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neuroscience + clinical yr2 > schizophrenia > Flashcards

schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

symptoms

A 
positive symptoms:
-bizzare delusions
-inappropriate affect
-hallucinations
-incoherent thought
-odd behaviour
negative symptoms:
-follow on e.g. social withdrawal
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2
Q

prevelance

A

1% of population

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3
Q

causes of schiz

A
  • genetic
  • environmental - parenting, labelling
  • drugs - cannabis
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4
Q

genetics

A

-MZ twins have 45% concordance rate for schiz
-10% concordance rate fro DZ twins
t/f there must be other factors too
e.g. injury/stress

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5
Q

chloropromazine

A

-binds to DA receptors so stops the DA working

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6
Q

reserpine

A

-depletes brain vesicles of DA so reduces amount of DA that can be released –> DA hypothesis of schiz

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7
Q

DA hypothesis

A
  • cocaine/amphetamine psychosis
  • cocaine/amphetamines block reuptake which creates psychosis
  • drugs that reduce dopamine neurotransmission reduce psychotic symptoms
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8
Q

where do dopamine bodies live?

A

substantia nigra

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9
Q

what is the efficacy of anti-psychotics positively correlated with?

A

the ability to bind to DA receptors

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10
Q

potency

A

strength/how well something works

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11
Q

difference between D1 and D2 receptors

A
  • D1 is positively coupled to adenlyate cyclase
  • D2 negatively coupled to adenlyate cyclase
  • chloropromazine works best with D1 receptors
  • haliperidol works best with D2 receptors
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12
Q

D1-like receptors

A

D1 and D5

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13
Q

D2-like receptors

A

D2, D3, D4

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14
Q

IBZM experiment

A

IBZM = radioactive chemical that detects dopamine receptor quantity

  • have to deplete natural level of dopamine to see how much IBZM there is compared to control
  • schiz had more IBZM than control
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15
Q

copy number variants

A

the number of copies a particular gene in the genotype of an individual
-varies from person to person

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16
Q

genetic explanation

A
  • deletion of 16p region shows greater inconsistency with the way the brain responds to visual event (autism associated with it)
  • deletion or duplication increases chance of schiz/autism
17
Q

brain differences

A
  • enlarged ventricles
  • loss of brain matter
  • smaller cortex
  • smaller hippocampus
  • temporal lobe degeneration
18
Q

thompson, paul m. et al 2001

A
  • cohort of people with early onset of schiz (12 years)
  • longitudinal MRI - watch grey matter over time
  • compared to controls
  • severe loss in parietal, motor and temporal cortices
19
Q

eye tracking - MARKER for schiz

A
  • schiz make jerky smooth pursuits
  • visual deficits can explain disorientation and everyday problems they have
  • research useful to train athletes
  • people with schiz have difficulties with tasks involving executive functions e.g. card sorting by number/shape/colour
20
Q

cognitive

A
  • cognitive defects - orientating response is attenuated
  • cognitive biases - over report confrontational interactions
  • attentional biases - like anxiety, over attend to negative stimuli
  • reasoning bias - jumping to conclusions
  • interpretational biases - hearing voices
  • attributional biases
21
Q

seligman’s attributional model

A

attributions of negative events:

  • internal vs external
  • global vs specific
  • stable vs unstable
22
Q

depression and attriubtional model

A

internal, global and stable

23
Q

schizophrenia (delusions) and attributional model

A

external, global and stable

24
Q

theory of mind

A

-distorted and exaggerated in schizophrenia - leads to delusions and persecutions
=ability to understand what someone else is thinking
-Sally-Anne task: whether they understand false beliefs
-4-5 year olds can do ToM tasks with normal functioning brain

25
Q

family

A

double blind and paradoxical communication = emotions and communication don’t match

  • communication deviance - blaming the patient
  • families with high expressed emotion score view symptoms of schiz as controllable t/f blame them for their symptoms
  • could involve family in psychological therapy
26
Q

SES

A
  • low SES associated with schiz, causes more stressors
  • social drift hypothesis - schiz have difficulty with employment and drift to lower SES
  • sociogenic hypothesis - lower SES, more stressful life events
  • Davey book states parental SES at time of birth isn’t associated with increased risk t/f supports social drift
  • high external locus of control –> don’t have ability to control stressors
27
Q

social labelling

A

-rosenhan 1973: 8 pseudo patients admitted to psychiatric hospitals, label caused staff to treat and judge them based on schiz

28
Q

ways of treating schizophrenia

A
  • social skills training
  • CBT e.g. reattribution therapy
  • personal therapy
  • cognitive remediation training
  • family interventions - psychoeducation, supportive family management, applied family management
  • community care

neuroscience + clinical yr2 (6 decks)

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