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HBM > School Age- Adolescence > Flashcards

School Age- Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

Cognitive development 7-11 years

A

Concrete Operational Stage

Development of conservation skills

Start of formal school

Theory of mind developed

Concept of finality of death developed

Industry vs Inferiority

Reasoning and problem solving

Use of mnemonic strategies

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2
Q

Morality Development in School Aged Children

A

7-11 years

Transition from self involvement to understand others

Development of awareness of right and wrong; empathy

Very rule conscious stage; evident in children’s play

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3
Q

Social changes- School aged children

A

Play and Peers

Social relationships

Hobbies develop

Relationships with teachers, coaches, after school staff

Same sex peer relationships important

Preventative interventions against bullying begins

Social comparisons

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4
Q

Adolescence- Brain changes

A

Increased white matter to grey matter volume –> improved cognitive abilities

Pruning of up to 50% of the synaptic connections made during childhood

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5
Q

Cognitive changes- Adolescence

A

Gradually develop ability for abstract or formal reasoning

Piaget’s formal operations stage

Meta cognition

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6
Q

Physical changes- Adolescence

A

Puberty is physical indicator of start of adolescence

Increased skeletal growth

Development of primary and secondary sex characteristics

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7
Q

Social changes- Adolescence

A

Increased concern about physical appearance

Develop interest in body image

Risk taking behavior increases

Increased desire for autonomy/privacy

Increased interest in word problems and social change

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8
Q

Early Adolescence

A

11-14 years

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9
Q

Puberty Onset in girls and boys

A

Girls: mean age= 10.5 years (8-13.5)

Boys: mean age= 11.5 years (9.5-13.5)

First menstruation- 11-14 years

First ejaculation- 12-15 years

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10
Q

Middle Adolescence

A

15-17 years

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11
Q

Changes in middle adolescence

A

Interest in body image increases

Normal for conflicts with parents to increase

Risk taking behavior increases

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12
Q

Late Adolescence

A

18-20 years

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13
Q

Changes in late adolescence

A

Identity crisis: defining one’s place in the world

Identity vs role confusion

Abstract, hypothetical formal reasoning skills developed

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14
Q

Which disorders are continued onto adulthood?

A

Anxiety and depression

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15
Q

Discontinuous childhood disorders

A

Conduct disorder, ADHD, enuresis, encopresis

ADHD when young –> ADD when older (not much hyperactivity)

Depression when young results in tantrums –> depression in adults more closed off

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16
Q

Intellectual Disability

A

Mild (50-69)
Moderate (35-49)

Biological and environmental causes

Ie: Downs Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome (genetic cause)

Prenatal and postnatal infections & maternal substance abuse also causes

Social challenges; poor self esteem

17
Q

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A

Child is consistently displaying extreme hostility and defiance

More common in boys than in girls before puberty but equal afterwards

18
Q

Conduct Disorder

A

More severe than ODD

Repeatedly violate the basic rights of others

Aggressive, may be physically cruel to people or animals

May steal, threaten, harm their victims

Commit crimes (including rape and homicide)

19
Q

Criteria for Conduct Disorder

A

More than 1/3 of children with conduct disorder also display ADHD

If conduct disorder persists past age 18, risk for antisocial personality disorder

20
Q

Treatment of Disruptive Behavior Disorders

A

Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for young children aged 2-7

Family therapy

Parent Management training

21
Q

Specific Learning Disorder

A

Discrepancy between ability and achievement

Impairment in reading, math, writing

22
Q

Communication disorders

A

Receptive, expressive, of mixed language disorder

Phonological disorder “top” for “stop”

Articulation disorders

23
Q

Symptoms of ADHD

A

At least 6 symptoms of in attention, persisting for at least 6 months to a degrees that is maladaptive

At least 6 symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity persisting for at least 6 months

Impairment from the symptoms in at least 2 settings

24
Q

3 types of ADHD

A

Combined type
Predominantly inattentive type
Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive type

25
Q

Causes of ADHD

A

Biological factors

Abnormal activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine and abnormalities in the frontal striatal regions of the brain

Linked to high levels of stress and family dysfunction

26
Q

Management of ADHD

A

Psychosocial and educational interventions

Pharmacological treatments

  • CNS stimulants (Ritalin)
  • increased concentration of dopamine in the brain
  • reduce activity and increase attention span
27
Q

Tourette’s Disorder

A

rare tic like behavior- involuntary motor movements and vocalizations (need to have both)

Tics begin in early childhood and continue throughout childhood and adolescence and attenuate by early adulthood

Comorbid with OCD and ADHD

Dysfunctional regulation of dopamine in the caudate nucleus

28
Q

Coprolalia

A

Utterances of obscenities and profanities

29
Q

Copropraxia

A

performance of obscene gestures

30
Q

Environmental contributions to Tic behaviors

A

Usually individuals with TS are highly attuned to sensory changes in themselves and their environment

Fatigue increases tics, Stress increases tics, Excitement increases tics

Sex hormones

Perinatal events

Exposures to stimulants

31
Q

Tourette’s Treatment

A

Habit Reversal Training

Development of tic awareness
Development of competing behaviors

Haloperidol and Risperdal are also used as treatments

32
Q

Treatment for anxiety

A

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Can add medication

33
Q

Selective Mutism

A

Consistent failure to speak in social situations where there is an expectation of speaking

The disturbance interferes in education or occupational achievement or with social communication

Failure to speak is not due to lack of knowledge of language

CBT as treatment (exposure to speaking around others)

HBM (7 decks)

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