: Tidal volume

Which of the following describes the volume of air associated with a normal breath?

Inspiratory reserve volume

Total lung capacity

Residual volume

Tidal volume

Tidal volume represents a normal volume of air that is inhaled and exhaled during relaxed breathing. This value is usually around 500 mL.

Total Lung Capacity (TLC) represents the total amount of air that the lungs can hold at a given time.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) represents the amount of air that can be inhaled, or inspired, in excess of the normal amount of inhaled air (tidal volume).

Residual Volume (RV) represents the amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced exhalation. This volume always remains in the lungs in order to prevent lung collapse.

Use the diagram below as a visual reference for the different volumes associated with a breath.

Question 51

Which of the following conditions would exhibit an increase in lung compliance?

Emphysema

Bronchitis

Asthma

Lung cancer

Answer 51

Answer: Emphysema

Which of the following conditions would exhibit an increase in lung compliance?

Emphysema

Bronchitis

Asthma

Lung cancer

Lung compliance is the property of the lung that allows it to stretch and recoil. Both appropriate stretch and recoil are necessary for proper lung function, thus compliance that is too high or too low can negatively affect function. Emphysema increases lung compliance due to the damaged lung tissue. In this condition, the lung will be able to inflate, but the recoil is delayed, thus exhalation is impaired.

Asthma and bronchitis may be associated with some increase in lung compliance however this is less likely with these conditions. These conditions typically demonstrate reduced lung function due to inflammation or airway obstructions as opposed to damaged alveoli.

Lung cancer usually causes a decrease in lung compliance due to the presence of more fibrotic tissue, which makes the lung stiffer and harder to inflate.

Question 52

Which of the following substances is produced by the lung for the purpose of reducing surface tension?

Sodium bicarbonate

Oxidase

Carbon dioxide

Surfactant

Answer 52

Answer: Surfactant

Which of the following substances is produced by the lung for the purpose of reducing surface tension?

Sodium bicarbonate

Oxidase

Carbon dioxide

Surfactant

The primary purpose of surfactant is to prevent lung collapse. The secondary purpose is to reduce surface tension. Additionally, the compliance of the lung is increased, meaning it can inflate more easily.

Sodium bicarbonate is a chemical buffer that reduces acidity to maintain the proper acid-base balance.

Oxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a hydrogen to an oxygen molecule.

Carbon dioxide is the gas byproduct that forms as a result of metabolism and is exhaled through the lungs.

Question 53

As air is inhaled, the sequence in which it passes through the respiratory tract is best described by which of the following choices?

Pharynx, nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Nasal cavity, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, pharynx, larynx

Nasal cavity, trachea, pharynx, larynx, bronchioles, bronchi

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Answer 53

Answer: Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

As air is inhaled, the sequence in which it passes through the respiratory tract is best described by which of the following choices?

Pharynx, nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Nasal cavity, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, pharynx, larynx

Nasal cavity, trachea, pharynx, larynx, bronchioles, bronchi

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

When inhaling, air is taken in through the mouth and nose, and then through the larynx and pharynx. These passageways warm the air and prepare it for gas exchange. The air continues on through the trachea, commonly referred to as the “windpipe”. The trachea then splits into a right and left bronchi, with each side dividing further into smaller bronchioles. While some bronchioles may directly be involved in gas exchange, the majority of them are part of the conducting airway, which simply moves air through the respiratory system to get them to the alveoli where most of the gas exchange occurs.

You may use the diagram below as a visual reference for the structures of the respiratory system.

Question 54

Which of the following anatomical structures prevents food from entering the respiratory system?

Pharynx

Pleura

Epiglottis

Larynx

Answer 54

Answer: Epiglottis

Which of the following anatomical structures prevents food from entering the respiratory system?

Pharynx

Pleura

Epiglottis

Larynx

The epiglottis is a cartilage flap located at the top of the larynx that is responsible for closing during swallowing. This flap covers the opening to the trachea so that food does not enter the lower respiratory airways.

The pharynx is a shared cavity behind the nose and moth that leads to the esophagus and trachea.

The pleura are a double layered membrane that line the lungs.

The larynx is located just inferior to the pharynx and is commonly referred to as the “voice box”.

You may use the diagram below as a visual reference for structures described in this question.

Question 55

Which of the following terms correctly describes the movement of air in and out of the lungs?

Diffusion

Respiration

Ventilation

Oxidation

Answer 55

Answer: Ventilation

Which of the following terms correctly describes the movement of air in and out of the lungs?

Diffusion

Respiration

Ventilation

Oxidation

Ventilation is the physical movement of air in and out of the lungs.

Respiration is the use of oxygen by a cell or organism to make energy.

Oxidation refers to a chemical process in which a molecule loses electrons.

Diffusion is the passive movement of a substance from high concentration to low concentration.

Question 56

Voluntarily holding your breath will eventually result in:

an innate reflex to start breathing due to low oxygen levels.

brain damage or death to due to lack of oxygen.

an innate reflex to start breathing due to increased carbon dioxide levels.

temporary unconsciousness and risk of stroke.

Answer 56

Answer: an innate reflex to start breathing due to increased carbon dioxide levels.

Voluntarily holding your breath will eventually result in:

an innate reflex to start breathing due to low oxygen levels.

brain damage or death to due to lack of oxygen.

an innate reflex to start breathing due to increased carbon dioxide levels.

temporary unconsciousness and risk of stroke.

When someone holds their breath, two things are happening: there is a lack of oxygen being taken in and delivered to the body’s tissues, and there is a buildup of carbon dioxide that is not being exhaled as it normally would. Since the chemoreceptors in the body can’t detect the lack of something (i.e oxygen), they instead detect the unsafe increase in something: carbon dioxide. These sensors then override the voluntary breath-holding and force an exhalation to rid the body of carbon dioxide and stimulate oxygen intake.

While a temporary lack of oxygen does occur, it will not cause brain damage because breathing will occur before that happens.

Breathing will re-start due to an innate reflex, but it is due to increased carbon dioxide levels, not low oxygen levels.

