School Counselor Exam Flashcards
Piagets theory: Sensoriomotor stage- age and characteristics
Ages Birth- 2 years
Object permeance (things continue to exist even when they cannot be seen)
Piagets theory: Preoperational stage- age and characteristics
Ages- 2 to 7 years old
Begin to think symbolically; Tend to be egocentric; think concretely
Piagets theory: Concrete operational stage- age and characteristics
Ages 7 to 11 years old
Begin to think logically; Concept of Conservation (amount of liquid in a small wide cup is the same amount as in a tall skinny cup); decentration (people see the world in different ways)
Piagets theory: Formal operational stage- age and characteristics
Ages 12 and up; Begin to think abstractly; Scientific reasoning; Can deal with hypothetical problems
Piagets theory: Schemas
Categories of knowledge that help us to interpret and understand the world
Piagets theory: Assimilation
Taking in new information into our already existing schemas
Piagets theory: Accomodation
The ability to change existing schemas in light of new information
Piagets theory: Equilibration
Striking a balance between assimilation and accomodation
Eriksons 8 stages of psychosocial development : Stage 1?
Trust versus mistrust
Trust versus mistrust age
Ages 0-1.5 years old
Stage 2? Eriksons stages of psychosocial development
Autonomy vs Shame
Autonomy versus shame age
Ages 1.5-3 years old
Stage 3 Eriksons Psychosocial development
Initiative versus guilt
Initiative versus guilt age
Ages 3-5 years
Stage 4 Erikson
Industry versus Inferiority
Industry versus inferiority age
Ages 5-12 years old
Stage 5 Erikson
Identity versus role confusion
Identity versus role confusion age
Ages 12-18 years old
Stage 6 Erikson
Intimacy versus isolation
Intimacy versus isolation age
18-40 years old
Stage 7 Erikson
Generativity versus stagnation
Generativity versus stagnation age
40-65 years old
Stage 8 Erikson
Ego integrity versus despair
Ego integrity versus despair age
65+ years old
Robert Havinghurst theory of psychosocial development stage 1- Infancy/early childhood ages and characteristics
Ages birth-6; Learn to crawl, talk, and walk; being potty trained
Havinghurst stage 2- Middle childhood ages and characteristics
Ages 6 to 12; Learning social rules, values, and morality
Havinghurst stage 3- Adolescence ages and characteristics
Ages 13 to 18; Growing independence, handling physical changes of puberty
Havinghurst stage 4- Early adulthood ages and characteristics
Ages 19 to 30; Becoming a mate, spouse, and or a parent
Havinghurst stage 5- Middle age, ages and characteristics
Ages 30-60; Finding satisfaction at work, exploring hobbies, start of aging
Havinghurst stage 6- Later maturity, ages and characteristics
Ages 60+; Changing living situations, Coping with physical changes of aging
Freuds Theory of Psychosocial Development: Id
Pleasure principle; Primitive and unconcerned with morality or rationality
Freud: Ego
Logical and stable; concerned with higher thought processes
Freud: Superego
Contains or inhibits antisocial behavior
Freuds stages of Psychosocial development: Oral ages and characteristics
Ages birth to 1 years old- Everything goes into the mouth
Freud Psychosocial development- Anal ages and characteristics
Ages 1 to 3 years old; Primary focus on potty training
Freud Psychosocial development- Phallic ages and characteristics
Ages 3 to 6; Oedipus complex and Electra complex, defines the attraction children felt for the other gendered parent
Freud Psychosocial development- Latent, ages and characteristics
Ages 6-11; Superego resigns; Children learn to delay gratification
Freud Psychosocial development- Genital ages and characteristics
Ages 11-18; People begin to engage in mature sexual relationships
Oppression- Ableism
targeting persons identified by different abilities/disabilities
Oppression- Beautyism
targeting persons who are obese or otherwise fall outside of expected appearance norms
Oppression- Familyism
targeting persons whose family falls outside of expected norms, such as single parents or same gendered parents
Oppression- Linguicism
targeting persons because they do not speak the dominant language, or do so with a marked accent
Culture can refer to more than one thing, such as the following 5 things:
Race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and different levels of ability
One of the common goals of a community outreach program is to….
increase multicultural sensitivity and communication in the community and in areas surrounding the school campus
Data collection: Academic Achievement sources (3)
standardized test scores, grade point averages, retention and graduation rates
Data collection: Graduation readiness competencies sources (2)
Number of students with four year plans on file and the number of students who have participated in workshops
IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) was implemented to ensure that….
eligible school-aged students with disabilities received the opportunity for a reasonable education
“Eligible students” definition
Students who exhibit any single or combination of 13 identified disabilities
If a disability has a minimal or non negative effect on learning, then the student may not be eligible for _______ resources, but rather reasonable accomodations under _________ _____
IDEA; Section 504
Autism is a disability that affects ________ _____________ as well as _________ and ____ __________ communications
social interactions, verbal and nonverbal
How does Autism manifest? (4 ways)
Repetitive activities, stereotypical movements, resistance to changes in routine or environment, and unusual responses to stimuli
Autism is usually evident in children before the age of _____ years old
3 years old
Developmental delay refers to a significant ________ lapse between the ages ____ and ____ that can not be accounted for by any other identified disability
cognitive, ages 3 and 9
Emotional disturbance refers to a ___________ of symptoms that encompass a general inability to ______ or _______ which presents over a long period of time and to a marked degree
spectrum, cope or learn
Intellectual disabilities refers to a significantly ____-_________ intellectual functioning that may exist alongside deficits in adaptive behavior and may manifest during the ______________ period
sub-average, developmental
IEPs (Individualized Education Plans) do what for students?
