School Age- Adolescence Flashcards
Cognitive development 7-11 years
Concrete Operational Stage
Development of conservation skills
Start of formal school
Theory of mind developed
Concept of finality of death developed
Industry vs Inferiority
Reasoning and problem solving
Use of mnemonic strategies
Morality Development in School Aged Children
7-11 years
Transition from self involvement to understand others
Development of awareness of right and wrong; empathy
Very rule conscious stage; evident in children’s play
Social changes- School aged children
Play and Peers
Social relationships
Hobbies develop
Relationships with teachers, coaches, after school staff
Same sex peer relationships important
Preventative interventions against bullying begins
Social comparisons
Adolescence- Brain changes
Increased white matter to grey matter volume –> improved cognitive abilities
Pruning of up to 50% of the synaptic connections made during childhood
Cognitive changes- Adolescence
Gradually develop ability for abstract or formal reasoning
Piaget’s formal operations stage
Meta cognition
Physical changes- Adolescence
Puberty is physical indicator of start of adolescence
Increased skeletal growth
Development of primary and secondary sex characteristics
Social changes- Adolescence
Increased concern about physical appearance
Develop interest in body image
Risk taking behavior increases
Increased desire for autonomy/privacy
Increased interest in word problems and social change
Early Adolescence
11-14 years
Puberty Onset in girls and boys
Girls: mean age= 10.5 years (8-13.5)
Boys: mean age= 11.5 years (9.5-13.5)
First menstruation- 11-14 years
First ejaculation- 12-15 years
Middle Adolescence
15-17 years
Changes in middle adolescence
Interest in body image increases
Normal for conflicts with parents to increase
Risk taking behavior increases
Late Adolescence
18-20 years
Changes in late adolescence
Identity crisis: defining one’s place in the world
Identity vs role confusion
Abstract, hypothetical formal reasoning skills developed
Which disorders are continued onto adulthood?
Anxiety and depression
Discontinuous childhood disorders
Conduct disorder, ADHD, enuresis, encopresis
ADHD when young –> ADD when older (not much hyperactivity)
Depression when young results in tantrums –> depression in adults more closed off
Intellectual Disability
Mild (50-69)
Moderate (35-49)
Biological and environmental causes
Ie: Downs Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome (genetic cause)
Prenatal and postnatal infections & maternal substance abuse also causes
Social challenges; poor self esteem
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Child is consistently displaying extreme hostility and defiance
More common in boys than in girls before puberty but equal afterwards
Conduct Disorder
More severe than ODD
Repeatedly violate the basic rights of others
Aggressive, may be physically cruel to people or animals
May steal, threaten, harm their victims
Commit crimes (including rape and homicide)
Criteria for Conduct Disorder
More than 1/3 of children with conduct disorder also display ADHD
If conduct disorder persists past age 18, risk for antisocial personality disorder
Treatment of Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for young children aged 2-7
Family therapy
Parent Management training
Specific Learning Disorder
Discrepancy between ability and achievement
Impairment in reading, math, writing
Communication disorders
Receptive, expressive, of mixed language disorder
Phonological disorder “top” for “stop”
Articulation disorders
Symptoms of ADHD
At least 6 symptoms of in attention, persisting for at least 6 months to a degrees that is maladaptive
At least 6 symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity persisting for at least 6 months
Impairment from the symptoms in at least 2 settings
3 types of ADHD
Combined type
Predominantly inattentive type
Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive type
Causes of ADHD
Biological factors
Abnormal activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine and abnormalities in the frontal striatal regions of the brain
Linked to high levels of stress and family dysfunction
Management of ADHD
Psychosocial and educational interventions
Pharmacological treatments
- CNS stimulants (Ritalin)
- increased concentration of dopamine in the brain
- reduce activity and increase attention span
Tourette’s Disorder
rare tic like behavior- involuntary motor movements and vocalizations (need to have both)
Tics begin in early childhood and continue throughout childhood and adolescence and attenuate by early adulthood
Comorbid with OCD and ADHD
Dysfunctional regulation of dopamine in the caudate nucleus
Coprolalia
Utterances of obscenities and profanities
Copropraxia
performance of obscene gestures
Environmental contributions to Tic behaviors
Usually individuals with TS are highly attuned to sensory changes in themselves and their environment
Fatigue increases tics, Stress increases tics, Excitement increases tics
Sex hormones
Perinatal events
Exposures to stimulants
Tourette’s Treatment
Habit Reversal Training
Development of tic awareness
Development of competing behaviors
Haloperidol and Risperdal are also used as treatments
Treatment for anxiety
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Can add medication
Selective Mutism
Consistent failure to speak in social situations where there is an expectation of speaking
The disturbance interferes in education or occupational achievement or with social communication
Failure to speak is not due to lack of knowledge of language
CBT as treatment (exposure to speaking around others)