Unconsciousness and stroke are unlikely to occur as breathing will re-start due to the reflex to rid the body of carbon dioxide.

Question 57

A lung with a low level of compliance could be best described as _____________.

a lung with normal function.

A lung with a high elasticity but with damaged alveoli.

a stiff lung requiring extra work to accomplish normal breathing.

a highly elastic lung allowing breathing occur with reduced work.

Answer 57

Answer: a stiff lung requiring extra work to accomplish normal breathing.

A lung with a low level of compliance could be best described as _____________.

a lung with normal function.

A lung with a high elasticity but with damaged alveoli.

a stiff lung requiring extra work to accomplish normal breathing.

a highly elastic lung allowing breathing occur with reduced work.

Lung compliance is the property of the lung that allows it to stretch and recoil. Both appropriate stretch and recoil are necessary for proper lung function, thus compliance that is too high or too low can negatively affect function. In a lung with low compliance, or a stiff lung, extra work will be required to overcome the stiffness of the lung and breathe sufficient air in.

A stiff lung will not operate normally as sufficient air will not be able to be taken in without extra effort to overcome the resistance of the lung.

The low compliance of the lung indicates that it’s elastic properties are reduced, thus it will not be highly elastic.

A lung with low compliance will not have high elasticity; instead it will be stiff. There may be damaged alveoli but this may not always be the case.

Question 58

Which of the following is not a function of pulmonary surfactant?

Increase in lung compliance

Reduction of surface tension

Decrease in lung compliance

Prevention of lung collapse

Answer 58

Answer: Decrease in lung compliance

Which of the following is not a function of pulmonary surfactant?

Increase in lung compliance

Reduction of surface tension

Decrease in lung compliance

Prevention of lung collapse

The purpose of surfactant is to prevent lung collapse and to reduce surface tension. Additionally, it increases the compliance of the lung, meaning it can inflate more easily.

A decrease in lung compliance would make it more difficult to inflate the lungs. This is the opposite effect of surfactant.

Question 59

______________ is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the alveolar membrane.

Exocytosis

Osmosis

Diffusion

Active transport

Answer 59

Answer: Diffusion

______________ is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the alveolar membrane.

Exocytosis

Osmosis

Diffusion

Active transport

Answer: Diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of a substance from high concentration to low concentration. During inhalation, oxygen in the alveoli has to make its way into the blood, and this occurs via diffusion. A high oxygen concentration in the alveoli drives the movement of oxygen into the pulmonary capillaries where oxygen content is low. Conversely, carbon dioxide is also exchanged this way, but is unloaded, or moved from the blood to the alveoli for exhalation.

You may use the diagram below as a visual reference for the structures of the respiratory system.

Question 60

Diastole is the term that describes _________, while systole represents_____________.

receiving of the electrical impulse from the SA node; ventricular contraction

contraction and ejection; relaxing and filling

relaxing and filling; contraction and ejection

contraction and filling; relaxing and ejection

Answer 60

Answer: relaxing and filling; contraction and ejection

Diastole is the term that describes _________, while systole represents_____________.

receiving of the electrical impulse from the SA node; ventricular contraction

contraction and ejection; relaxing and filling

relaxing and filling; contraction and ejection

contraction and filling; relaxing and ejection

One cardiac cycle consists of one period of diastole, and one period of systole. During diastole, the heart relaxes allowing the chambers to fill with blood. During systole, a large portion of that blood is pumped out of the ventricle. During periods of rest, diastole is usually longer than systole to allow more time for filling.

Before any contraction or systolic phase can occur, there must be an electrical signal coming from the SA node. However, this is not referred to as diastole.

Question 61

The primary function of the ________________ is to deliver blood to the brain.

aorta

brachial artery

subclavian artery

carotid artery

Answer 61

Answer: carotid artery

The primary function of the ________________ is to deliver blood to the brain.

aorta

brachial artery

subclavian artery

carotid artery

The carotid artery is located on the lateral aspect of the neck area and is actually a pair of arteries. Thus we have a right and a left carotid artery. The left carotid artery branches directly off of the aorta, while the right carotid artery branches off of the brachiocephalic artery (this split creates the right carotid artery and the right subclavian artery). Each of the carotid arteries eventually split into an internal and internal carotid, which supply blood to different regions of the head and brain. This split is the location of the carotid sinus, a widening of the artery that contains receptors that detect blood pressure changes.

While the aorta is an extremely important artery, it is not specific to supplying blood to the brain, but to the entire body.

The brachial artery is found in the upper arm.

The subclavian arteries (right and left) account for 2 of the 3 primary branches extending from the aorta. The subclavian arteries give rise to the arteries in the upper extremities.

You may use the diagram below as a visual reference for the different arteries.

Question 62

Using the provided image, choose the anatomical structure designated by letter B.

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Right atrium

Answer 62

Answer: Left atrium

Question 63

Which blood vessel delivers blood directly into the right atrium?

Vena cava

Aorta

Brachial artery

Coronary artery

Answer 63

Answer: Vena cava

Which blood vessel delivers blood directly into the right atrium?

Vena cava

Aorta

Brachial artery

Coronary artery

The largest vein, the vena cava, dumps blood directly back into the heart at the right atrium.

When blood is pumped out from the heart, the left ventricle ejects blood to the body through the aorta (the body’s largest artery), and then through the branching of arteries. As blood travels throughout the body, it travels through various arteries. The arteries get smaller, becoming arterioles, as they get closer to the tissues. At the tissues, oxygen and nutrients are exchanged through capillary beds. Capillaries act as transition vessels between the arteries and veins. Once the oxygen and nutrients are unloaded to the tissue, the remaining blood enters the venous circulation and travels back to the heart. Smaller veins closer to the capillary beds are called venules, becoming larger veins as they get closer to the heart. The largest vein, the vena cava, dumps blood directly back into the heart at the right atrium.

You may use the diagram below as a visual reference for how blood flows through the heart.

Question 64

Which of the following conditions occurs when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked?

Myocardial infarction

Migraine

Aneurysm

Stroke

Answer 64

Answer: Stroke

Which of the following conditions occurs when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked?

