sci 3

Question 1

the outermost layer of the geosphere.

Answer 1

crust

Question 2

The boundary between the Earth’s crust and mantle is called the

Answer 2

Mohorovičić discontinuity.

Question 3

The crust, together with the uppermost part of the mantle, make up the brittle lithosphere,
which is broken up into major sections called

Answer 3

tectonic plates.

Question 4

The abundance of elements on the crust was studied using its —-.

Answer 4

rock

Question 5

are abundant elements found on Earth’s crust.

Answer 5

Oxygen, silicon, aluminum, and iron

Question 6

The most abundant element in Earth’s crust is

Answer 6

oxygen

Question 7

being the second most common element, exists as a compound in the mantle and
crust.

Answer 7

Silicon,

Question 8

comes third at 80 700 ppm. Like silicon, it exists as a compound in the crust. This
element is extracted from its compounds commonly through the Bayer and Hall-Heroult
processes. It is a lightweight metal used in making utensil foils and packaging materials.

Answer 8

Aluminum

Question 9

extracted from iron ores such as hematite and magnetite. It exists in Earth’s crust
with a composition of 41 000 ppm. It has many applications, one of which is for the
production of steel.

Answer 9

iron

Question 10

separate continental crust from oceanic crust.

Answer 10

Continental margins

Question 11

are the areas found between the continental margins and ocean ridges.

Answer 11

Deep ocean basins

Question 12

ocean ridges are composed of.

Answer 12

newly formed oceanic crust which has been uplifted and faulted

Question 13

The age of oceanic crust is approximately

Answer 13

180,000 million years old or less.

Question 14

two types of crust

Answer 14

oceanic and continental crust

Question 15

Oceanic crust is composed

Answer 15

mostly of
dark-colored mafic rocks.

Question 16

is composed of many rock types. Its major
component is granodiorite, a light-colored igneous rock.

Answer 16

continental crust

Question 17

are elevated regions composed of uplifted and deformed rocks.

Answer 17

Mountain belts

Question 18

are regions that have areas that are expansive and composed of complexly deformed Precambrian crystalline rocks called shields.

Answer 18

Cratons

Question 19

are covered with a thin layer of sedimentary rocks called stable platforms.

Answer 19

Shields

Question 20

thinnest layer among its layers.

Answer 20

earths crust

Question 21

the largest layer which accounts for about 84% of Earth’s volume.

Answer 21

mantle

Question 22

This layer is rich in magnesium oxide that distinguishes it from the crust.

Answer 22

mantle

Question 23

The bulk composition of the upper mantle is believed to be

Answer 23

peridotites,

Question 24

The lower mantle is dominated by the mineral,

Answer 24

bridgmanite

Question 25

waves can be classified as

Answer 25

p-waves and s-waves

Question 26

travel in liquids and solids

Answer 26

p-waves

Question 27

which travel through solids only.

Answer 27

s-waves

Question 28

The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle comprise the

Answer 28

lithosphere

Question 29

lies below the lithosphere.

Answer 29

asthenosphere

Question 30

is also called the lower mantle..

Answer 30

mesosphere

Question 31

refers to the transfer of heat from the mantle to the crust through the movement of mantle materials.

Answer 31

Mantle convection

Question 32

This rate of increase in temperature with respect to depth is called the

Answer 32

geothermal gradient.

Question 33

innermost layer of Earth.

Answer 33

core

Question 34

the core is composed mainly of

Answer 34

iron which is about 85%. Nickel is also present at 5% alongside other lighter elements which are 10% of the layer.

Question 35

The core can be divided into two parts:

Answer 35

outer and inner core.

Question 36

is a liquid layer that is approximately 2 200 km thick.

Answer 36

outer core

Question 37

is the innermost layer of Earth.

Answer 37

inner core

Question 38

The outer core is in the - -, whereas the inner core is in the - -.

Answer 38

The outer core is in the liquid phase, whereas the inner core is in the solid phase.

Question 39

between the core and the mantle

Answer 39

Gutenberg Discontinuity

Question 40

between the outer core and inner core

Answer 40

Lehmann discontinuity

Question 41

nagpapagalaw ng tectonic plates

Answer 41

asthenosphere