Schizophrenia Flashcards
Names of the classifications of schizophrenia?
1) . ICD-10.
2) . DSM-5.
Who said the diagnosis of schizophrenia has low reliability?
Cheniaux et al. (2009) =
- 2 psychiatrists independently diagnose 100 patients using the classifications.
- 1 = diagnosed 26 with DSM, 44 with ICD.
- 1 = diagnosed 13 with DSM, 24 with ICD.
What does Cheniaux et al.’s study show about the validity of the classification of schizophrenia?
That it is much more likely to be diagnosed with ICD than DSM.
What did Buckley et al. (2009) find about schizophrenia being co-morbid?
- 50% of schizophrenics have depression.
- 47% have substance abuse.
Schizophrenia is co-morbid.
Who discusses gender bias as a limitation in the diagnosis of schizophrenia?
1). Longenecker et al. (2010) =
Since 1980s, men have been diagnosed more than women.
2). Cotton et al. (2009) =
Women have better interpersonal functioning skills so are better at avoiding diagnosis.
Who’s study demonstrates a concordance rate of schizophrenia in MZ/DZ twins?
Gottesman (1991).
What did Ripke et al. (2014) find in relation to candidate genes?
Studied 37,000 patients =
- found 108 separate genetic variations (candidate genes).
What did Juckel et al. (2006) find about the hyperdopaminergia in the subcortex?
Found a negative correlation between ventral striatum activity and overall negative symptoms.
What did Allen et al. (2007) find about the hypodopaminergia in the prefrontal cortex?
Hallucinations and superior temporal gyrus =
- low levels of activity in superior temporal gyrus and anterior cingulate gyrus = auditory hallucinations.
Who’s study shows that adopted twins from a schizophrenic family may still be at risk of developing schizophrenia?
Tienari et al. (2004).
How did Fromm-Reichmann (1948) explain schizophrenia?
Psychodynamic explanation =
- schizophrenic mother = mothers cause schizophrenia.
Who developed the double-blind theory as a psychodynamic approach to explaining schizophrenia?
Bateson et al. (1972).
Who talked about meta-representations as the cognitive ability to reflect on thoughts and behaviour?
Frith et al. (1992).
Who evaluated the psychodynamic approach to explaining schizophrenia?
1) . Read et al. (2005) =
- 69% of female schizophrenics (in study) had physical/sexual abuse in childhood.
- info gained after diagnosis - could have distorted experience.
2) . Stirling et al. (2006) =
- Stroop Test (colour/words).
- schizophrenics took twice as long to suppress the impulse to read the word and name the colour instead.
Name of the typical antipsychotic?
Chlorpromazine.
Name of the atypical antipsychotics?
- Clozapine.
2. Risperidone.
Who found chlorpromazine was associated with better functioning and reduced symptom severity?
Thornley et al. (2003).
Who concluded clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics?
Meltzer et al. (2012) =
- 30-50% more effective in treatment-resistant cases.
What did Pharaoh et al. (2010) find about the strategies family therapists use to prevent relapse and readmission?
They:
- Reduce stress of caring for a schizophrenic relative.
- Improve family ability to anticipate and solve problems.
- Reduce guilt and anger in family members.
- Improve beliefs about and behaviour towards schizophrenia.
Who found psychological therapies had limited benefits?
1). Jauhar et al. (2014) =
CBT had a significant but small effect on positive and negative symptoms.
2). McMonagle and Sultana (2009) =
1/3 token economies that used random allocation showed improvements.
What did Turkington et al. (2006) argue about the interactionist therapies of schizophrenia?
Its possible to use a biological diagnosis, with CBT.
- but they must take an interactionist view (not entirely biological).
Who demonstrated a link between vulnerability and stress (diathesis-stress model)?
Tienari et al. (2004) =
- studied parenting styles of adoptive parents on children adopted from schizophrenic mothers.
- parenting characterised by high criticism and low empathy increased risk of developing schizophrenia in vulnerable children.
Who claims the diathesis-stress model is too simplistic?
Houston et al. (2008) =
- stress can include biological factors.
- sexual tauma = diathesis, cannabis = trigger.
Who evaluates the diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia?
1) . Cheniaux et al. (2009).
2) . Buckley et al. (2009).
3) . Longenecker et al. (2010).
4) . Cotton et al. (2009).
Who discusses neural correlates?
1) . Juckel et al. (2006) = hyperdopaminergia.
2) . Allen at al. (2007) = hypodopaminergia.
Who evaluates the biological explanation of schizophrenia?
1). Tienari et al. (2004) = adopted children of schizophrenic families.
Who discusses the psychological explanation of schizophrenia?
1) . Fromm-Reichmann (1948) = schizophrenic mother.
2) . Bateson et al. (1972) = double-blind theory.
3) . Frith et al. (1992) = metarepresentation.
Who evaluates the psychological explanation of schizophrenia?
1) . Read et al. (2005) = 69% had physical/sexual abuse as child.
2) . Stirling et al. (2006) = Stroop Test (word/colour).
Who evaluates the biological therapies of schizophrenia?
1) . Thornley et al. (2003) = chlorpromazine = better functioning.
2) . Meltzer et al. (2012) = clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics.
3) . Healy (2002) = successful trials have been published multiple times = exaggerating effectiveness.
Who discusses the psychological therapies of schizophrenia?
1). Pharaoh et al. (2010) = family therapy.
Who evaluates the psychological therapies of schizophrenia?
1) . Jauhar et al. (2014) = CBT isn’t that effective.
2) . McMonagle and Sultana (2009) = token economy isn’t that effective.
Who discusses the interactionist approach to schizophrenia?
1) . Meehl (1962) = need schizogene and stress for schizophrenia.
2) . Turkington et al. (2006) = antipsychotic medication and CBT.
Who evaluated the interactinist approach to schizophrenia?
1) . Tienari et al. (2004) = adoptive parenting style.
2) . Houston et al. (2008) = childhood sexual trauma and cannabis = schizophrenia.