Myocardial infarction

Migraine

Aneurysm

Stroke

A stroke can result if a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked, either by a clot or other type of embolism. When this occurs, blood flow to the affected area of the brain is stopped, and that area of the brain loses function, sometimes permanently.

A myocardial infarction (heart attack) also occurs as a result of a blocked vessel, however this occurs in the heart, not the brain.

An aneurysm is the enlargement and weakening of a blood vessel, and is susceptible to rupture. While this can occur in the brain, causing a hemorrhagic stroke, it is not due to a blockage in the blood vessel.

Migraines are painful headaches that can last for several hours to days. The causes of migraines are not fully understood, but there are several environmental and physiological factors that may contribute to their onset. While migraines can be severely painful, they are not associated with blocked blood vessels in the brain.

Question 65

One of the primary functions of blood is to deliver oxygen-rich blood to the body’s tissues. This is accomplished by ________________, which contain the oxygen-carrying protein called ___________________.

platelets; hemoglobin

erythrocytes; hemoglobin

leukocytes; myoglobin

plasma; albumin

Answer 65

Answer: erythrocytes; hemoglobin

One of the primary functions of blood is to deliver oxygen-rich blood to the body’s tissues. This is accomplished by ________________, which contain the oxygen-carrying protein called ___________________.

platelets; hemoglobin

erythrocytes; hemoglobin

leukocytes; myoglobin

plasma; albumin

Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, (“eryth” meaning red, and “cyte” meaning cell) are the cells found in blood that bind and deliver oxygen. They are able to carry oxygen because of a protein they contain called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is an iron-based protein and is actually what gives blood its red pigment.

Platelets are small cells which are also found in blood but have a different job. Their role is to form blood clots and stop excessive bleeding by flocking together when there is an injury to the blood vessel. They do not contain hemoglobin.

Leukocytes are also found in blood, but these are a group of white blood cells that have various specific functions relating to immune function. Leukocytes do not contain myoglobin, which is an oxygen-carrying protein found in muscle, not blood.

Plasma makes up the watery component of blood and serves to help transport various substances throughout the body. The protein albumin is found in plasma and binds substances such as hormones and electrolytes. While this is an important function, oxygen binding and transport is not a function of plasma or albumin.

Question 66

Which of the following comparisons between arteries and veins is true?

Veins have valves, and arteries do not.

Veins have thick, muscular walls, while arteries have thin, more compliant walls.

Veins carry freshly oxygenated blood from tissue back to the heart, while arteries carry oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart.

Veins have a smaller diameter than arteries.

Answer 66

Answer: Veins have valves, and arteries do not.

Which of the following comparisons between arteries and veins is true?

Veins have valves, and arteries do not.

Veins have thick, muscular walls, while arteries have thin, more compliant walls.

Veins carry freshly oxygenated blood from tissue back to the heart, while arteries carry oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart.

Veins have a smaller diameter than arteries.

Due to the lower pressure in the venous system and the fact that most blood is trying to return back to the heart against the force of gravity, veins have valves that prevent blood from moving backwards.

Veins do not contain thick, muscular walls like arteries do. If venous walls were thick like arterial walls, there would be more resistance for blood flowing into veins. Since blood in the venous side is already under a lower pressure, this would create a problem for blood to return to the heart. Arteries have thick muscular walls due to the higher pressure of blood flow in the arterial side of circulation.

Veins carry blood that is leaving tissue after it has unloaded oxygen, therefore they carry oxygen-depleted blood, along with metabolic waste back towards the heart. Venous blood carries oxygen-deficient blood back to the heart. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to tissues where oxygen can be delivered and used for cellular respiration.

Due to the higher pressure in which arterial blood must flow, arteries have thicker walls and smaller lumen, or diameter, as compared to veins. Veins are often considered to be capacitance vessels as they carry a larger volume of blood, and have thinner walls, and greater wall compliance to accommodate the higher volume of blood.

Question 67

A decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood would result in __________________.

increased oxygen-carrying capacity

decreased oxygen-carrying capacity

decreased blood pressure

increased blood viscosity

Answer 67

Answer: decreased oxygen-carrying capacity

A decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood would result in __________________.

increased oxygen-carrying capacity

decreased oxygen-carrying capacity

decreased blood pressure

increased blood viscosity

The function of hemoglobin is to bind oxygen molecules in order to transport oxygen in the blood. If hemoglobin levels are decreased, this would directly result in a limited ability to carry and deliver oxygen.

Blood viscosity may increase if the number of red blood cells increases. However, if hemoglobin is decreased, blood viscosity would likely not change.

Blood pressure may also increase if the number of red blood cells was increased. However, decreased hemoglobin would not affect blood pressure.

Question 68

Which of the following correctly describes the flow of blood through the heart’s primary chambers?

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle

right atrium, left atrium, aorta, and vena cava

right ventricle, right atrium, vena cava, and aorta

right ventricle, left ventricle, aorta, and vena cava

Answer 68

Answer: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle

Which of the following correctly describes the flow of blood through the heart’s primary chambers?

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle

right atrium, left atrium, aorta, and vena cava

right ventricle, right atrium, vena cava, and aorta

right ventricle, left ventricle, aorta, and vena cava

The heart is composed of four primary chambers: two atria and two ventricles. The right side of the heart, which includes the right atrium and the right ventricle receive blood from the body and send it to the lungs to pick up oxygen. The oxygenated blood returns to the heart at the left side, specifically the left atrium, and then the left ventricle. The left ventricle then ejects the now oxygenated blood to the body. The atria act as collection chambers, while the ventricles are the primary pumps of the heart.

You may use the diagram below as a visual reference for how blood moves through the heart.

Question 69

Which of the following lists the heart’s primary valves in the order in which blood passes through them?

Bicuspid, tricuspid, aortic semilunar valve, pulmonary semilunar valve

Tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar valve, bicuspid, aortic semilunar valve

Tricuspid, aortic semilunar valve, bicuspid, pulmonary semilunar valve

Tricuspid, bicuspid, aortic semilunar valve, pulmonary semilunar valve

Answer 69

Answer: tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar valve, bicuspid, aortic semilunar valve

Which of the following lists the heart’s primary valves in the order in which blood passes through them?

