Schizophrenia

Question 1

Define Schizophrenia

Answer 1

Severe mental disorder where contact with reality and insight are impaired

Question 2

Two Classification systems

Answer 2

The ICD-10 : Used internationally

DSM-5: Used in America

Question 3

What does the ICD-10 require for diagnosis

Answer 3

• -

Two negative symptoms

Question 4

What does the DSM-5 require for diagnosis

Answer 4

+

At least one positive symptom is required

Question 5

Types of Schizophrenia

Answer 5

Paranoid: most common , mostly positive symp
Hebephrenic: mostly neg symps
Catatonic: Over/Under activity

Question 6

Define Positive symptom + EXAMPLE

Answer 6

Symptoms that are an addition to normal experiences

e.g Auditory hallucinations and delusions

Question 7

Define Negative symptom + EXAMPLE

Answer 7

Symptoms that represent the loss of usual experience

e.g Speech poverty and Avolition

Question 8

BELCh

Answer 8

Buckley - Co-morbidity
Escobar - Cultural bias
Longenecker - Gender bias
Cheniaux - Reliabilty and Validity

Question 9

Describe Cheniaux’s Study

Answer 9

Asked two psychiatrist to independently diagnose 100 patients with SZ using both ICD and DSM criteria. Found that the ICD overdiagnosed and DSM underdiagnosed

Inter rater reliability was very poor

Question 10

Reliability

Answer 10

Criterion validity is low, Psychiatrists do not arrive to the same conclusion as proven by Cheniaux’s study

Question 11

Describe Buckley’s findings on Co-morbidity

Answer 11

Co-morbidity: When two or more conditions occur together. e.g SZ and Depression

If Co-morb occurs often then it brings into question if its just one condition
Buckley found that SZ patients also suffered :
Depression (50%)
PTSD (30%)
OCD (23%)

This paints a confusing picture and is a weakness of diagnosis and classification

Question 12

Longenecker - Gender bias

Answer 12

Since the 80s Men more diagnosed.
- Maybe because men more genetically vulnerable
- Gender bias in diagnosis :
Women are better at interpersonal functioning
this may mask the symptoms when diagnosing thus there is under diagnosis

Question 13

Escobar - Cultural bias

Answer 13

People of African origin living in western countries are around 7x more likely to be diagnosed with SZ
- Could be due to the fact hearing things in african culture is more acceptable
or
Escobar found that mostly white practioners tended to over interpret symptoms and distrust the honesty of black people when making a diagnosis