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Emotional Disturbance - School Neuroanatomy Final > School Neuropsychology Final Exam > Flashcards

School Neuropsychology Final Exam Flashcards

Emotional DIsturbance

1
Q

What is the most diagnosed mental health disorder diagnosed in children?

A

ADHD - 9.4% (6.1 million)

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2
Q

Most children diagnosed with one mental health issue also have another disorder - True or False

A

True

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3
Q

Which is a true statement:
A) Children ages 6 to 11 have the most diagnosed behavioral problems.
B) As children age, anxiety rates increase.
C) Many mental health disorders begin as early as ages 2 - 8 years old.
D) All of the above

A

D - All of the Above

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4
Q

How did COVID negatively impact children’s health and well-being?

A

Loss of family income, disruption in services, social distancing (lack of interactions)

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5
Q

The pandemic increased rates of mental health illness in children and teens. True or False?

A

True

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6
Q

Why have ED rates in schools remained stable when mental health diagnoses have increased tremendously? (3 reasons)

A
  1. OHI captures a lot of this.
  2. ED definition is very vague
  3. School IEP teams are comprised of mainly non-mental health professionals
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7
Q

What is temperament?

A

Basic disposition or make-up

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8
Q

What are the 3 dimensions of temperament?

A

1) Negative Reactivity
2) Inhibition
3) Self-regulation

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9
Q

Emotional volitivity and irritability or emotionality, anger, or distress proneness is…
a) Inhibition
b) Self-regulation
c) Negative Reactivity

A

C - Negative Reactivity

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10
Q

A child’s response to a new person or situation - withdrawal, social withdrawal, or sociability is…
a) Inhibition
b) Self-regulation
c) Negative Reactivity

A

A) Inhibition

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11
Q

Processes that facilitate or hinder reactivity. Includes - effortful control of attention, self-soothing, delayed gratification is…

a) Inhibition
b) Self-regulation
c) Negative Reactivity

A

B) - Self-regulation

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12
Q

What are the 4 temperament types from a brain standpoint?

A

1) Introversion vs. extroversion (approach or withdrawal to social novelty)
2) High reactivity vs. low reactivity (emotional intensity in reaction to stimuli)
3) Positive vs. negative affect (reward circuitry of the brain determining mood valence)
4) Behavioral persistence (tenacity a student demonstrates in the pursuit of a cognitive or emotional goal)

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13
Q

High reactivity/low reactivity is related to …
1) the amygdala
2) the anterior cingulate gyrus
3) none of the above

A

1) Amygdala

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14
Q

Positive vs. negative affect is related to…
1) the anterior cingulate gyrus
2) the amygdala
3) the nucleus accumbens

A

3) Nucleus accumbens

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15
Q

What are the 3 main brain areas related to emotions?

A

1) Amygdala
2) Hippocampus
3) Nucleus Accumbens

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16
Q

Memory loss. clouded thinking, and phobias are related to the hippocampus - True or False?

A

True

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17
Q

Misinterpretation of others’ motives and feelings, lack of affect, noncompliance with societal rules, hypersociability, victimization of others are related to dysfunction in what part of the brain:
a) nucleus accumbens
b) amygdala
c) anterior cingulate gyrus
d) none of the above

A

b) Amygdala

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18
Q

The reward center of the brain is related to what brain region?

A

The Nuleus accumbens (lacted in the forebrain and part of the basal ganglia)

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19
Q

Which brain region is responsible for judging other’s feelings and mediating the emotional response to odors?
a) Hippocampus
b) Orbitofrontal cortex
c) Basal ganglia

A

b) Orbitofrontal cortex

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20
Q

The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is responsible for empathy and impulse control - True or False?

A

False - it is responsible for inhibition and emotional control

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21
Q

The anterior cingulate cortex is responsible for empathy and impulse control and reward-based decision making? True or False

A

True

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22
Q

How do Schwann cells and Oligodendrocytes impact white matter?

A

They dictate the timing and degree of completions of white matter - this is critical to the social brain network.

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23
Q

Aberrations in white matter are often related to what issues socially?

A

Eye gaze and joint attention (ASD)

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24
Q

Where are mirror neurons located?

A

Ventral prefrontal cortex

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25
Q

What are neurons related to?

A

Empathy - they fire when observing or experiencing an emotion.

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26
Q

Dysfunctional mirror neurons have been related to what disorder?

A

ASD

27
Q

What is the role that spindle cells play in empathy?

A

Perspective taking and development of sense of self - theory of mind

28
Q

Spindle cells are located in:
a) the occipital lobe
b) the pre-frontal cortex
c) the right hemisphere near the anterior cingulate and insular cortex

A

C

29
Q

What are the 3 components of empathy?

A

1) Affect sharing (Mirror Neurons)
2) Self-Other Awareness (Spindle)
3)Mental flexibility (Orbitofrontal Cortex)

30
Q

What are the three main brain components involved in empathy?