Bicuspid, tricuspid, aortic semilunar valve, pulmonary semilunar valve

Tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar valve, bicuspid, aortic semilunar valve

Tricuspid, aortic semilunar valve, bicuspid, pulmonary semilunar valve

Tricuspid, bicuspid, aortic semilunar valve, pulmonary semilunar valve

When the blood returns to the heart from the body, it is collected by the vena cava, which then delivers blood directly to the right atrium. Blood passes through the tricuspid valve as it moves from the right atrium to the right ventricle, and is then ejected into the lungs, passing through the pulmonary semilunar valve. Once the blood has been oxygenated, it returns to the heart at the left atrium. When the blood moves from the left atrium to the left ventricle, it passes through the bicuspid valve. The left ventricle will eject blood through the aortic semilunar valve, then send it through the systemic circuit.

You may use the diagram below as a visual reference for how blood moves through the heart.

Question 70

The condition ________________ can often lead to ________________ due to buildup and blockage of coronary arteries, preventing blood flow to the myocardium.

atherosclerosis; myocardial infarction

atherosclerosis; stroke

arteriosclerosis; myocardial infarction

arteriosclerosis; stroke

Answer 70

Answer: atherosclerosis; myocardial infarction

The condition ________________ can often lead to ________________ due to buildup and blockage of coronary arteries, preventing blood flow to the myocardium.

atherosclerosis; myocardial infarction

atherosclerosis; stroke

arteriosclerosis; myocardial infarction

arteriosclerosis; stroke

Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque inside the arteries. If the plaque buildup is severe, a blockage can result, preventing blood flow to the associated heart tissue. This is a myocardial infarction, or heart attack. This can also occur if a plaque ruptures, travels through the vessels, and becomes lodged in a coronary artery.

Arteriosclerosis is the hardening and narrowing of the blood vessels and though blood flow can be restricted, this is not the cause of buildup or blockage.

A stroke can occur if a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked by an embolism (embolism is the word we use for any material that blocks a blood vessel).

Question 71

Blood pressure is recorded as two numbers, for example 110/70. The top number (110) represents

___________ blood pressure which is ____________________________.

Diastole; the pressure in the blood vessels while the heart is ejecting blood

Systole; the pressure in the blood vessels while the heart is filling

Systole; the pressure in the blood vessels while the heart is ejecting blood

Diastole; the pressure in the blood vessels while the heart is filling

Answer 71

Answer: Systole; the pressure in the blood vessels while the heart is ejecting blood

Blood pressure is recorded as two numbers, for example 110/70. The top number (110) represents ___________ blood pressure which is ____________________________.

Diastole; the pressure in the blood vessels while the heart is ejecting blood

Systole; the pressure in the blood vessels while the heart is filling

Systole; the pressure in the blood vessels while the heart is ejecting blood

Diastole; the pressure in the blood vessels while the heart is filling

One cardiac cycle consists of one period of diastole, and one period of systole. During diastole, the heart relaxes allowing the chambers to fill with blood. During systole, a large portion of that blood is pumped out of the ventricle. During periods of rest, diastole is usually longer than systole to allow more time for filling.

In a blood pressure recording the top number represents systole, while the bottom number represents diastole.

Question 72

In order for the heart to contract, an action potential must be generated at the sinoatrial node. If this signal fails to reach the Purkinje fibers, what will be the result?

The systolic period will be elongated

The ventricles will not contract and blood will pool within the heart

The Purkinje fibers will act as pacemaker cells but fire at a slower rate

The diastolic period will be shortened

Answer 72

Answer: The Purkinje fibers will act as pacemaker cells but fire at a slower rate

In order for the heart to contract, an action potential must be generated at the sinoatrial node. If this signal fails to reach the Purkinje fibers, what will be the result?

The systolic period will be elongated

The ventricles will not contract and blood will pool within the heart

The Purkinje fibers will act as pacemaker cells but fire at a slower rate

The diastolic period will be shortened

Just like skeletal and smooth muscle, cardiac muscle must have an electrical signal, or action potential, in order to contract. This means that the heart can contract on its own without the brain telling it to contract. This is possible due to the sinoatrial (SA) node, which can spontaneously initiate an action potential. This action potential is initiated in the right atrium where the SA node is located and disperses throughout the heart allowing muscle contraction to occur.

Purkinje fibers are networks of fibers that are involved in relaying the electrical signal to the ventricles. If an electrical discharge does not reach the Purkinje fibers, they will take over as pacemaker cells to allow the continued contraction of the ventricles. However, the Purkinje fibers are only able to fire between 20-40 beats per minute, while the SA node is capable of firing 60-100 beats per minute.

Note: If the Purkinje fibers were not able to fire, then the ventricles would not contract at all.

Question 73

Which of the following lists the blood vessels in the order of blood flow from the left ventricle back to the heart at the right atrium?

Aorta, arterioles, arteries, capillaries, veins, venules, vena cava

Arterioles, arteries, aorta, vena cava, veins, venules, capillaries

Vena cava, veins, venules, capillaries, arterioles, arteries, aorta

Aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava

Answer 73

Answer: Aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava

Which of the following lists the blood vessels in the order of blood flow from the left ventricle back to the heart at the right atrium?

Aorta, arterioles, arteries, capillaries, veins, venules, vena cava

Arterioles, arteries, aorta, vena cava, veins, venules, capillaries

Vena cava, veins, venules, capillaries, arterioles, arteries, aorta

Aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava

When blood is pumped out from the heart, the left ventricle ejects blood to the body through the aorta (the body’s largest artery), and then through the branching of arteries. As blood travels throughout the body, it travels through various arteries. The arteries get smaller, becoming arterioles, as they get closer to the tissues. At the tissues, oxygen and nutrients are exchanged through capillary beds, Capillaries act as transition vessels between the arteries and veins. Once the oxygen and nutrients are unloaded to the tissue, the remaining blood enters the venous circulation and travels back to the heart. Smaller veins closer to the capillary beds are called venules, becoming larger veins as they get closer to the heart. The largest vein, the vena cava, dumps blood directly back into the heart at the right atrium.

