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bio section 2 > Science 10-1 Final > Flashcards

Science 10-1 Final Flashcards

1
Q

biohazardous

A

organisms or toxins causing disease in people or animals

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2
Q

harmful or fatal

A

even in small quanites

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3
Q

oxidizing

A

may cause a fire when exposed to oxygen or oxidizing substance

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4
Q

flammable

A

catch fire spontaneously if exposed to air or water

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5
Q

health hazard

A

allergic reaction, cancer, brithb defects etc

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6
Q

harmful to environement

A

long lasting effects

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7
Q

harmful

A

to skin eyes or respiratory (fatal in large doses)

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8
Q

gas under pressure

A

may explode if heated or punctured

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9
Q

corrosive

A

causes severe skin burns and eye damage

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10
Q

explosion

A

risk due to fire shock friction or heat pressure

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11
Q

what makes a atom

A

same number of electrons as protrons (no charge)

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12
Q

dalton

A

atoms have identical particles

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13
Q

thompson

A

used the cathode ray tube as his experienment, posotive sphere with negative particles

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14
Q

rutherford

A

gold foil experiment (1 in 1000 particles deflected), nuclease is dense and postiev while electrons are negative surrounding it

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15
Q

bohr

A

electrons surround nucleas in specific orbits with specific engery levels, (discrete energy states) hused the hydron emission spectrum

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16
Q

Quantum

A

mathematical equation to determine where electrons should be at specific points

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17
Q

what is a group

A

horizontal, tells us the valance electrons

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18
Q

what is a period

A

vertical row tells us the number of electron shells

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19
Q

what is a ion

A

charged atoms where the total number of electrons does not equal the number of protrons (protrons will never change as they tell us the atomic number)

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20
Q

what is a cation

A

posotively charged ion formed when atom loses valance electrons more protrons more posotive

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21
Q

what is a anion

A

negativley charged formed when atom gains valance electrons more electrons more negative

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22
Q

what are ionic compounds

A

oppostily charged ions, electrostaically attration
transfer of one or more elctrons, formation cation and anion

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23
Q

what are molecular compounds

A

non metal atoms bonded together, share pairs of valance electrons, elements are convalently bonded in a specific ratio
small the ratio more likely to be a gas
bigger ratio more likely to be a solid

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24
Q

Prefix system

A

mono-1
di-2
tri-3
tetra- 4
penta-5
hexa-6
hepta-7
octa-8b
nona-9
deca-10

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25
Q

what are polyatomic elements

A

exist in molecular form in nature will never be found by themselves

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26
Q

water

A

h20

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27
Q

hydrogen peroxide

A

h202 (l)

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28
Q

ammonia

A

NH3 (g)

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29
Q

glucose

A

C6H12O6 (s)

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30
Q

sucrose

A

C12H22O11 (s)

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31
Q

methane

A

CH4 (g)

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32
Q

propane

A

C3H8 (g)

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33
Q

methanol

A

CH3OH (l)

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34
Q

ethanol

A

C2H5OH (l)

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35
Q

proterites of acid

A

sour, feels like water, reaction with metal bubbles form, conducts electricity, realeses H+ in water ph <7

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36
Q

properties of a base

A

bitter, slippery, no reaction with metals, litmus turns blue, conducts elctrivity =, relases OH- in water, ph >7

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37
Q

what is a acid

A

special type of molecular compound that produces hydrogen cations, state is always aq

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38
Q

what is a base

A

ionic compound containing hydroxide ion (OH-) in its formular when placed in water these ions make the solution basic, Water solubility is high for gtoup 1 elements

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39
Q

3 uses of acids and bases

A

saliva-slightly basic protects teeth from acidic foods
stomach- makes hcl helps digest protiens in food
pancrees- makes sodium hydrogen carbonation (bases) to neutrilzie stomach acids

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40
Q

what is neutrilization

A

acid and base combined to make neutral substance, gets rid of acidic and basic properties (makes water)

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41
Q

what is eveidence of a chemical reaction

A
  • change is color
  • forming percpitate
    -odour relased
    -heat and light energy
    -bubbles form (proof of gas)
    -temp change
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42
Q

what 4 peices of info does a chem reaction giev us

A
  • reacttants
    -products
    -states
    -coefficents
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43
Q

what is exothermic reaction

A

gives off heat causes mixture and surroundings to get hotter
examples: combustion, neutrilization celluar resp
energy is on product side of equation

