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me > Science 1 Exam of 7th grade > Flashcards

Science 1 Exam of 7th grade Flashcards

1
Q

A person with the recessive & dominant allele for a trait; they carry that trait, but the trait isn’t seen

A

Carriers

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2
Q

an abnormal condition that person inherits through genes or chromosomes

A

genetic disorder

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2
Q

any change in a gene or chromosomes

A

Mutation

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3
Q

A chart of “family tree” that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait

A

Pedigree

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3
Q

Genetic “messenger” which carries genetic code from DNA inside the nucleus to the cytoplasm

A

RNA

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4
Q

A picture of all chromosomes in a cell that are arranged in pairs and used to detect chromosomal disorders

A

Karyotype

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5
Q

what are the nitrogen bases for RNA and how do they pair

A

Adenine-Uracil
Guanine-Cytosine

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6
Q

what are 3 causes of mutations

A

substitution, Insertion, deletion

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7
Q

what are 2 causes of genetic disorders

A

Mutations, + change in chromosomes

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8
Q

what type of RNA copies and carries the genetic code to the ribosomes

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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8
Q

How many bases code for an amino acid

A

3 bases

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9
Q

what type of RNA carries the amino acids to the ribosomes and adds to the growing protein chain

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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10
Q

the process by which cells make proteins

A

protein synthesis

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11
Q

Chromatins bundle up to form chromosomes and the nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappears

A

Prophase

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12
Q

Centromeres divide and move to opposite sides

A

Anaphase

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13
Q

spindle fibers dissolve and cell membranes form around the 2 cells

A

telophase + cytokinesis

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14
Q

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

A

Metaphase

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15
Q

the 2 sides of the chromosome are joined at this point

A

centromere

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16
Q

when a cell’s DNA is getting ready to divide, it organizes itself into group called this

A

Chromosome

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16
Q

each rung of the DNA molecule is made up of a pair of these

A

Nitrogenous bases

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17
Q

when a cell’s DNA isn’t dividing it exits as this, a loose, uncoiled formation

A

Chromatin

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18
Q

each side of the chromosome is called this; they look like identical twins

A

sister chromatid

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18
Q

the sides of the ladder are made of these

A

sugar (deoxyribose) and a phototype group

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19
Q

these attach to the centromere and are able to move the chromosome

A

spindle fibers

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20
Q

the DNA molecule looks like this

A

Double Helix

21
Q

Factors that control traits

A

genes

22
Q

the passing of traits from parents to offspring

A

Heredity

22
Q

the scientific study of heredity

A

genetics

23
Q

inherited characteristics

A

traits

24
Q

the different forms of a gene

A

Alleles

25
Q

what amount of the parents’ cells are produced in meiosis

A

4

26
Q

Mitosis occurs in these kinds of cells

A

somatic (body) cells

26
Q

Meiosis occurs in these

A

gametes / sex cells

27
Q

an organism that has 2 identical alleles for a trait

A

homozygous

28
Q

an organism’s physical appearance

A

phenotype

29
Q

an Organism’s genetic makeup, or allele combinations

A

genotype

30
Q

an organism that has 2 different alleles for a trait

A

heterozygous

31
Q

a chart that shows all the possible combination of alleles that can result from genetic pairing

A

punnet square

32
Q

the number of cells that are created in the first phases of Meiosis

A

2 cells

33
Q

the number of cells that are formed at the end of meiosis

A

4 cells

34
Q

a type of cell division that produces 4 cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

A

Meiosis

35
Q

what is it called when fragments of DNA are exchanged during prophases

A

crossing-over

36
Q

how many cellls are created in the first phases of meiosis

A

2 cells

37
Q

how many cells are formed at the end of Meiosis

A

4 haploid cells

38
Q

an allele whose trait is marked in the presence of a dominant allele

A

recessive

39
Q

an allele whose trait always shows up in the organism

A

dominant

40
Q

a number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur

A

probability

41
Q

what is the 1st step of protein synthesis

A

the genetic information in the DNA is given to the mRNA

42
Q

what is the 2nd step of protein synthesis

A

mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome

43
Q

what is the 3rd step of protein synthesis

A

tRNA attaches to the mRNA in triplets

44
Q

what is the 4th step of protein synthesis

A

tRNA codes for a specific amino acid

45
Q

what is the 5th step of protein synthesis

A

amino acid release and adds to a chain to create a protein

46
Q

Located in the nucleus (does it describe RNA or DNA)

A

DNA

47
Q

Located in and out of the nucleus (does it describe RNA or DNA)

A

RNA

48
Q

only 1 strand (does it describe RNA or DNA)

A

RNA

49
Q

double helix (does it describe RNA or DNA)

A

DNA

50
Q

adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T) (does it describe RNA or DNA)

A

DNA

51
Q

adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), and guanine (G), (does it describe RNA or DNA)

A

RNA

51
Q

name the phase of Mitosis in order

A

1: prophase 2: Metaphase 3: Anaphase 4: telophase + cytokinesis

52
Q

name the phases of meiosis in order

A

1: prophase 1
2: metaphase 1
3: anaphase 1
4: telophase + cytokinesis 1
5: prophase 2
6: metaphase 2
7: anaphase 2
8: telophase + cytokinesis 2

53
Q

list 8 steps of Meiosis

A

prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase + cytokinesis 1, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase + cytokinesis 2

54
Q

what trait is being studied with rabbits

A

fur color

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