Question 74

Using the provided image, choose the anatomical structure designated by letter J.

Aorta

Superior Vena cava

Pulmonary Vein

Pulmonary Artery

Answer 74

Answer: Aorta

Using the provided image, choose the anatomical structure designated by letter J.

Aorta

Superior Vena cava

Pulmonary Vein

Pulmonary Artery

Question 75

The _________________ carries oxygen depleted blood away from the heart, while the ________________ carries oxygen-rich blood back towards the heart.

pulmonary vein; pulmonary artery

pulmonary artery; pulmonary vein

aorta; pulmonary artery

vena cava; pulmonary artery

Answer 75

Answer: pulmonary artery; pulmonary vein

The _________________ carries oxygen depleted blood away from the heart, while the ________________ carries oxygen-rich blood back towards the heart.

pulmonary vein; pulmonary artery

pulmonary artery; pulmonary vein

aorta; pulmonary artery

vena cava; pulmonary artery

The pulmonary artery carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, where it can pick up oxygen. Therefore, oxygen-depleted blood is carried in the pulmonary artery. This is contrary to most arteries, which typically carry oxygen-rich blood. Once the blood is oxygenated in the lungs, it returns to the heart at the left atrium through the pulmonary vein.

Once blood has been oxygenated and returns to the left side of the heart, it can be ejected by the left ventricle throughout the body via the aorta.

The vena cava returns oxygen depleted blood to the right atrium.

You may use the diagram below as a visual reference for the structure of the heart.

Question 76

Which of the following is not true about the lymphatic system?

The lymphatic system transports a fluid called lymph throughout the body.

The lymphatic system transports both white blood cells and red blood cells.

The lymphatic system includes the spleen, thymus, and tonsils.

The lymphatic system facilitates the filtering of fluid at the lymph nodes.

Answer 76

Answer: The lymphatic system transports both white blood cells and red blood cells.

Which of the following is not true about the lymphatic system?

The lymphatic system transports a fluid called lymph throughout the body.

The lymphatic system transports both white blood cells and red blood cells.

The lymphatic system includes the spleen, thymus, and tonsils.

The lymphatic system facilitates the filtering of fluid at the lymph nodes.

Question 77

______________ is a condition in which red blood cells are poorly functioning and have reduced ability to carry oxygen.

Hypokalemia

Hypertension

Leukemia

Anemia

Answer 77

Answer: Anemia

______________ is a condition in which red blood cells are poorly functioning and have reduced ability to carry oxygen.

Hypokalemia

Hypertension

Leukemia

Anemia

Anemia is a general term for different conditions that can affect a red blood cell’s ability to carry oxygen. A common type of anemia can be caused from low iron, resulting in a lack of hemoglobin, which would directly limit the oxygen-carrying capacity.

Hypokalemia is a condition in which blood potassium levels are low; this does not influence the oxygen carrying capacity.

Hypertension is the condition of having high blood pressure.

Leukemia is a type of cancer which usually involves the white blood cells and bone marr

Question 78

Which of the following arteries has the primary responsibility of supplying blood to the reproductive system?

Common iliac artery

Femoral artery

Gonadal artery

Inguinal artery

Answer 78

Answer: Gonadal artery

Which of the following arteries has the primary responsibility of supplying blood to the reproductive system?

Common iliac artery

Femoral artery

Gonadal artery

Inguinal artery

The gonadal artery is a branch off of the abdominal aorta that supplies the reproductive organs with blood. There are actually two gonadal arteries (a right and a left branch).

The term “inguinal” refers to the groin area of the body, however there is no inguinal artery.

The femoral artery is a major artery supplying the lower extremities however it does not supply the reproductive organs with blood.

The common iliac artery is found at the splitting of the inferior aorta, and supplies blood to the lower extremities.

You may use the diagram below as a visual reference for the different branches of the aorta.

Question 79

In order for blood to be delivered to the body (i.e. the systemic circuit), enough pressure must be developed by the ___________ to push open the ________________.

left ventricle; pulmonary semilunar valve

right ventricle; pulmonary semilunar valve

right ventricle; aortic semilunar valve

left ventricle; aortic semilunar valve

Answer 79

Answer: left ventricle; aortic semilunar valve

In order for blood to be delivered to the body (i.e. the systemic circuit), enough pressure must be developed by the ___________ to push open the ________________.

left ventricle; pulmonary semilunar valve

right ventricle; pulmonary semilunar valve

right ventricle; aortic semilunar valve

left ventricle; aortic semilunar valve

Question 80

Which of the following describes what would happen during a period of hyperventilation?

Increased carbon dioxide levels result in an increase in pH

Increased oxygen uptake results in greater tissue perfusion

Decreased carbon dioxide levels result in an increase in pH

Decreased carbon dioxide levels result in a decrease in pH

Answer 80

Answer: Decreased carbon dioxide levels result in an increase in pH

Which of the following describes what would happen during a period of hyperventilation?

Increased carbon dioxide levels result in an increase in pH

Increased oxygen uptake results in greater tissue perfusion

Decreased carbon dioxide levels result in an increase in pH

Decreased carbon dioxide levels result in a decrease in pH’’

Hyperventilation is the increase in breathing rate beyond the normal rate. When this happens, more carbon dioxide than needed is exhaled lowering the carbon dioxide levels in the blood. As a compensatory mechanism to increase carbon dioxide levels, hydrogen ions are used, creating more bicarbonate as a byproduct and increasing the pH.

Question 81

Which of the following is not typically a result of an embolus?

Myocardial infarction

TIA

Pulmonary embolism

Atherosclerosis

Answer 81

Answer: Atherosclerosis

Which of the following is not typically a result of an embolus?

Myocardial infarction

TIA

Pulmonary embolism

Atherosclerosis

An embolus is a blood clot that often forms in the lower extremities and travels to another location.This can be lodged in the heart causing a myocardial infarction; in the brain, a TIA (transient ischemic attack), sometimes called a mini-stroke can occur; and in the lungs, a pulmonary embolism can prevent blood flow and breathing.

Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque in the arteries and is not caused by an embolus. However, plaque from atherosclerosis could potentially cause an embolism.

Question 82

Of the following organs, which has both endocrine and digestive functions?

Pancreas

Duodenum

Gallbladder

Colon

Answer 82

Answer: Pancreas

Of the following organs, which has both endocrine and digestive functions?

Pancreas

Duodenum

Gallbladder

Colon

The pancreas has both endocrine and digestive functions because it secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon, as well as various digestive proteases, amylases and lipases.

The duodenum is a part of the small intestine and does not secrete any hormones or have any endocrine function.

The colon is a part of the large intestine and does not secrete any hormones or have any endocrine function.

The gallbladder is connected to the liver and does not secrete any hormones or have any endocrine function.

Question 83

The term _________________ refers to the contraction of smooth muscle in the digestive system that moves food along the GI tract.

retroperistalsis

peristalsis

vasoconstriction

segmentation

Answer 83

Answer: peristalsis

The term _________________ refers to the contraction of smooth muscle in the digestive system that moves food along the GI tract.

retroperistalsis

peristalsis

vasoconstriction

segmentation

Peristalsis is the contraction of smooth muscle that lines the esophageal walls. The smooth muscle has a circular layer as well as a longitudinal layer of muscle that allows a “wringing” action of the smooth muscle to push food down the esophagus.

Vasoconstriction refers to the constriction of blood vessels and is not directly related to digestive function.

Segmentation is the muscular contraction of the smooth muscle layers of the stomach that moves food around to ensure its interaction with digestive juices.

Retroperistalsis is the countermovement to peristalsis where the smooth muscle contracts pushing esophageal contents back towards the mouth. This usually occurs just prior to vomiting.

Question 84

Which of the following is not part of the small intestine?

Ileum

Colon

Duodenum

Jejunum

Answer 84

Answer: Colon

Which of the following is not part of the small intestine?

Ileum

Colon

Duodenum

Jejunum

The small intestine is composed of three main parts: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum.

The colon makes up the majority of the large intestine.

Question 85

Which of the following statements is true about protein digestion?

The majority of protein absorption occurs in the large intestine.

Chemical digestion of protein initially occurs in the mouth.

Absorption of protein occurs primarily in the small intestine.

The majority of mechanical protein digestion occurs in the stomach.

Answer 85

Answer: Absorption of protein occurs primarily in the small intestine.

Which of the following statements is true about protein digestion?

The majority of protein absorption occurs in the large intestine.

Chemical digestion of protein initially occurs in the mouth.

Absorption of protein occurs primarily in the small intestine.

The majority of mechanical protein digestion occurs in the stomach.

The absorption of protein, as well as all other nutrients, occurs primarily in the small intestine.

The large intestine facilitates the absorption of water and some electrolytes, but typically protein has already been absorbed by the time it reaches the large intestine.

Chemical digestion of protein does not begin until protein reaches the stomach where protease enzymes are available.

Mechanical digestion of proteins occurs in the mouth through chewing, while the majority of chemical digestion of proteins occurs in the stomach.

Question 86

Which of the following statements regarding digestion is false?

The pancreas secretes the hormone insulin to regulate blood sugar levels.

The presence of fiber in the esophagus promotes peristalsis.

Villi and microvilli increase surface area for absorption.

The hormone glucagon is secreted from the pancreas and stimulates mechanical digestion.

Answer 86

Answer: The hormone glucagon is secreted from the pancreas and stimulates mechanical digestion.

Which of the following statements regarding digestion is false?

The pancreas secretes the hormone insulin to regulate blood sugar levels.

The presence of fiber in the esophagus promotes peristalsis.

Villi and microvilli increase surface area for absorption.

The hormone glucagon is secreted from the pancreas and stimulates mechanical digestion.

Glucagon is a hormone that is released from the pancreas and helps regulate blood sugar by breaking down stored carbohydrate and releasing glucose into the bloodstream when blood glucose levels are low. Glucagon does not stimulate mechanical digestion.

It is true that the pancreas secretes insulin, which is a hormone used to regulate blood sugar by promoting the uptake of sugar into cells.

Villi and microvilli are folds or convolutions in the intestinal membrane that help to increase surface area so more absorption can occur.

When an adequate amount of fiber, or any significant bolus of food, is present in the esophagus, peristalsis will occur to move the food towards the stomach.

Question 87

Gastric reflux occurs as a result of an improper closing of the ________________.

pyloric sphincter

lower esophageal sphincter

epiglottis

Upper esophageal sphincter

Answer 87

Answer: lower esophageal sphincter

Gastric reflux occurs as a result of an improper closing of the ________________.

pyloric sphincter

lower esophageal sphincter

epiglottis

Upper esophageal sphincter

The lower esophageal sphincter is located at the bottom end of the esophagus where food will move from the esophagus to the stomach. When this muscular sphincter does not close properly, acidic contents from the stomach can leak back up into the esophagus causing gastric reflux.

The pyloric sphincter is located at the distal portion of the stomach, allowing food to pass from the stomach into the small intestine. While there may be some instances of improper closing of this sphincter, this is not the cause of gastric reflux.

The epiglottis is the flap of cartilage that covers the trachea when swallowing food. This prevents food from entering the lungs.

The upper esophageal sphincter is located at the top of the esophagus, between the pharynx and the esophagus. Improper closing would not cause gastric reflux.

Question 88

If villi in the small intestine were to become damaged, which of the following would likely occur?

Segmentation of the stomach would be negatively affected leading to reduced digestion.

Malnutrition would result due to a decreased ability to absorb nutrients.

A reduced ability to breakdown fat due to the inability of villi to secrete bile.

Gastric reflux disease would result due to the increased production of stomach acid.

Answer 88

Answer: Malnutrition would result due to a decreased ability to absorb nutrients.

If villi in the small intestine were to become damaged, which of the following would likely occur?

