Schizophrenia

Question 1

Names of the classifications of schizophrenia?

Answer 1

1) . ICD-10.

2) . DSM-5.

Question 2

Who said the diagnosis of schizophrenia has low reliability?

Answer 2

Cheniaux et al. (2009) =

• 2 psychiatrists independently diagnose 100 patients using the classifications.
• 1 = diagnosed 26 with DSM, 44 with ICD.
• 1 = diagnosed 13 with DSM, 24 with ICD.

Question 3

What does Cheniaux et al.’s study show about the validity of the classification of schizophrenia?

Answer 3

That it is much more likely to be diagnosed with ICD than DSM.

Question 4

What did Buckley et al. (2009) find about schizophrenia being co-morbid?

Answer 4

• 50% of schizophrenics have depression.
• 47% have substance abuse.

Schizophrenia is co-morbid.

Question 5

Who discusses gender bias as a limitation in the diagnosis of schizophrenia?

Answer 5

1). Longenecker et al. (2010) =

Since 1980s, men have been diagnosed more than women.

2). Cotton et al. (2009) =

Women have better interpersonal functioning skills so are better at avoiding diagnosis.

Question 6

Who’s study demonstrates a concordance rate of schizophrenia in MZ/DZ twins?

Answer 6

Gottesman (1991).

Question 7

What did Ripke et al. (2014) find in relation to candidate genes?

Answer 7

Studied 37,000 patients =

• found 108 separate genetic variations (candidate genes).

Question 8

What did Juckel et al. (2006) find about the hyperdopaminergia in the subcortex?

Answer 8

Found a negative correlation between ventral striatum activity and overall negative symptoms.

Question 9

What did Allen et al. (2007) find about the hypodopaminergia in the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 9

Hallucinations and superior temporal gyrus =

• low levels of activity in superior temporal gyrus and anterior cingulate gyrus = auditory hallucinations.

Question 10

Who’s study shows that adopted twins from a schizophrenic family may still be at risk of developing schizophrenia?

Answer 10

Tienari et al. (2004).

Question 11

How did Fromm-Reichmann (1948) explain schizophrenia?

Answer 11

Psychodynamic explanation =

• schizophrenic mother = mothers cause schizophrenia.

Question 12

Who developed the double-blind theory as a psychodynamic approach to explaining schizophrenia?

Answer 12

Bateson et al. (1972).

Question 13

Who talked about meta-representations as the cognitive ability to reflect on thoughts and behaviour?

Answer 13

Frith et al. (1992).

Question 14

Who evaluated the psychodynamic approach to explaining schizophrenia?

Answer 14

1) . Read et al. (2005) =
- 69% of female schizophrenics (in study) had physical/sexual abuse in childhood.
- info gained after diagnosis - could have distorted experience.
2) . Stirling et al. (2006) =
- Stroop Test (colour/words).
- schizophrenics took twice as long to suppress the impulse to read the word and name the colour instead.

Question 15

Name of the typical antipsychotic?

Answer 15

Chlorpromazine.

Question 16

Name of the atypical antipsychotics?

Answer 16

1. Clozapine.

2. Risperidone.

Question 17

Who found chlorpromazine was associated with better functioning and reduced symptom severity?

Answer 17

Thornley et al. (2003).

Question 18

Who concluded clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics?

Answer 18

Meltzer et al. (2012) =

• 30-50% more effective in treatment-resistant cases.

Question 19

What did Pharaoh et al. (2010) find about the strategies family therapists use to prevent relapse and readmission?

Answer 19

They:

1. Reduce stress of caring for a schizophrenic relative.
2. Improve family ability to anticipate and solve problems.
3. Reduce guilt and anger in family members.
4. Improve beliefs about and behaviour towards schizophrenia.

Question 20

Who found psychological therapies had limited benefits?

Answer 20

1). Jauhar et al. (2014) =

CBT had a significant but small effect on positive and negative symptoms.

2). McMonagle and Sultana (2009) =

1/3 token economies that used random allocation showed improvements.

Question 21

What did Turkington et al. (2006) argue about the interactionist therapies of schizophrenia?

Answer 21

Its possible to use a biological diagnosis, with CBT.

• but they must take an interactionist view (not entirely biological).

Question 22

Who demonstrated a link between vulnerability and stress (diathesis-stress model)?

Answer 22

Tienari et al. (2004) =

• studied parenting styles of adoptive parents on children adopted from schizophrenic mothers.
• parenting characterised by high criticism and low empathy increased risk of developing schizophrenia in vulnerable children.

Question 23

Who claims the diathesis-stress model is too simplistic?

Answer 23

Houston et al. (2008) =

• stress can include biological factors.
• sexual tauma = diathesis, cannabis = trigger.

Question 24

Who evaluates the diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia?

Answer 24

1) . Cheniaux et al. (2009).
2) . Buckley et al. (2009).
3) . Longenecker et al. (2010).
4) . Cotton et al. (2009).

Question 25

Who discusses neural correlates?

Answer 25

1) . Juckel et al. (2006) = hyperdopaminergia.

2) . Allen at al. (2007) = hypodopaminergia.

Question 26

Who evaluates the biological explanation of schizophrenia?

Answer 26

1). Tienari et al. (2004) = adopted children of schizophrenic families.

Question 27

Who discusses the psychological explanation of schizophrenia?

Answer 27

1) . Fromm-Reichmann (1948) = schizophrenic mother.
2) . Bateson et al. (1972) = double-blind theory.
3) . Frith et al. (1992) = metarepresentation.

Question 28

Who evaluates the psychological explanation of schizophrenia?

Answer 28

1) . Read et al. (2005) = 69% had physical/sexual abuse as child.
2) . Stirling et al. (2006) = Stroop Test (word/colour).

Question 29

Who evaluates the biological therapies of schizophrenia?

Answer 29

1) . Thornley et al. (2003) = chlorpromazine = better functioning.
2) . Meltzer et al. (2012) = clozapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics.
3) . Healy (2002) = successful trials have been published multiple times = exaggerating effectiveness.

Question 30

Who discusses the psychological therapies of schizophrenia?

Answer 30

1). Pharaoh et al. (2010) = family therapy.

Question 31

Who evaluates the psychological therapies of schizophrenia?

Answer 31

1) . Jauhar et al. (2014) = CBT isn’t that effective.

2) . McMonagle and Sultana (2009) = token economy isn’t that effective.

Question 32

Who discusses the interactionist approach to schizophrenia?

Answer 32

1) . Meehl (1962) = need schizogene and stress for schizophrenia.
2) . Turkington et al. (2006) = antipsychotic medication and CBT.

Question 33

Who evaluated the interactinist approach to schizophrenia?

Answer 33

1) . Tienari et al. (2004) = adoptive parenting style.

2) . Houston et al. (2008) = childhood sexual trauma and cannabis = schizophrenia.