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Schizophrenia > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

Capgras syndrome

A

believes someone has been replaced by a double

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2
Q

Cotard’s syndrome

A

the person believes he or she is dead

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3
Q

2 views on delusions

A

Motivation and Deficit

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4
Q

Most common hallucination

A

Auditory (70% of people)

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5
Q

Auditory hallucinations associated with…

A

Broca’s area

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6
Q

People are hearing their own thoughts explains problem with…

A

poor emotional prosody comprehension

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7
Q

Negative symptoms

A

Avolition, Alogia, Anhednoia, Affective Flattening

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8
Q

Avolition

A

inability to initiate and persist in activities

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9
Q

Anhedonia

A

lack of pleasure

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10
Q

Alogia

A

Relative absence of speech, repetitive and simple

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11
Q

Disorganised symptoms positive or negative?

A

Positive

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12
Q

Disorganised symptoms…

A

Disorganised speech, inappropriate affect, disorganised behaviour

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13
Q

Which can you be diagnosed on exclusively? Positive or Negative symptoms?

A

Positive

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14
Q

Brief Psychotic Disorder

A

1 day

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15
Q

Schizophreniform

A

1-6 months (cause not specified) - exists so as not to ignore symptoms

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16
Q

Kreapelin labelled disorder…

A

“dimensa precox” – considered it an early form of dimensia

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17
Q

Blueler came up with concept of…

A

splitting of the mind “schiz” (split) “phrenia” (mind)

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18
Q

Prevalence

A

1.5%

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19
Q

Life expectancy

A

slightly lower due to suicide and accidents

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20
Q

For men, likelihood goes …

For women, likelihood goes…

A

Down over time

Up over time.

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21
Q

Not just increased Dopamine, but also decreased…

A

Serotonin.

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22
Q

Brain abnormalities associated with…

A

enlarged ventricles and cortical atrophy

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23
Q

Do genes or environment cause?

A

Genes aren’t causative, just predispose.

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24
Q

Any treatment to stop enlarging of ventricles or cortical atrophy?

A

nope.

25
Q

Enlarged ventricles more and men or women?

A

men.

26
Q

Dopamine hypothesis

A

increased dopamine increases positive symptoms (not conclusive)

27
Q

People with schizophrenia have more or less dopamine receptors…

A

MORE!

28
Q

Hypofrontality theory…

A

LOW levels of dopamine in parts of brain. Low leves of glutamate also.

29
Q

When glutamate levels drop, dopamine…

A

goes up!

30
Q

Hypofrontality may affect which part of brain…

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Also less connectivity between this region and others.

31
Q

HyPERfrontality also possible, suggesting…

A

dysfunctional DLPC

32
Q

Does culture impact disorder?

A

Yes. Stigma impacts disorder.

33
Q

how do traditional neuroleptics work?

A

Blocking receptors and and reducing sensitivity of post-synaptic neuron.

34
Q

What do newer neuroleptics do?

A

increase serotonin, more selective in which dopamine receptors it blocks (not D1 (motor), does block D2)

35
Q

How effective are antispychotics?

A

85% response.

36
Q

Full recovery?

A

1 in 7

37
Q

psychotic behaviour usually involves…

A

delusions or hallucinations

38
Q

Anger and antisocial personality disorder are better predictors than…

A

psychosis.

39
Q

How many experience hallucinations, delusions or both?

A

50-70%

40
Q

Which is now used? Dimensional or subtypes?

A

Dimensional.

41
Q

Historic schizophrenia subtypes

A

paranoid, disorganised, catatonic

42
Q

When do symptoms appear?

A

as early as childhood but often late adolescence to early adulthood

43
Q

early features

A

mild physical abormalities, poor motor coordination, mild cognitive and social problems. Not specific to schizophrenia, could be other problems.

44
Q

prodromal stage

A

85% of those with schizophrenia go through this stage. 1-2 year period before serious symptoms occcur. Ideas of reference, magical thinking, llusions. isolation, impaired functioning, lack of initiative, interests and energy are common.

45
Q

risk factors

A

length of time before seeking help, baseline functioning, presence of negative symptoms and disorganised symptoms

46
Q

Problems with studies assessing stress as risk factor

A

retrospective.

47
Q

Onset of symptoms usually happens as a result of..

A

environmental stress

48
Q

Cause of higher diagnoses in in minorities?

A

misdiagnosis and stress

49
Q

One gene or multiple?

A

Multiple.

50
Q

Is there a familial risk in developing schizophrenia specifically?

A

no. you inherit a general predisposition for schizophrenia that manifests in the same way or differently to your parents’. Monozygotic twins and children of 2 schiz parents have 1/2 chance of DEVELOPING schizophrenia.

51
Q

Siblings with 1 schiz parent?

A

around 17% chance of developing

52
Q

If adopted child had schiz mother…

A

5% chance of developing (compared to 1% in general population).

53
Q

If adopted child had mother with schiz or related psychotic disorder…

A

child had 22% risk of developing one of those disorders.

54
Q

Can you be a carrier despite not developing the disorder?

A

Yes, you can. 17% chance of developing if a parent has it means environment makes a difference.

55
Q

Which gene/s are to blame?

A

COMT is of interest regarding dopamine, but 128 associations thus genome-wide significance.

56
Q

Are researchers looking for schizophrenia gene(s)?

A

No. they’re looking for endophenotypes that explain symptoms.

57
Q

What is a current endophenotype for schizophrenia?

A

eye-movement/tracking. Ability to track smoothly is deficient. Also in relatives but it tapers off.

58
Q

What evidence contradicts dopamine hypothesis?

A

some people are NOT helped by neuroleptics. Although neruoleptics are fast acting, symptoms can take days or weeks to abate. These drugs are only partly helpful in reducing negative symptoms.

Schizophrenia (1 decks)

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