Address their needs
Informal assessments occur in three different ways?
classroom setting, in conversation with the student, or by observation
Formal assessments operates within a __________, a set of ____________, that incorporates behavioral ______________, measurements of _____-____________, _______ scales, and inventories of _______ and ____________
rubric, set of rubrics, checklists, self-perception, value scales, and skills and interests
John Holland 6 Personality Types
Realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional
The _____________ _________ ___________ allows students to explore different careers
Occupational Outlook Handbook
MMPI stands for?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
MMPI is an assessment for people whom there is a suspicion of ____________ problems that run deeper than ___________
Personality problems, neuroses
Strong Interest Inventory is a _________ inventory, that gives the test taker an idea of his or her inclinations in the ________________ area
career, vocational
The results of the WAISC-II tell a student at which level they will be placed in __________ _______________
academic coursework
The Beck Depression Inventory would be administered to a student where there is suspicion of ______________
depression
Achievement tests are also referred to as _______-_________ tests
high-stakes
The Stanford Achievement Test will determine whether a student will graduate ______-__________, go to _________, and which _________ will accept him or her
high school, college, college(s)
IQ tests have a mean of ________ and a standard deviation of _____
100, 15
On an IQ test, what would be the score of a standard deviation of 1 below normal and 1 standard deviation above normal?
Below= 85
Above= 115
An IQ score of ____ or above makes a student considered gifted
130 or above
An IQ score of _____ or below is indicative of an _____________ __________
85 or below, intellectual disability
Reliability is often known as ____________
Consistency
Validity
“Is this test measuring what it claims to measure”?
Triadic-dependent consultation model
Partnership formed between the counselor, parents, and/or school staff to provide indirect services to a student
In the Triadic-dependent consultation model, the counselor works directly with ____________, and augments that work by consulting with ___________, _________ _____________, and ___________ ______________
students, parents, school teachers, and school counselors
Collaborative-dependent consultation model is a partnership but one in which the counselor plays more of a role as _______________ rather than a _____________
participant rather than a facilitator
In the Collaborative-dependent model, the counselor is expected to contribute to ________-__________ expertise, but is not the _____ _________
problem solving, sole expert
In the Collaborative-interdependent consultation model, the partnership may be comprised of _________, __________, ___________, _________ ______________, and _____________ members, all of which play an __________ role
family, counselor, students, school personnel, and community members, equal role
Blooms taxonomy, from bottom to top: (There are 6)
- Remember
- Understand
- Apply
- Analyze
- Evaluate
- Create
Kohlberg’s 1st stage of moral development
Pre conventional
Preconventional stage broken into 2 stages, which are?
Avoiding punishment and self-interest
Preconventional stage ages and idea
ages 3-7; Moral reasoning based on Reward and Punishment
Kohlberg’s 2nd stage of moral development
Conventional
Conventional stage ages and idea
Ages 8-13; Moral reasoning based on external ethics
Conventional stage broken into 2 stages, which are?
Good boy attitude and Law and order morality
Kohlbergs 3rd stage
Post Conventional
Post Conventional stage ages and idea
Adulthood (14+) ; Moral reasoning based on personal ethics
Post Conventional Stage broken down into 2 stages, which are?
Social Contract and Principle
Maslows hierarchy of needs (from bottom of pyramid to the top) and one example
- Physiological needs (water)
- Safety and Security (health)
- Love and Belonging (Friendships)
- Self-Esteem (Confidence)
- Self-Actualization (Morality)
As a rule of thumb, younger elementary students should have group sessions last for about _____ minutes and should include _____ group members
20 minutes; 5 members
As a rule of thumb, older elementary students should have group sessions that last ____ to ______ minutes in a group of about ____
30-45 minutes; 7 members
As a rule of thumb, high school students should have group sessions that last for ____-____ minutes, in a group of about __-___ students
40-50 minutes; 6-8 students
Tuckman’s five group stages
Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning
Forming
Creating a team with clear structures, goals, directions, and roles to build trust
Storming
Team members enter conflict; stage of frustration and confusion
Norming
Member’s shift their energy to the team goals and show an increase in productivity
Performing
Team makes significant progress towards its goals;
Adjourning
Prepare to close out the group and work out feelings
At risk student definition
When a student shows decline in any or all of the areas of physical, mental, social, spiritual, or economic health, they are considered at risk
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)
Provides for continuing public education through grade 12
No Child Left Behind Act places a special focus on ensuring that states and schools boost the performance of specific groups, such as ________ __________ _________, students in _________ __________, and ______ and ____________ children
English Language Learners, special education, poor and minority children
Under the No Child Left Behind Act, states must test students in the subjects of _____ and _________ in grades 3-8 and once in _____ __________
Math and reading; High school
The Every Student Succeeds Act replaced which Act?