Segmentation of the stomach would be negatively affected leading to reduced digestion.

Malnutrition would result due to a decreased ability to absorb nutrients.

A reduced ability to breakdown fat due to the inability of villi to secrete bile.

Gastric reflux disease would result due to the increased production of stomach acid.

The function of villi and microvilli is to increase surface area of the small intestine, where the majority of nutrient absorption occurs. If these are damaged, it could interfere with the ability of the small intestine to absorb nutrients, potentially leading to malnutrition.

Gastric reflux would not be caused by damage to villi, as this will be occurring in the small intestine, whereas gastric reflux is related to regurgitation of stomach acid into the esophagus.

Since the villi and microvilli are located in the small intestine, stomach segmentation would not be affected.

Villi do not secrete bile, therefore there would be no effect on bile secretion or fat breakdown.

Question 89

The ______________ is an extension off of the large intestine that is often referred to as a vestigial organ.

appendix

gall bladder

cecum

spleen

Answer 89

Answer: appendix

The ______________ is an extension off of the large intestine that is often referred to as a vestigial organ.

appendix

gall bladder

cecum

spleen

The appendix is a small finger-like extension off of the large intestine that has no definite function. It has been theorized to have some influence on gut bacteria, however this has not been widely confirmed. Thus the appendix is often referred to as a vestigial organ, having no known function.

The gall bladder has a defined function, which is to store bile made by the liver.

The cecum is the part of the large intestine in which the appendix is attached.

Question 90

In the digestive system, bile is manufactured by the ______________ and stored in the ______________.

liver; gallbladder

gallbladder; stomach

gallbladder; liver

stomach; gallbladder

Answer 90

Answer: liver; gallbladder

In the digestive system, bile is manufactured by the ______________ and stored in the ______________.

liver; gallbladder

gallbladder; stomach

gallbladder; liver

stomach; gallbladder

The liver makes bile and sends it to the gallbladder for storage until it is needed for fat digestion.

Question 91

The majority of nutrient absorption occurs in the _________________.

large intestine

small intestine

pancreas

liver

Answer 91

Answer: small intestine

The majority of nutrient absorption occurs in the _________________.

large intestine

small intestine

pancreas

liver

The small intestine is the site of the majority of nutrient absorption. The folds in the lining along with the length of the small intestine allows ample time for nutrients to travel through the small intestine to allow maximum absorption.

The large intestine facilitates the absorption of water and some electrolytes, but typically protein has already been absorbed by the time it reaches the large intestine.

The liver has several functions, with a few functions related to digestion such as bile secretion, but there is no absorption occurring by the liver.

The pancreas secretes many digestive enzymes and hormones, but it does not absorb nutrients in the digestive tract.

Question 92

The function of the pyloric sphincter is to ______________.

prevent reflux of digestive juices into the esophagus

produce chyme

release stomach enzymes

control the entry of food into the duodenum

Answer 92

Answer: control the entry of food into the duodenum

The function of the pyloric sphincter is to ______________.

prevent reflux of digestive juices into the esophagus

produce chyme

release stomach enzymes

control the entry of food into the duodenum

The pyloric sphincter is located at the distal portion of the stomach, allowing food to pass from the stomach into the small intestine, specifically the duodenum, which is the proximal segment of the small intestine.

The pyloric sphincter does not release stomach enzymes or produce chyme.

Also, because of the location of the pyloric sphincter, it can not prevent the reflux of digestive juices into the esophagus.

Question 93

In the digestive system, the function of the ____________ is to ______________.

liver; secrete insulin for glucose uptake.

gall bladder; secrete lipase for fat emulsification

pancreas; secrete bile for starch digestion

stomach; secrete pepsinogen for protein digestion

Answer 93

Answer: stomach; secrete pepsinogen for protein digestion

In the digestive system, the function of the ____________ is to ______________.

liver; secrete insulin for glucose uptake.

gall bladder; secrete lipase for fat emulsification

pancreas; secrete bile for starch digestion

stomach; secrete pepsinogen for protein digestio

The stomach secretes the enzyme pepsinogen, which is a precursor to the enzyme pepsin. Pepsin is an enzyme used for digesting protein.

The liver does not secrete insulin; insulin is used for glucose uptake but it is secreted by the pancreas.

The gallbladder is a small organ associated with the liver. The gallbladder does not secrete any substance, but is used to store bile that the liver produces.

The pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon; it does not secrete bile. Furthermore, bile is not used for protein digestion-it is used for fat emulsification.

Question 94

The primary function of _____________ is _____________________.

Chyme; carbohydrate breakdown in the mouth

bile; fat emulsification in the small intestine

Amylase; fat breakdown in the stomach

Saliva; protein breakdown in the mouth

Answer 94

Answer: bile; fat emulsification in the small intestine

The primary function of _____________ is _____________________.

Chyme; carbohydrate breakdown in the mouth

bile; fat emulsification in the small intestine

Amylase; fat breakdown in the stomach

Saliva; protein breakdown in the mouth

Bile is secreted by the liver and sent to the gallbladder for storage. The primary function of bile is to facilitate the breakdown and emulsification of fat, which occurs in the small intestine.

Chyme is a mixture of partially broken-down food and digestive juices that moves from the stomach to the small intestine. It is not able to breakdown any nutrients.

Saliva is found in the mouth and contains salivary enzymes, specifically amylases and lipases, that break down carbohydrates and fats. However, protein enzymes are not present in saliva.

Amylase is found in digestive enzymes in the mouth and stomach; however, the purpose of amylase is to break down carbohydrates, not fats.

Question 95

The folds that make up the shape of the villi and microvilli:

Help push food along the intestinal tract.

Create a barrier to block absorption of fats.

Increase enzyme secretions due to greater surface area.

Facilitate absorption due to an increased surface area.

Answer 95

Answer: Facilitate absorption due to an increased surface area.

The folds that make up the shape of the villi and microvilli:

Help push food along the intestinal tract.

Create a barrier to block absorption of fats.

Increase enzyme secretions due to greater surface area.

Facilitate absorption due to an increased surface area.

