Schizophrenia Flashcards
What is schizophrenia
A severe mental disorder where contact with reality and insight are impaired
How does the IDC-10 diagnose schizophrenia
Two or more negative symptoms are present (experiences that are lost)
How does the DSM-5 diagnose schizophrenia
One or more positive symptoms are gained
What are the positive symptoms
Hallucinations
Delusions
Bizarre behaviours
What are hallucinations
Sensory experiences that are not actually present or are distorted perceptions of reality
What are delusions
Irrational beliefs such as paranoia that have no basis in reality
What are bizarre behaviours
Behaviour that is unpredictable or inappropriate
What are the negative symptoms
Avolition
Speech poverty
Anhedonia
Catatonia
Social withdrawal
What is avolition
Loss of motivation to carry out tasks
-andreasen (1982) poor hygiene and grooming, lack of effort in work and education
What is speech poverty
Lack of the amount and quality of speech
What is anhedonia
Loss of enjoyment and pleasure
What is catatonia
Reduction in movement
AO3 reliability
Inter rater- when clinicians reach the same diagnosis for the same individual
Test retest- when the same clinician reaches the same diagnosis for a patient twice
-osorio (2019) excellent reliability for diagnosis of schizophrenia in 180 patients using DSM-5
+97 for inter rater +92 test retest
AO3 validity
-cheniaux (2009) two psychiatrists assesses 100 patients using the two methods
-68 used ICD 39 used DSM meaning schizophrenia is either over or under diagnosed
However there was great agreement between clinicians
AO3 gender bias
Men are more commonly diagnosed 1.4:1
-women are less vulnerable?
-women are more likely to have closer relationships and a better support system
Therefore better functioning (cotton 2009)
AO3 culture bias
Some symptoms have different meanings in some cultures (hearing voices)
-British Afro Caribbeans are 9x more likely to be diagnosed although those living in Afro carribean countries are not (jones 2008)
-over interpretation of symptoms in black British people, discrimination (Escobar 2012)
AO3 comorbidity
If conditions occur at the same time, validity of diagnosis is questioned
Half of those with schizophrenia also have depression or substance abuse, it might not exist as a distinct condition
AO3 symptom overlap
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have both positive and negative symptoms
They might not be two separate conditions
Harder to distinguish between and they may not exist as single conditions
