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MBBS2 Anatomy > Scenario 23: The Anatomy of the Head and Neck > Flashcards

Scenario 23: The Anatomy of the Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neurocranium?

A

Skull cap or calvaria in cranial base and the intracranial region. Formed of frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, occipital and paired temporal and parietal bones

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2
Q

What is the viscerocranium?

A

Comprimises facial bones in anterior part of cranium. Formed of mandible, vomer, maxillae, inferior nasal conchae, zygomatic, palatine, nasal and lacrimal

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3
Q

Which bone are the styloid and mastoid process of the skull on?

A

Temporal bone

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4
Q

What is the pterion?

A

The meeting of frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones

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5
Q

What is the lambdoid?

A

Where the lambdoidal suture meets the coronal suture

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6
Q

What is formed by the frontal bone?

A

The top of head, forehead and roof of orbits

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7
Q

What is formed by the parietal bone?

A

Lateral walls and roof of cranium

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8
Q

What is formed by the occipital bone?

A

Posterior region of the skull

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9
Q

What is formed by the temporal bone?

A

Inferior lateral walls and floor of cranium

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10
Q

What does the sphenoid bone articulate with?

A

All cranial bones and palatine, zygomatic, maxillae and vomer facial bones

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11
Q

Where is the ethmoid bone found?

A

Between orbits, anteromedial floor of the cranium, roof of nasal cavity, medial wall of each orbit and part of nasal septum

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12
Q

What are the features of the ethmoid bone?

A

Crista galli, cribiform plate, orbital plate, perpendicular plate, ethmoid sinus

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13
Q

What do the palatine bones form?

A

Hard palate, nasal cavity and eye orbit

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14
Q

What do zygomatic bones form?

A

Cheekbones, lateral wall of each orbit and the cheeks

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15
Q

What do lacrimal bones form?

A

Medial wall of each orbit providing passageway for tear duct

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16
Q

Where is the maxilla?

A

Central part of facial skeleton

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17
Q

Where is vomer found?

A

Inferior posterior part of nasal septum,

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18
Q

Where is the inferior nasal conchae bone?

A

Lateral wall of nasal cavity

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19
Q

Where is the mandible?

A

Entire lower jaw

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20
Q

What are the four main sinuses in the skull?

A

Frontal, above eyes, ethmoid, along nose, sphenoid, near ear, maxillary, either side of nose

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21
Q

What is the bregma point?

A

Where coronal suture of the skull meets sagittal suture of the skull

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22
Q

What is the function of skull sutures?

A

Allow bones to move during birth by acting as an expansion joint. Allow brain to grow. More ossified with age.

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23
Q

Which vertebrae is axis and which is atlas?

A

Atalas- C1

Axis- C2

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24
Q

Which bones and brain parts are in the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal bone, ethmoid, lesser wing of sphenoid. Frontal lobe.

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25
Q

Which bones and brain parts are in the middle cranial fossa?

A

Sphenoid, petrous (of temporal). Temporal lobe,

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26
Q

Which bones and brain parts are in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Temporal bone, occipital bone. Cerebellum

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27
Q

What is the sella turnica?

A

Saddle like prominence crossing midline on superior surface of body of sphenoid where the pituitary gland sits

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28
Q

What passes through the cribiform plate?

A

CI (olfactory nerve)

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29
Q

What passes through the optic canal?

A

CII (optic nerve)

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30
Q

What passes through the superior orbital fissure?

A

CIII (oculomotor nerve) IV (trochlear nerve) VI (abductens) V1 (ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal)

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31
Q

What passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

V2 of trigeminal (Maxillary nerve)

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32
Q

What passes through the foramen ovalae?

A

V3 of trigeminal (mandibular nerve)

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33
Q

What passes through the foramen lacerum?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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34
Q

What passes through the foramen spinosum?

A

Internal carotid artery

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35
Q

What passes through the inferior auditory meatus?

A

CVII (facial) and CVIII (vestibulocochlear) nerves

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36
Q

What passes through the jugular fossa?