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44
Q

endothermic

A

absorbs heat causes surroundings to get colder
examples: sweat evaporation, photosyntheis
energy on reacttant side of equation

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45
Q

what is molar mass

A

sum or total mass in grams of all atoms in one mole of a particle, unit is g/mol

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46
Q

what are conserved in chemical reaction

A

atoms and mass
moles of reactants and products do not conserve
molecules- something goes in elements will comes out

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47
Q

characterics of living things

A

metabolism, growth, nutrition, excretion, homeostatis, reproduction and sensitivity

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48
Q

what did francesco redi do

A

challenges theory of sponateous generation through simple jar experiment, found maggots appear in jars that were open allow the flies to lay their eggs

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49
Q

what did louis pateur do and variables of his experiment

A

swan neck flask experiement concluded that life makes life, used meat broth and when organisms were exposed to air microorganisms grew
controlled:flask and broth type
manipulated: access of dust to flask
responding : ability to grow mold in broth

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50
Q

what are the three points of the cell theory

A

1) All organisms composed of cells
2) Cell are the smallest unit of life
3) Cells arise from preexisting cells

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51
Q

who is Zacharias Janssen

A

1595- invented first compound microscope

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52
Q

who is Robert Hooke

A

1665- observed slices of cork, saw tiny chambers coining the term cell

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53
Q

Anton Van leeuwenhoek

A

1975- first to see living organisms in pond water, termed animalcules

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54
Q

Robert Brown

A

relievedspots seen in cells were important “nucleas”

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55
Q

Rudolph Virchow

A

suggested theory of biogenesis determined cells comes from other cells

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56
Q

Adcantages and disadvantages of light microscope

A

Adv- color images, large field of view, easily prepared sample
Dis Adv- smaller magnification. lower reoslution

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57
Q

Adv and Dis adv of transmission electron

A

adv- see inner structure high resolution and magnification
dis adv- can not see living things specium dies

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58
Q

adv and dis- adv of scanning electron

A

adv- look at thick large structure and produce 3D image
dis adv- can’t see inside only surface can\t view living things

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59
Q

what is the cell membrane

A

protective barrier allows for transport of materials in and out of the cell, important for cell interaction and communication

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60
Q

what is cytoplasim

A

gel like substance inside membrane supports and protects the cell all organelles are found here

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61
Q

what is the nucleas

A

conatins all DNA of the cell allows for transport of materials (brain of the cell)

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62
Q

what are lysosomes

A

animal cells only small round membrane bound digestive saces containing digestive enzymes responsible for breakdown of molecules

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63
Q

vesicle/vacuole

A

fluid sacs responisble for storing food water and waste
plants- one large central vacuole to store water
animals- small vacuoles called vesicles (storage container of the cell)

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64
Q

mitochocdira

A

powerhouse of the cell- site of celluar respiration bean shaped organelle breaks glucose in to ATP for cell

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65
Q

formula for celluar respiration

A

C6 H12 O6 (aq) + 602(g) —-> 6H20 (l) + 6CO2 (g) + energy

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66
Q

endoplasmic reticulm

A

network of folded membranes attacted to nucleas rough er- close to nuclear contains ribosomes
smooth er- produces lipids

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67
Q

ribosomes

A

smallest structure exist on rough er or free in cytoplasm, site of protein synthesis

68
Q

golgi apparatus

A

flat folded sack of membrane packages labels and inspects proteins from ER to be transported tot rest of the cell, site of lysome production
post office of cell

69
Q

cell wall

A

plant cells only, fuctions as protection and structural support

70
Q

choloplast

A

plants only conatins cholorphyll giving plants green color site of photosynthesis

71
Q

fromula for photosynthesis

A

6H20 (l) + 6 CO2 (g) +chorophyll&light —–> C6H1206 (aq) + 6o2 (l)

72
Q

what is the cilia

A

cell movement and feeding, hair like projections

73
Q

what is the flagella

A

long tail like projections moves in whip like motion and found in bacterial cells

74
Q

what is the cell mebrane made of

A

phospholipid bilayer (hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail)

