Schizophrenia Spectrum/Other Psychotic Disorders Flashcards
Brief Psychotic Disorder
DSM-5 diagnostic requirements
- requires the presence of one or more of four characteristic symptoms for at least one day but less than one month
- at least one symptom being delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech.
The four characteristic symptoms are:
1) delusions,
2) hallucinations,
3) disorganized speech (e.g., derailment, tangentiality), and
4) grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior.
Schizophreniform disorder
- requires the presence of at least two of five characteristic symptoms for at least one month but less than six months
- at least one symptom being delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech.
The five characteristic symptoms are:
1) delusions,
2) hallucinations,
3) disorganized speech,
4) grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
5) negative symptoms (e.g., avolition, alogia, anhedonia).
Schizophrenia
- requires the presence of an active phase that lasts for at least one month and includes at least two of five characteristic symptoms
- at least one symptom being delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech.
- must also be continuous signs of the disorder for at least six months that may include prodromal and/or residual phases in addition to the required active phase.
*Prodromal and residual phases consist of two or more characteristic symptoms in an attenuated form or negative symptoms only.
The five characteristic symptoms are:
1) delusions,
2) hallucinations,
3) disorganized speech,
4) grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
5) negative symptoms (e.g., avolition, alogia, anhedonia).
What are the concordance rates for Schizophrenia for the following groups;
* Parent
* Biological sibling
* Child of one parent with schizophrenia
* Dizygotic (fraternal) twins
* Child of two parents with schizophrenia
* Monozygotic (identical) twins
- Parent (6%)
- Biological sibling (9%)
- Child of one parent with schizophrenia (13%)
- Dizygotic (fraternal) twins (17%)
- Child of two parents with schizophrenia (46%)
- Monozygotic (identical) twins (48%)
A revised version of the dopamine hypothesis (Kuepper, Skinbjerg, & Abi-Dargham, 2012) predicts that the positive symptoms of schizophrenia are due to ________, while the negative symptoms are due to ________.
- dopamine hyperactivity in subcortical regions of the brain (especially in striatal areas)
- dopamine hypoactivity in cortical regions (especially in the prefrontal cortex)
Neurotransmitters that have been linked to schizophrenia include:
- dopamine
- glutamate
- serotonin.
Brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia include ________ and ________, which refers to lower-than-normal activity in the prefrontal cortex and is believed to contribute to the disorder’s ________ and ________ symptoms.
- enlarged ventricles
- hypofrontality
- negative
- cognitive
One model of schizophrenia that’s consistent with the revised dopamine hypothesis implicates cortical and subcortical regions. It predicts that dysfunction in the ________ network causes the negative symptoms of schizophrenia as well as ________ in subcortical areas of the brain that, in turn, increases the release of ________ in the striatum (________, ________, and ________) and causes the positive symptoms (Hein, et al., 2003)
temporal-limbic-frontal
disinhibition
dopamine
caudate nucleus
putamen
nucleus accumbens
Common comorbid conditions with Schizophrenia include:
- anxiety disorders
- obsessive-compulsive disorder
- tobacco use disorder (70 to 85% are tobacco users and, over half with diagnosis meet criteria for tobacco use disorder)
The psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia usually first appear between ________, with the peak age of onset being in the ________ for males and the ________ for females.
- the late teens and early 30s
- early- to mid-20s
- late-20s
A better prognosis for schizophrenia is associated with:
- female gender
- an acute and late onset of symptoms
- comorbid mood symptoms (especially depressive symptoms)
- predominantly positive symptoms
- precipitating factors
- a family history of a mood disorder
- good premorbid adjustment.
With regard to Schizophrenia, ________ is associated with non-adherence to treatment and an elevated risk for relapse .
anosognosia (a lack of insight into or awareness of one’s disorder)
Individuals with schizophrenia whose family members are high in ________ are also at increased risk for relapse.
expressed emotion
refers to emotional response of family members to a patient with schizophrenia or other mental disorder; high levels of criticism and hostility, emotional overinvolvement with the patient
With regard to cross-cultural research on the onset, course, and prognosis of schizophrenia, there’s evidence that patients living in non-Western developing countries are more likely than those living in Western industrialized countries to ________, ________, and ________ (e.g., Hopper & Wanderling, 2000).
- experience an acute onset of symptoms
- a shorter course
- a higher rate of remission
With regard to cross-cultural research on the onset, course, and prognosis of schizophrenia, studies have found that an “________” applies to schizophrenia, ________, and a number of other psychiatric disorders. It occurs when “newly arrived immigrants ________ than much more ________ (with longer US residence) or even ________” (Ajayi & Ajayi, 2008, p. 81).
- immigrant paradox
- alcohol use disorder
- have better health outcomes
- acculturated immigrants
- US born natives of the same ethnicity
