schizophrenia

Question 1

symptoms

Answer 1

positive symptoms:
-bizzare delusions
-inappropriate affect
-hallucinations
-incoherent thought
-odd behaviour
negative symptoms:
-follow on e.g. social withdrawal

Question 2

prevelance

Answer 2

1% of population

Question 3

causes of schiz

Answer 3

• genetic
• environmental - parenting, labelling
• drugs - cannabis

Question 4

genetics

Answer 4

-MZ twins have 45% concordance rate for schiz
-10% concordance rate fro DZ twins
t/f there must be other factors too
e.g. injury/stress

Question 5

chloropromazine

Answer 5

-binds to DA receptors so stops the DA working

Question 6

reserpine

Answer 6

-depletes brain vesicles of DA so reduces amount of DA that can be released –> DA hypothesis of schiz

Question 7

DA hypothesis

Answer 7

• cocaine/amphetamine psychosis
• cocaine/amphetamines block reuptake which creates psychosis
• drugs that reduce dopamine neurotransmission reduce psychotic symptoms

Question 8

where do dopamine bodies live?

Answer 8

substantia nigra

Question 9

what is the efficacy of anti-psychotics positively correlated with?

Answer 9

the ability to bind to DA receptors

Question 10

potency

Answer 10

strength/how well something works

Question 11

difference between D1 and D2 receptors

Answer 11

• D1 is positively coupled to adenlyate cyclase
• D2 negatively coupled to adenlyate cyclase
• chloropromazine works best with D1 receptors
• haliperidol works best with D2 receptors

Question 12

D1-like receptors

Answer 12

D1 and D5

Question 13

D2-like receptors

Answer 13

D2, D3, D4

Question 14

IBZM experiment

Answer 14

IBZM = radioactive chemical that detects dopamine receptor quantity

• have to deplete natural level of dopamine to see how much IBZM there is compared to control
• schiz had more IBZM than control

Question 15

copy number variants

Answer 15

the number of copies a particular gene in the genotype of an individual
-varies from person to person

Question 16

genetic explanation

Answer 16

• deletion of 16p region shows greater inconsistency with the way the brain responds to visual event (autism associated with it)
• deletion or duplication increases chance of schiz/autism

Question 17

brain differences

Answer 17

• enlarged ventricles
• loss of brain matter
• smaller cortex
• smaller hippocampus
• temporal lobe degeneration

Question 18

thompson, paul m. et al 2001

Answer 18

• cohort of people with early onset of schiz (12 years)
• longitudinal MRI - watch grey matter over time
• compared to controls
• severe loss in parietal, motor and temporal cortices

Question 19

eye tracking - MARKER for schiz

Answer 19

• schiz make jerky smooth pursuits
• visual deficits can explain disorientation and everyday problems they have
• research useful to train athletes
• people with schiz have difficulties with tasks involving executive functions e.g. card sorting by number/shape/colour

Question 20

cognitive

Answer 20

• cognitive defects - orientating response is attenuated
• cognitive biases - over report confrontational interactions
• attentional biases - like anxiety, over attend to negative stimuli
• reasoning bias - jumping to conclusions
• interpretational biases - hearing voices
• attributional biases

Question 21

seligman’s attributional model

Answer 21

attributions of negative events:

• internal vs external
• global vs specific
• stable vs unstable

Question 22

depression and attriubtional model

Answer 22

internal, global and stable

Question 23

schizophrenia (delusions) and attributional model

Answer 23

external, global and stable

Question 24

theory of mind

Answer 24

-distorted and exaggerated in schizophrenia - leads to delusions and persecutions
=ability to understand what someone else is thinking
-Sally-Anne task: whether they understand false beliefs
-4-5 year olds can do ToM tasks with normal functioning brain

Question 25

family

Answer 25

double blind and paradoxical communication = emotions and communication don't match - communication deviance - blaming the patient - families with high expressed emotion score view symptoms of schiz as controllable t/f blame them for their symptoms - could involve family in psychological therapy

Question 26

SES

Answer 26

- low SES associated with schiz, causes more stressors - social drift hypothesis - schiz have difficulty with employment and drift to lower SES - sociogenic hypothesis - lower SES, more stressful life events - Davey book states parental SES at time of birth isn't associated with increased risk t/f supports social drift - high external locus of control --> don't have ability to control stressors

Question 27

social labelling

Answer 27

-rosenhan 1973: 8 pseudo patients admitted to psychiatric hospitals, label caused staff to treat and judge them based on schiz

Question 28

ways of treating schizophrenia

Answer 28

- social skills training - CBT e.g. reattribution therapy - personal therapy - cognitive remediation training - family interventions - psychoeducation, supportive family management, applied family management - community care