75
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model

A

phosophlipids move within the membrane mosaic= protiens move along phospholipids like boats, membranes are in constant motion allowing cells to change shape/patterns

76
Q

perphiarl proteins

A

located on surface and partially extend to the bi-layer

77
Q

intergral proteins and two types

A

expand acrooss entire bilayer
- channel porteins:tunnels through membrane filter molecules based on size/charge high to low concentration
- carrier proteins extends through entire membrane changing shape helps move ions, small and large molecules

78
Q

what thinsg factor if a particle can go through a membrane

A

size, charge (immperable to charged) conectraion gradient

79
Q

difference between semi and selectivley permeable

A

semi- not a biological barrier filter is based only on size
selectively- usually biological barrier proteins are present to guide things across

80
Q

simple diffusion

A

movement from high- low membrane must be permeable to solute no transport protein required

81
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

solute moves from high-low with the help of channel proteins membrane is immperable due to solutes large size

82
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane water will always move naturally to where there are more solutes high water concentration to a low one
if membrane is not permeable to solute their will be a net movement of water
water always move from hypetonic to hypertonic

83
Q

what is hypertonic

A

solution with lots of solutes compared to another

84
Q

hypotonic

A

solution with little solutes compared to another

85
Q

isotonic

A

solution with equal solutes to another soltion

86
Q

if cell doesnt change

A

then the ecf and cytoplasm have equal concentration of solutes there will be no net movement of water (isotonic)

87
Q

if cell shrivels

A

the ecf has high concentration of solutes then the cytoplasm net movement of water FROM cytoplasm TO ECF (water moves out)

88
Q

if cell exapnds

A

cytoplasm has a high concetration of solutes than the ECF net movement of water FROM ECF to cytoplasm (water comes in )

89
Q

what is plasmolysis

A

when placed in solution with higher solute concentration the vacuole loses water and shrinks causing cell membrane to peel away from cell wall

90
Q

what is high turgor pressure

A

placed into a solution with lower solute concentration then the cell the vacuole gains water and swells the cell membrane then pushes up against the cell wall cell wall maintains turgor pressure not membrane

91
Q

what is active transport and two types

A

movement of particles against conecntration gradient (low to high concentration) requires uses of added ATP
1) with carrier proteins- requires atp to alter the shape to move solute against concentration, smaller substances
2) with vesicle- cell membrane changes to form vesicles atp needed used for larger substances only

92
Q

what is endocytosis and 2 types

A

moves materials into the cell, cell surrounds and takes in large substances from envioremnt does not pass directly through the membrane, cell membrane dips inwards (pinches off pieces)
phagocytosis- cell eats foods or solids taken in
pinocytosis- cell drinks droplets of fluid taken in

93
Q

what is exocytosis

A

explulsion and realses of large materials from the cell
expels materials stores in vesicles and vacuoles by fusing cell membrane
excretes waste

94
Q

why is cell size important

A

bigger you are diffusion is slow and inefficient within the cell
high surface area to volume ration = efficient
surface area represents cell membrane (lw#number of sides)
volume represents cytoplasm (lwh)

95
Q

level of organization (smallest to largest)

A

atom: smallest component of matter all living things made of atoms
molecules:more than one atom bonded together
organelle: special entity present inside particular type of cell
cell: basic structural, functional and biological unit of known organisms

96
Q

parts of a plant

A

tissues- composed of many idenitical cells, dermal, ground, vascular
organ- group of tissues attapted to perform specific functions
organ system- group of organs working together (shoot and root)

97
Q

waxy cuticle

A

reduces water loss and serves as a protective layer

98
Q

epidermal cells

A

prtoevctive , covers upper and lower layers of leaf, transparent to allow sunlight

99
Q

waxy cuticle

A

reduces water loss and is a protective layer

100
Q

stomata

A

small openings in lower epidermis controls movement of gas and water in and out of the cell, stomata is open when guard cells are turgid but are closed when guard cells are limp

101
Q

guard cells

A

regulate opening and closing of stomata

102
Q

palisade layer

A

packed with chloroplasts, carries majority of photosyntheis, closely packed, long and narrow in shape under epidermis layer

103
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

contain few chlorplasts and carry out a little photosynthesis, cells loosly packed and round in shape, has air spaces allowing for efficient water/gas exchange