A

CIX (glossopharyngeal) CX (vagus) CXI (accessory) nerves

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37
Q

What passes through the hypoglossal canal?

A

CXII (hypoglossal nerve)

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38
Q

What passes through the foramen magnum?

A

Spinal cord and vertebral arteries

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39
Q

What are the three layers of meninges?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid matter, pia mater

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40
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

The outer layer of meninges, made of collagen fibres acting as a mechanically protective cover

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41
Q

What is the arachnoid matter?

A

A delicate web of non vascular connective tissue, middle layer of meninges

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42
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

Continuous with the surface of brain/cord, supports blood supply, forms choroid plexus with ependymal cells

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43
Q

What are the layers of the skull from skin to pia mater?

A

Skin of scalp, periosteum, bone of skull, periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater, potential subdural space, arachnoid, subarachnoid space, pia mater

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44
Q

What forms the middle meningeal artery and where does it supply?

A

Branch of maxillary artery which is a terminal branch of the external carotid artery. Supplies dura mater and calvaria

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45
Q

What are the parts of the brain?

A

Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, cerebellum, diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, 3rd ventricle), brainstem (mid brain, pons, medulla oblongata)

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46
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A

Fold of dura mater in longitudinal fissure which separates cerebral hemispheres

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47
Q

What is the falx cerebelli?

A

Fold of dura mater which separates cerebellar hemispheres

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48
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Extension of dura mater separating the cerebellum from the inferior partition of the occipital lobes

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49
Q

What are the branches of the circle of Willis?

A

Anterior, posterior and middle cerebral arteries, superior cerebellar artery, anterior and posterior communicating arteries, ophthalmic artery, basilar artery with potine arteries

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50
Q

What are the dural venous sinuses?

A

Spaces between periosteal and meningeal layers of dura containing venous blood

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51
Q

Name the dural venous sinuses

A

Superior and inferior sagittal sinuses, straight sinus, cavernous sinus, superior and inferior petrosal sinuses, transverse and sigmoid sinuses

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52
Q

How would an extradural, or epidural, haemorrhage occur?

A

Common following blow to head which ruptures middle meningeal artery, between dura of skull

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53
Q

How would a subdural haemorrhage occur?

A

Vein crossing subdural space bursts and blood builds up between dura mater and arachnoid.

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54
Q

Where would a subarachnoid haemorrhage occur?

A

Between arachnoid and pia mater

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55
Q

Where do the 1st and 2nd ventricles open up into the 3rd?

A

Via the inter ventricular foramen (of Monro)

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56
Q

Where is the 3rd ventricle?

A

Sitting between the two halves of diencephalon connected to 4th ventricle by cerebral aqueduct

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57
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle?

A

Lies in the posterior parts of pons and medulla and expands inferoposteriorly

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58
Q

What are the divisions of the trigeminal nerve and what are their functions?

A

Ophthalmic nerve- sensory forehead and upper nose
Maxillary nerve- sensory cheek and upper lip
Mandibular nerve- sensory to temple and jaw, motor to mastication muscles

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59
Q

What is the course of the inferior alveolar nerve?

A

A branch of the mandibular nerve, it enters through the mandibular bone through the mandibular foramen. Branches off as the inferior dental plexuses.

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60
Q

Describe the course of the facial artery

A

Branch of external carotid artery, has torturous course across face ending as angular artery at the medial side of the eye. The transverse facial artery runs just above the parotid duct and is a branch of the superficial temporal artery

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61
Q

What is the course of the facial vein?

A

Commences at the side of the root of the nose as a direct continuation of the angular vein. Lies behind facial artery. Receives blood from external palatine vein and joins anterior branch of retromandibular vein forming common facial vein which drains into internal jugular

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62
Q

Which facial muscles raise the eyebrows?

A

Epicranius: frontalis and occipitalis

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63
Q

Which facial muscle blinks and closes the eyes?

