schizo

Question 1

the dopamine hypothesis suggests that dopamine neurons ______________.

Answer 1

either fire too often or too regulary

Question 2

it is thought that schizos have high numbers of the __________ receptors on receiving neurons.

Answer 2

D2

Question 3

the positive euphoric symptoms of schizophrenia result from overactivity of the _____________ pathway.

Answer 3

mesolimbic

Question 4

the negative and cognitive schizo symptoms result from _________________ dysfunction.

Answer 4

mesocortical

Question 5

D1 dopamine subfamily (D1 and D5) is linked to _________ and ________ cAMP.

Answer 5

G-alpha- stimulatory, increases

Question 6

D2 dopamine subfamily (D2,3,4) is linked _________ and ______cAMP.

Answer 6

G-alpha-inhibitory, decreases

Question 7

classical antipsychotics block the ________ receptor and cause _____________ side effects and hyperprolactinemia. they are effective against _________ symptoms.

Answer 7

D2, extrapyramidal, positive

Question 8

atypical antipsychotics weakly block the D2 receptor and _______ and ________. they have ________ extrapyramidal side effects due to weak D2 blockade. they are effective against ______ and ______ symptoms.

Answer 8

5HT2, D4, fewer, positive, negative

Question 9

extrapyramidal reactions include ______ and ______.

Answer 9

parkinsonism, akathisia (restlessness)

Question 10

the monoamine hypothesis of depression

Answer 10

depression due to deficiency in monoamine neurotransmitters, especially NE and 5HT (serotonin)

Question 11

anti-depressants act in one of three ways _________, ________ and __________, which all serve to enhance the activities of ________, _______ and/or __________.

Answer 11

block transmitter uptake, inhibit MAO, inhibit presynaptic autoreceptors, serotonin, dopamine, NE

Question 12

_____________ are non-specific blockers of NT reuptake that are also muscurinic receptor ____________. these properties bring significant side effects.

Answer 12

tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), antagonists

Question 13

_________ are more specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors and have less _____________ activity.

Answer 13

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), antimuscurinic

Question 14

CNA effect of TCA’s include initial drowsiness, lethargy, confusion, but after several weeks, _____________.

Answer 14

less confusion and mood elevation

Question 15

TCA’s are _____________, therefore dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention and sexual disfunction are autonomic symptoms.

Answer 15

anticholinergic

Question 16

the cardiovascular effect of TCA’s are _________ and _________.

Answer 16

hypotension, arrhythmias

Question 17

imipramine is a representative ________.

Answer 17

TCA

Question 18

early side effects of SSRIs include ____, _____, ______, ________, while late side effects include ______, _____, ______, _______.

Answer 18

nausea, anxiety, agitation insomnia

weight gain, asthenia (weakness), sex dysfunction, withdrawal symptoms

Question 19

t/f: SSRIs are favored over TCAs

Answer 19

true

Question 20

citalopram (celexa), excitalopram (lexapro), fluoxetine (prozac), paroxetine (paxil) and setraline (soloft) are common ______________.

Answer 20

SSRIs

Question 21

what are SNRIs?

Answer 21

serotonin and NE reuptake inhibitors

Question 22

duloxetine (cymbalta), nefazodone (serzone), venlafaxine (effexor) and desvenlafaxine (pristiq) are common ________________.

Answer 22

SNRIs

Question 23

which antidepressant drug blocks presynaptic autoreceptors by facilitating NT release, but blocking attachment to alpha-2 adrenergic receptor?

Answer 23

mirtazapine

Question 24

name 3 anti-depressant drugs that are serotonin receptor antagonists

Answer 24

nafazodone, trazodone, mirtazapine