104
Q

where does each part of photosynthesis enter and exit

A

co2 enters through stoma
h20 enters through xylem
c6h12o6- exits through phloem
o2- exits through stoma

105
Q

how do guard cells and the stoma work

A
  1. potassium ions are actively transported into guard cells
  2. water follows by osmosis into vacuoles of guard cells
  3. vacuole gets bigger causing turgor pressure to increase
  4. guard cells swell and buldge opening stomata (opens when guard cells are turgid)
106
Q

how does water and glucose need to be transported through the plant

A

xylem-water moves through dead cells
phloem- glucose moves through complain cells (living)

107
Q

what is root pressure

A

minerals actively transported to roots, h20 enters root by osmosis causing increase in water pressure, this pressure helps push h20 and dissolved minerals up the xylem

108
Q

conhesion/ adhesion

A

water molecules stick together cohesive pulls up xylem, adhesion - h20 to stick to other things molecules cling to xylem walla resisting gravity the molecules climb up xylem

109
Q

transpiration

A

loss of water through open stomata creates a transportation pull as each molecules evaporates cohesion causes the next molecule to be pulled up in its place

110
Q

explain sugar transport

A

sugars move from leaf (source to the phloem through active transport in companion cells, then moved by passive transport down the concentration gradient in the phloem
actively transported into other plant cells for growth storage etc
moves from source—> sink

111
Q

phototropism

A

plants response to light either towards or away from the source of light

112
Q

what are auxins

A

plant hormones produced by the tip of the plant
can’t function when exposed to direct light, auxins built upon shaded side causes cells to lengthen resulting in shoot bending towards the light

113
Q

what is gravitropsim

A

growth with respect to force of gravity upward growth of plant shoots in negative where downward growth is positive
shoots high auxin promote cell elongation away from ground
roots high auxin inhibte growth root turns down into ground

114
Q

thigmotropism

A

turning or bending of plant in repsonse to touch
positive towards touch
negative away from touch

115
Q

scalar quanity

A

magnitude only mass, distance speed time (distance and speed)

116
Q

vector quanity

A

magnitude and direction, displacement and velocity

117
Q

motion

A

change in postion measured by distance and time

118
Q

speed

A

rate at which an object moves

119
Q

velocity

A

speed and direction of moving objects

120
Q

acceleration

A

rate at which object changes speed or direction

121
Q

uniform vs non-uniform motion

A

constant speed in given time interval object travel fixed distance
non uniform- speed changing overtime (acceleration)

122
Q

acceleration

A

any change in velocity of a object during a time interval, object accelerates when it increases velocity decreases velocity or changes direction

123
Q

types of kinetic energy

A

thermal energy, mechanical energy, electrical energy, magnetic energy

124
Q

types of potential energy

A

chemical energy, elastic energy, nuclear energy and gravitational energy

125
Q

what is force

A

push or pull on object resulting from objects interaction with another object
newton= 1kgx m/s2

126
Q

newtons first law

A

object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stay in motion unless acted upon by unbalanced force

127
Q

what is work

A

force and displacement force must cause displacement (force and displacement must be in same direction)
Measured in joules; 1 Joule= 1 kg x m2/s2

128
Q

mechicanical energy in vertical system

A

must apply low of conservation: as the object falls potential energy is converted to kinetic energy
total Em must remain constant top=only potential bottom=only kinetic

129
Q

energy transformation of old windmill

A

sun–> Ek in wind—> Ek windmill blades—> Em gears—> Work grain to flour

130
Q

enery transfirmation of modern windmill

A

sun–. ek wind—> ek windmill blades—-> em gears–> Ek electricty

131
Q

energy transformation of water wheel

A

Ep H20–> Ek water wheel—> Em gears turn—> Em psitons—> work done to crush coal

132
Q

energy transformation of tidal power station

A

Ek water tide moving–> Ek buoys–> Em gears—> Ek elctricty

133
Q

Energy conversion-power plant

A

Sun–> coal (stored chemical) —> Ek thermal (burning)—> eK steam —> EM gears turning—> Ek turbine —> Ek electricty