A

Orbicularis oculi

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64
Q

Which facial muscle closes and protrudes lips?

A

Orbicularis oris

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65
Q

Which facial muscle flattens cheek against teeth?

A

Buccinator

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66
Q

Which facial muscle raises the corner of the mouth?

A

Zygomaticus

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67
Q

Which facial muscle draws mouth downwards?

A

Platysma

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68
Q

What are the branches of the facial nerve (CVII)?

A

Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical

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69
Q

What is Bell’s palsy?

A

Facial paralysis due to swelling of CVII causing ptosis, drooping and dry mouth, impaired taste

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70
Q

Which nerves terminate into the parotid gland?

A

Terminal branches of VII

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71
Q

What does the scalp contain?

A

Skin, Connective tissue dense, Aponeurosis- occipito-frontalis, Loose connective tissue and Periosteum

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72
Q

What is the cutaneous innervation of the scalp?

A

Vi supraorbital nerve, Viii auriculotemporal nerve, C2 greater and lesser occipital nerves

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73
Q

What is the arterial supply of the scalp?

A

Superior orbital artery, superficial temporal artery, occipital and posterior auricular arteries

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74
Q

What may cause Panda eyes?

A

Trauma to the back of the head causing blood to pool in the eyelids via loose connective tissue of the scalp

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75
Q

What is in the vestibule of the oral cavity?

A

Teeth and mucosal inner lining of cheeks and lips

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76
Q

Where is the oral cavity proper?

A

Space between upper and lower dental arches filled by the tongue

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77
Q

What forms the boundaries of the oral cavity?

A

Maxilla and palatine form roof, maxilla and mandible form anterior boundary, floor and posterior walls are formed by soft tissue

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78
Q

Where is the soft palate?

A

Is suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate as a free margin from which the uvula hangs

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79
Q

Which muscles form the floor of the oral cavity?

A

Mylohyoid muscles and medial geniohyoid muscles, diagastric muscles externally

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80
Q

What is the vermillion border?

A

The transitional zone between mucous membrane and skin of lips

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81
Q

How many of each type of tooth is there?

A

3 pairs of molars, 2 of premolars, 1 of canines, 2 incisors in upper and lower jaw makings 32 total

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82
Q

Which nerve supplies the mucous membrane of the roof of the oral cavity?

A

Branches of maxillary nerve

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83
Q

Which nerve supplies the mucous membrane of the lateral walls and floor of the oral cavity?

A

Branches of mandibular nerve (lingual)

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84
Q

Which nerve supplies the muscles of the lateral of the oral cavity?

A

Facial nerve

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85
Q

Which nerve supplies the muscles of the floor of the oral cavity?

A

Geniohyoid- C1

Mylohyoid and diagastric belly- mandibular branch of trigeminal

86
Q

Which nerve supplies teeth?

A

Alveolar branches of the maxillary and mandibular (upper and lower respectively)

87
Q

What is the function of the tongue?

A

Mastication, taste, deglutination, articulation and oral cleansing

88
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Palatoglossus, styloglossus, hypoglossus, genioglossus

89
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Superior and inferior longitudinal transverse and vertical muscles of the tongue

90
Q

What is the innervation of the muscles of the tongue?

A

CXII- hypoglossal nerve

91
Q

What is the sensation of the anterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Lingual nerve

92
Q

What is the sensation of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

93
Q

Which nerve supplies taste to the tongue?

A

Chorda tympani nerve (CVII)

94
Q

What is the arterial supply of the tongue?

A

Lingual artery from external carotid branching into dorsal lingual artery, deep lingual artery and sublingual artery

95
Q

What is the venous drainage of the tongue?

A

Dorsal lingual veins drain dorsum and side of tongue into lingual vein into external jugular
Deep lingual vein begins at the apex of the tongue and runs posteriorly beside lingual frenulum to join the sublingual vein which joins facial vein

96
Q

What are the lymphatics of the tongue?