A
  1. Schwann Cells
  2. Mirror Neurons
  3. Spindle Cells
31
Q

Anticonvulsants, atypical antipsychotics, and antidepressants are often used to treat mental illness?

A

Bipolar Disorder (storm in the brain)

32
Q

What are the diagnostic characteristics of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)

A
  • DX for children and adolescents
  • chronic persistent irritability
  • behavioral outbursts
33
Q

What are the 4 regions of the brain associated with bipolar disorder?

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Hippocampus
  3. Cingulate gyrus
  4. Basal ganglia (nucleus accumbens)
34
Q

Damage to the orbitofrontal or ventromedial prefrontal cortex can cause reactive aggression? True or False?

A

True

35
Q

Neurons are comprised of what parts?

A

1) Cell body
2) Dendrites
3) Axon
*they communicate via synapses between neurons and through electrical messages via neurotransmitters)

36
Q

What are some names of neurotransmitters?

A

Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, glutamate, GABA
*serve to inhibit or excite neurons

37
Q

What is GAD?

A

Generalized Anxiety Disorder - often comorbid with other disorders

38
Q

The amygdala may contribute to ANTS (automatic negative thoughts)? True or False

A

False - it is the orbitofrontal cortex.

39
Q

The amygdala, the orbitofrontal cortex, and the anterior cingulate cortex are involved in GAD. True or False

A

True

40
Q

What is SAD and its characteristics ?

A

Separation Anxiety Disorder - children become very upset when separated from caregiver, may be afraid to sleep alone, fearful caregiver may die.

41
Q

When a child has a fear of performing, being judged, humiliated, and embarrassed this is what disorder?

A

Social Anxiety Disorder

42
Q

What are the biological/etiology influences of anxiety?

A

1) genetics
2) heritability
3) neurotransmitter - limbic system/amygdala

43
Q

What is PANDAS?

A

Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder - associated with STREP infections and develop OCD and tic symptoms.

44
Q

What is PANS

A

Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS)

45
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is associated with the basal ganglia, the frontal lobes, and the caudate nucleus. True of False?

A

True

46
Q

Can child abuse lead to adverse brain development?

A

Yes - can change neurotransmitter systems and brain metabolism.

47
Q

What are some bottom up anxiety disorders?

A
  • PTSD
  • Phobias
  • Panic Attacks
48
Q

What are some top-down anxiety disorders?

A
  • OCD
  • GAD
    *overactivity of the prefrontal cortex leading to worry and over thinking
49
Q

What are psychosocial influences to anxiety? The 3 pathways?

A

1) Exposure to trauma/threat
2) Fear modeled by parents
3) Acquired through transmission of information

50
Q

What are 3 trauma related disorders?

A

1) PTSD
2) RAD (reactive attachment)
3) DESD (Disinhibited Social Engagement)

51
Q

Fast acting drug for anxiety do what to GABA?

A

Elevated GABA levels - this is an inhibitory neurotransmitter (i.e., Halcion, Xanax, Valium)

52
Q

How do SSRI’s (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) work?

A

Blocks the reuptake of serotonin. Shortage of serotonin is associated with anxiety.

53
Q

Depression is twice as likely in females. True or False?

A

True

54
Q

What type of medications are used to treat depression?

A

SSRI’s - 2 out of 3 respond positively. For children only Prozac and Lexapro are FDA approved.

Also MOA’s (monamone oxidase inhibitors) can be used

55
Q

What are the causes of depression?

A

1) Biological
2) Neuropsychological
3) Psychodynamic
4) Cognitive Behavioral

56
Q

What is SEAL?

A

Social Emotional Academic Learning

57
Q

What are some disorder related to externalizing behaviors (oppositional, aggressive, destructive)

A
  • ADHD (impulsive)
  • ODD (disruptive)
  • Conduct Disorder (disruptive)
58
Q

What are LCP and AL offenders?

A

LCP - life-course persistent (neurodevelopmental)
AL - adolescence limited (social processes and ends in adulthood)

59
Q

Externalizing behaviors have been linked to what neurocognitive factors?

A

1) frontal lobe function
2) speech and language effectiveness
3) Visuospatial processing

60
Q

Early delinquent and late delinquent behaviors have the same primary causes. True or False?

A

False.

Early is related to have a developmental disorder
Late is primarily related to personality disorder

61
Q

From the Model of Relationship Between Stressors and Psychopathology, what are the three stressors involved with triggering challenging of emotional disturbance in children?

a) minor life events, a major event, and chronic events
b) major life events, minor events, and chronic conditions
c) none of the above

A

b)

62
Q

The part of the brain that is the reward center is:
a) hippocampus
b) nucleus accumbens
c) cerebellum

A

b)

63
Q

Region of the brain responsible for empathy and impulse control.

a) basal ganglia
b) orbitofrontal cortex
c) anterior cingulate cortex

A

c)

64
Q

Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex and ventromedial prefrontal cortex is associated with what behaviors?

a) depression
b) anxiety
c) reactive aggression

A

c)

Emotional Disturbance - School Neuroanatomy Final (1 decks)

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