134
Q

exosphere

A

300 km up death star satelite

135
Q

thermosphere

A

85km up metors, spaceships

136
Q

mesosphere

A

50 km up

137
Q

ozone layer

A

deflects electromagnetic radiation from the sun

138
Q

stratosphere

A

7km up radiotrobe, mother pearl clouds

139
Q

troposphere

A

most weather airplane clouds hot air balloons

140
Q

what dictates how layers are separated

A

temperature

141
Q

hydrosphere and limits of tolerance

A

accounts for solid liquid and gas phases of water
limits of tolerance: amount of light, amount of 02 gas water pressure

142
Q

lithosphere and limits of tolerance

A

brittle upper portion of mantle and the crust
limits: soil ph, 02 (g) levels temp and humiditidy
landmass decreases as rising water temp (glaciers and ice sheets with melt)

143
Q

what are lines of latitude

A

earth is divied into lines, imaginary lines running parallel to equator

144
Q

insolation

A

amount of solar energy revied by region of earths surface

145
Q

how is isolation dependent on shape of earth and angle of incidence

A

shape causes sun rays to hit earth at different angles which has an effect on the intensity of the sun- angle of incidence
the angle is the angle at which sun strikes earths surface
equator angle is small=more insolation
poles angle increases, sunlight is more spread out= less insolation

146
Q

how is insolation dependant on tilt and angle of inclination

A

inclined at 23.5 degrees
tilt affects hours of sunlight a region gets in different seasons
no title everywhere would have 12 hours of sun

147
Q

what are season

A

tilt is the reason for seasons
summer the hemisphere is tilted towards the sun winter hemisphere tiled away from the sun

148
Q

albedo

A

light colored surfaces have high reflectvilty therefore high albedo
dark surfaces absord heat and have low albedo

149
Q

net radiation budget

A

balance between incoming and outgoing energy at top of the atmosphere total energy available to influence climate
incoming (from sun) - any outgoing \
summer(+) winter (-)

150
Q

energy transfer

A

heat is trnasfered by wind an dwater currents
NH- travels clockwise
SH- travels counter clockwise

151
Q

corolis effect

A

different points on earth travel at different speeds as objects move over earths surface they encounter regions causing path to be deflected by corolis effect

152
Q

jet stream

A

warm water from the tropics flow into artic, ocean currents changes the temp of air over land mass

153
Q

specific heat capacity

A

amount of heat required to raise temp of 1g of substance 1 degree celsius
1 gram= 1 mL of water 1000J = 1 KJ
use when there is a change in temp
change in kinetic energy

154
Q

phase change

A

potenital energy changes
fus when their is a melting and freezing
vap - when their is evaporation and condensation
(no change in temp)

155
Q

biomes and how is rainfall affected

A

community of plants and animals that have common charecterics for environment they live in
terrestrial life increases as temp and percipation increases (together)
classified through temp and rainfall
rainfall affected by: type of ocean current, altitude, large bodies of water, mountain ranges, sunlight and wind

156
Q

ice core samples

A

from ice sheets help scientists determine info about our climate from the past
ice traps bubbles from ancient atompsheres through measuring GHG levels

157
Q

tree ring

A

tree grows rings are formed and by counting we can find out how old the tree is
tell us: droughts, solar events, excess water, forest fires and insect outbreaks

158
Q

aerosols

A

reflect somes light cooling effect can causes acid rain, ozone depletion

159
Q

green house gas

A

trap heat causing increases in temp creating unlivable environment

160
Q

land use

A

nelignle effect, shrink ice and melt glaciers decreasing albedo

161
Q

ozone depletion

A

neligible effect cfcs and other chemicals are creating holes in ozone layer slowly destorying our ozone layer

162
Q

solar variation

A

nelligble effect, changing tilt with change diff between summer/winter months

163
Q

volcanic eruptions

A

cooling effect, main impact only lasts 3-5 years

164
Q

montreal protocol

A

global agreement to repair hole in ozone layer by phasing out CFC and other ozone depleting chemicals

165
Q

kyoto protocol

A

commiting industrialized nations to limit green house gas emissions

166
Q

paris agreement

A

keep global temp rise below 2 degree hopefullt 1.5 degrees countries create carbon neutral goals

167
Q

european climate law

A

europes climate and society becoming carbon neutral by 2050 reduce green house gas emissions by 2030

bio section 2 (8 decks)

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