A

Anterior to vallate papillae the tongue is drained into central and marginal lymph vessels. Posterior 1/3 is drained by posterior lymph vessels ultimately draining into nodes around the sternocleidomastoid

97
Q

What is the purpose of the nose and nasal cavity?

A

Airway to respiration, moistens and warms inspired air, filters air to remove foreign particles, houses olfactory receptors, resonating chamber for speech

98
Q

What is the epithelial lining of the nasal cavity?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

99
Q

What is present in the lamina propria of the nasal cavity?

A

Serous and mucus acni glands which form sticky sheet for particles to stick to

100
Q

What separates oral and nasal cavities?

A

Hard palate

101
Q

What is the function of the conchae?

A

Increase tuber lance of inspired air and increases contact between air and mucosa

102
Q

What is the function of the para nasal sinuses?

A

Empty secretions into nasal cavity

103
Q

What is the sensory supply of the nasal cavity?

A

Branches of maxillary and opthalmic

104
Q

Name the cranial nerves in order.

A 
I- olfactory
II- optic
III- oculomotor
IV- trochlear
V- trigeminal
VI- abducens
VII- facial
VIII- vestibulocochlear
IX- glossopharyngeal
X- vagus
XI- accessory 
XII- hypoglossal
105
Q

What does the olfactory nerve do?

A

Smell

106
Q

What does the optic nerve do?

A

Visual fields and pupillary reactions

107
Q

What does the occulomotor nerve do?

A

Extra ocular movements

108
Q

What does the trochlear nerve do?

A

Motor to superior oblique muscle of eye

109
Q

What does the trigeminal nerve do?

A

Facial sensation, voice and speech, corneal reflexes, jaw movement

110
Q

What does the abducens nerve do?

A

Extra ocular movements

111
Q

What does the vestibulocochlear nerve do?

A

Hearing and balance

112
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve do?

A

Swalling, palate elevation, gag reflex, gustation, voice and speech

113
Q

What does the accessory nerve do?

A

Shrug shoulders, turn head

114
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve do?

A

Voice and speech, move tongue

115
Q

Which cranial nerves are located n the anterior portion of the brain?

A

I, II, III, IV

116
Q

Which cranial nerves are located in the pons?

A

V, VI and VII

117
Q

Which cranial nerve arises in the inner ear?

A

VIII

118
Q

Which cranial nerves attach to medulla oblongata?

A

IX, X, XI and XII

119
Q

Which cranial nerves are afferent only?

A

Olfactory, optic, vestibulocochlear

120
Q

Which cranial nerves are efferent only?

A

Occulomotor, trochlear, abducens, accessory, hypoglossal

121
Q

Which cranial nerves are mixed?

A

Trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

122
Q

What is the course of the olfactory nerve?

A

Enter olfactory bulb forming olfactory tract

123
Q

What is the course of the optic nerve?

A

Begins deep to optic disc and exits through optic canal and enter middle cranial fossa to form the optic chasm

124
Q

Which muscles does the oculomotor nerve control?

A

All extraocular muscles and levator palpebrae supiois

125
Q

Where does the abducens nerve run?

A

Arises in pons and supplies lateral rectus muscle after passing through superior orbital fissure

126
Q

Where are the temporal and infra temporal regions?

A

Superior and inferior to zygomatic arch

127
Q

What are the borders of the infratemporal fossa?

A

Lateral- ramus of mandible
Medial- lateral pterygoid plate
Anterior- posterior aspect of maxilla
Posterior- tympanic plate, mastoid and styloid
Superior- inferior surface of greater wing of sphenoid
Inferior- medial pterygoid muscle meets mandible

128
Q

What is the contents of the infra temporal fossa?

A

Inferior part of temporalis, lateral and medial pterygoid muscles, maxillary artery, pterygoid nervous plexus, mandibular, inferior alveolar, lingual, buccal and chorda tympani nerves and optic ganglion

129
Q

Which joint allows mastication?

A

Synovial joint between mandible and temporal bone (TMJ)

130
Q

What articulates at the TMJ?