The function of villi and microvilli is to increase surface area of the small intestine, where the majority of nutrient absorption occurs.

Villi and microvilli do not help push food along the intestinal tract, nor do they block fat absorption.

Villi and microvilli do not secrete enzymes

Question 96

Which of the following correctly pairs structure and function?

mouth / nutrient absorption

stomach / chemical digestion

duodenum / reabsorption of water

colon / absorption of glucose

Answer 96

Answer: stomach / chemical digestion

Which of the following correctly pairs structure and function?

mouth / nutrient absorption

stomach / chemical digestion

duodenum / reabsorption of water

colon / absorption of glucose

The stomach is responsible for chemical digestion. As food contents enter the stomach, it mixes with digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid to break down food. The muscular contractions, or segmentation, that the stomach muscles produce helps to move the food around and ensure it thoroughly mixes with the chemicals.

While mechanical digestion (i.e. chewing) and chemical breakdown begins in the mouth, nutrient absorption does not occur until the food particles are small enough for absorption and this happens in the small intestine.

The duodenum is a segment of the small intestine (where most nutrient absorption takes place). However, reabsorption of water happens in the large intestine, not the small intestine.

The colon is a segment of the large intestine which is primarily responsible for reabsorption of water and some electrolytes. The absorption of glucose occurs mainly in the small intestine.

Question 97

Which of the following describes the contraction of the smooth muscle in order to move food down the esophagus to the stomach?

Mastication

Deglutition

Peristalsis

Pharyngeal constriction

Answer 97

Answer: Peristalsis

Which of the following describes the contraction of the smooth muscle in order to move food down the esophagus to the stomach?

Mastication

Deglutition

Peristalsis

Pharyngeal constriction

Peristalsis is the contraction of smooth muscle that lines the esophageal walls. The smooth muscle has a circular layer as well as a longitudinal layer of muscle that allows a “wringing” action of the smooth muscle to push food down the esophagus.

Mastication refers to the chewing actions carried out by the mouth that mechanically breaks down food.

Deglutition is the process of swallowing, where food is pushed from the mouth to the esophagus through the pharynx.

Pharyngeal constriction refers to the muscular action of the throat that allows food to be pushed towards the esophagus.

Question 98

Which of the following digestive organs contains vitamin-producing bacteria?

Small intestine

Large intestine

Liver

Stomach

Answer 98

Answer: Large intestine

Which of the following digestive organs contains vitamin-producing bacteria?

Small intestine

Large intestine

Liver

Stomach

The large intestine contains healthy gut bacteria that are responsible for producing Vitamin K, a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a role in blood clotting. Often-times newborns are given a Vitamin K shot to aid in blood clotting due to any trauma during the birthing process. This is done because the gut bacteria has not yet populated and synthesized Vitamin K.

Question 99

Which of the following is not a function of pancreatic juice?

Increase acidity of stomach contents

Chemically digest carbohydrates

Neutralize the pH of chyme

Chemically digest proteins

Answer 99

Answer: Increase acidity of stomach contents

Which of the following is not a function of pancreatic juice?

Increase acidity of stomach contents

Chemically digest carbohydrates

Neutralize the pH of chyme

Chemically digest proteins

Pancreatic juice is composed of several digestive enzymes as well as a high concentration of bicarbonate ions, making it an alkaline solution. Since the pH of this fluid is high (not acidic), it is unlikely that it would increase the acidity of the stomach.

Due to the various digestive enzymes, pancreatic juice does break down carbohydrates and proteins. And due to its high pH, it neutralizes the acidity of stomach chyme.

Question 100

Gastric reflux occurs as a result of an improper closing of the ________________.

pyloric sphincter
lower esophageal sphincter
epiglottis
Upper esophageal sphincter

Answer 100

Gastric reflux occurs as a result of an improper closing of the ________________.

pyloric sphincter
lower esophageal sphincter
epiglottis
Upper esophageal sphincter

lower esophageal sphincter

The lower esophageal sphincter is located at the bottom end of the esophagus where food will move from the esophagus to the stomach. When this muscular sphincter does not close properly, acidic contents from the stomach can leak back up into the esophagus causing gastric reflux.

The pyloric sphincter is located at the distal portion of the stomach, allowing food to pass from the stomach into the small intestine. While there may be some instances of improper closing of this sphincter, this is not the cause of gastric reflux.

The epiglottis is the flap of cartilage that covers the trachea when swallowing food. This prevents food from entering the lungs.

The upper esophageal sphincter is located at the top of the esophagus, between the pharynx and the esophagus. Improper closing would not cause gastric reflux.

Question 101

Which of the following digestive organs contains vitamin-producing bacteria?

Stomach
Liver
Large intestine
Small intestine

Answer 101

Which of the following digestive organs contains vitamin-producing bacteria?

Stomach
Liver
Large intestine
Small intestine

Large intestine

The large intestine contains healthy gut bacteria that are responsible for producing Vitamin K, a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a role in blood clotting. Often-times newborns are given a Vitamin K shot to aid in blood clotting due to any trauma during the birthing process. This is done because the gut bacteria has not yet populated and synthesized Vitamin K.

Question 102

If villi in the small intestine were to become damaged, which of the following would likely occur?

Gastric reflux disease would result due to the increased production of stomach acid.

Malnutrition would result due to a decreased ability to absorb nutrients.

A reduced ability to breakdown fat due to the inability of villi to secrete bile.

Segmentation of the stomach would be negatively affected leading to reduced digestion.

Answer 102

If villi in the small intestine were to become damaged, which of the following would likely occur?

Gastric reflux disease would result due to the increased production of stomach acid.

Malnutrition would result due to a decreased ability to absorb nutrients.

A reduced ability to breakdown fat due to the inability of villi to secrete bile.

Segmentation of the stomach would be negatively affected leading to reduced digestion.

Malnutrition would result due to a decreased ability to absorb nutrients.

The function of villi and microvilli is to increase surface area of the small intestine, where the majority of nutrient absorption occurs. If these are damaged, it could interfere with the ability of the small intestine to absorb nutrients, potentially leading to malnutrition.