The No Child Left Behind Act
Family Education Rights and Privacy Act
Protects the privacy of student records
Examples of School-Wide traumas (3)
natural disasters, school shootings, and gang activity
Examples of Individual traumas (4)
Family illness, depression, domestic abuse, and suicide
Crisis intervention serves to provide __________ _______ and and help victims develop _________ ______
immediate support; Coping skills
3 logistical considerations in school crisis intervention plans
Locations, Communication needs, and other considerations
Common circumstances that precipitate suicide are ____________, ____________, and a sense of _________________ or __________________
alcoholism, depression, hopelessness or helplessness
Encouraging Students to self-report substance abuse: CAGE acronym
Cutting down, Annoyance factor, Guilt factor, Eye opener
The grief process encompasses the following five major stages?
Shock and denial, anger, bargaining, hopelessness and depression, and acceptance
Stage 1: Shock and denial; Counselors help students identify their ________
fears
Stage 2: Anger; questioning of why this loss was __________________ on ______
perpetrated on them
Stage 3: Bargaining; The student may attempt to ____________ with a ___________ ________ in an attempt to ______ the loss
negotiate, higher power, undo the loss
Stage 4: Hopelessness and depression; tends to be the ___________ stage, and may include feelings of ____________
longest; sadness
Stage 5: Acceptance; Student __________ to his or her new _____ _______________
adjusts, life circumstances
ASCA describes a comprehensive guidance program in terms of three broad topics:
Academic development, career development, personal/social development
What is disaggregated data analysis?
Studying test results for specific subgroups of students
What are responsive services provided by a comprehensive guidance program? (3)
Small group counseling, individual counseling, and teacher consultations
A teacher asks a counselor for advice on how to manage a particularly rowdy class. The counselor observes the class and suggests some classroom mangement techniques. In this situation, the counselor is assuming the role of
Helper
A guidance counselor works with a therapist from a community agency to design a program for a student with obsessive compulsive disorder. The counselor is assuming what role?
Collaborator
Brofenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory is broken down into 5 categories. They are?
Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, and Chronosystem
Primary Prevention
Intervening before effects occur
Secondary Prevention
Aims to reduce the of a behavior that has already occurred
Tertiary Prevention
Aims to soften the effect of a behavior that has become severe
Proximal Outcomes (Goals)
Short Term Goals
Distal Outcomes (Goals)
Long Term Goals
Addressing Career Development: The goal for students K-5 is ….
Career Awareness
Addressing Career Development: Middle school students should be encouraged to explore __________, investigating how their interests or strengths could lead to ____________ work
Careers; satisfying
Career Development: The focus for high school students should be on administering……..
Career inventories
Formative assessments describe skills that are being __________
formed
Formative assessments examples
Quizzes, homework, Observations
Summative assessments are used to ____________ student learning at the _____ of an instructional unit
evaluate; end (Summary)
Summative assessment examples
State assessments, District benchmarks, Final exams
3 examples of qualitative assessments?
Focus groups, interviews, and observations
The purpose of process evaluation is to determine if the __________ is appropriately _____________ in all areas
program; implemented
3 examples of databases where peer-reviewed articles can be located?
ERIC, PsychLIT, PsychINFO
4 components of the ASCA National Model
define, manage, assess, and deliver
4 themes os the ASCA National Model
Leadership, advocacy, collaboration, and systemic change
Process Data
What was the process and who was involved?
Perception Data and examples
What do people think they can do?
Examples: Pre/post test, survey, needs assessment
Outcome Data
People can show you evidence or proof of impact; What impact has it made for the long-term?
Bowlbys Attachment Theory: Pre Attachment
Ages Birth to 6 weeks; Baby shows no particular attachment to specific caregiver
Indiscriminate stage
Ages 6 weeks to 7 months; Infant begins to show preference for primary and secondary caregivers
Discriminite stage
Ages 7+ months; Infant shows strong attachment to one specific caregiver
Multiple stage
Ages 10+ months; Growing bonds with other caregivers
Brofenbrenners theory: Microsystem ex. (5)
Work, School, Friends, Family, Neighbors
Brofenbrenners theory: Mesosystem ex
Relationships between parents and teachers or interactions between peers and family
Brofenbrenners theory: Exosystem (4)
Mass media, Parents friends, Local Government, Extended family
Brofenbrenners theory: Macrosystem (4)
Culture, Political Systems, Economic system, Social Norms
Brofenbrenners theory: Chronosystem (1)
Time