A

The head of the mandible and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone and mandibular fossa. These surfaces are covered in fibrocartilage

131
Q

What movements are possible at the TMJ?

A

Hinge movement in lower compartment of joint between stationary disc and moving condyle
Gliding movement in upper compartment of joint between moving disc and stationary fossa

132
Q

What movements is the mandible capable of?

A

Depression, elevation, lateral excursions (L and R) protrusions and retraction

133
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A

Masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid

134
Q

What is the function of masseter?

A

Elevates mandible and can retrude mandible. Acting alone can move mandible to the same side.

135
Q

Where does masseter run?

A

From zygomatic arch to lower margin of mandible covering most of ramus

136
Q

Where does temporalis run?

A

Side of skull and coronoid process of mandible arising from temporal bone and fascia

137
Q

What is the function of temporalis?

A

Maintains normal mandibular position, elevates and retrudes mandible, ipslateral excrusion

138
Q

Where are medial and lateral pterygoids found?

A

Occuy infratemporal fossa

139
Q

What is the function of the medial pterygoid?

A

Elevate and protrude mandible, contralateral excrusion

140
Q

What is the function of the lateral pterygoid?

A

Protrude and depress mandible, contralateral excrusion

141
Q

What is the function of the suprahyoid muscle?

A

Forms floor of mouth and raises hyoid bone and larynx when mandible is stable

142
Q

What is the function of the infrahyoid muscle?

A

Depresses hyoid bone and larynx in swallowing

143
Q

How can we breathe and chew at the same time?

A

Bilateral contraction of palatoglossus muscles narrows oropharygeal isthmus and posterior part of tongue covers the gap so food is not inhaled

144
Q

Describe the swallowing reflex

A

Soft palate is raised by levator muscles and tensed by tensor muscles, superior constrictor contracts and closes nasopharynx from oropharynx. Suprahyoid muscles raise larynx to force the epiglottis over the laryngeal opening. Middle and inferior constrictors contract and push bolus into stomach. Aryepiglottic and transverse arytenoid muscles contract reducing size of laryngeal inlet. Vocal vestibular folds close.

145
Q

What are the carotid sheaths?

A

Tubes of fascia lying bilaterally on the neck which contain the common carotid artery, internal jugular vein and vagus nerve

146
Q

What are the features of the atlas?

A

Foramen transversarium, vertebral foramen and dens foramen with dens facet, anterior and posterior arches, with tubercles, lateral masses and a groove for the vertebral artery

147
Q

What are the features of the axis?

A

Bifurcating spinous processes, lamina, vertebral foramen, dens, atlas facet, inferior articular process, transverse process and superior articular facet

148
Q

Describe the deep fascia of the neck

A

Superficial investing layer and deeper layer ensheathing the structures lying within the investing layer.

149
Q

What are the attachments of the deep fascia of the neck?

A

Inferiorly it attaches to the spine and acromion process of the scapula and the manubrium sterni of each side. Superiorly it attaches to the external occipital protuberance, superior nuchal line and mastoid process

150
Q

Where does the deep fascia of the neck split?

A

Between the mastoid process and ramus of the mandible to enclose the parotid gland

151
Q

What is the pre vertebral fascia of the neck?

A

A tough membrane covering the anterior aspect of the flexor muscles extending from the base of the skull to the body of T3

152
Q

What is pre tracheal fascia?

A

Delicate fascia surrounding thyroid gland

153
Q

What is in the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Accessory nerve, 4 superficial branches of the cervical plexus, external jugular vein, sternocleidomastoid muscle

154
Q

What is in the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Suprahyoid muscles, infrahyoid muscles, cervical plexus and vagus and hypoglossal nerves. Common carotid artery which branches at the level of the hyoid into internal and external carotid branches. Anterior jugular veins.

155
Q

Where do the posterior divisions and cervical spinal nerves supply?

A

Extensor muscles of vertebral column and skin and posterior parts of scalp and neck

156
Q

Where do the anterior divisions and cervical spinal nerves supply?

A

Form cervical and brachial plexuses

157
Q

Where does the superficial phrenic nerve supply?

A

Skin of anterior and lateral parts of neck and side of head

158
Q

Where does the deep phrenic nerve supply?

A

Muscles of anterior and lateral parts of neck and side of head

159
Q

What are the cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus?

A

Lesser occipital, great auricular, accessory, transverse nerve of the neck, supraclavicular

160
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the neck?

A

Efferent vessels form jugular trunk which enters the thoracic duct on left and right. All drains to cervical nodes.

161
Q

Where is the pharynx?

A

Extends from cranial base to lower border of cricoid cartilage where it becomes continuous with the oesophagus. Lies behind the nasal, oral and laryngeal cavities

162
Q

What is the lining of the pharynx?

A

Mucosa

163
Q

Where is the nasopharynx?

A

Above the soft palate and behind the nose

164
Q

What are the walls of the nasopharynx?

A

Soft palate is the floor and the superior constrictor muscle forms the major part of the posterior wall. On the lateral wall is the opening of the pharyngotympanic and behind is the adenoid tonsil (a small mass of lymph tissue)

165
Q

Where is the oropharynx?

A

Behind the soft palate communicating anteriorly with the oral cavity

166
Q

What lies between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches?

A

Palantine tonsils

167
Q

Where is the laryngoopharynx?

A

Part of pharynx lying adjacent to the where the larynx projects up into it ending at C6

168
Q

What are the 4 muscular layers of the pharynx?

A

Mucosal coat, submucosa (tough fibrous coat anchors pharynx to base of skull), muscular coat (5 pairs of muscles form an outer semicircular, 2 inner longitudinal muscles) areolar coat covering the exterior of the pharynx (buccopharyngeal fascia)

169
Q

What is the function of the 3 constrictor muscles?

A

Contract sequentiality as peristaltic waves during swallowing

170
Q

What is the motor supply of the pharynx?

A

Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve except stylopharyngeus which is glossopharyngeal

171
Q

What is the sensory supply of the pharynx?

A

Glossopharyngeal mostly, soft palate and roof of the pharynx is by maxillary nerve. Vagus supplies the pharyngeal inlet.

172
Q

What is the arterial supply of the pharynx?

A

Ascending pharyngeal, superior and inferior thyroid, facial and maxillary arteries

173
Q

What is the venous drainage of the pharynx?

A

Veins form a plexus on the pharynx which communicates with the pterygoid plexus

174
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the pharynx?

A

Many lymph vessels pass to deep cervical lymph nodes but some posterior ones enter the neutropharyngeal ducts which lie between pre vertebral and buccopharyngeal fasciae

175
Q

What is in the external layer of the muscles of the pharynx?

A

Superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor

176
Q

What is in the internal layer of the muscles of the pharynx?

A

Palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus,

177
Q

What is the function of the internal layer of pharyngeal muscles?

A

Elevate pharynx and larynx in speaking and swallowing

178
Q

Where does the larynx lie?

A

From the base of the tongue to the trachea (C3-6). The inlet lies behind the posterior 1/3 of the tongue.

179
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

Acts as an air passageway linking pharynx with trachea, also acts as a sphincter to prevent food entering trachea and as an organ of phonation

180
Q

Which cartilages support the larynx?

A

Thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis cartilages, and the paired arytenoid, cuneiform and corniculate

181
Q

Describe the thyroid cartilage

A

Largest cartilage, 2 plates joined anteriorly in the mid line. Forming Adam’s apple in males.

182
Q

Describe the cricoid cartilage

A

Immediately below the thyroid cartilage at C6, encircles larynx

183
Q

Describe the epiglottis cartilage

A

Fibroelastic cartilage, lies behind hyoid bone posterior to tongue.

184
Q

Describe the arytenoid cartilage

A

2 pyramidal cartilages which lie on posterior lamina of cricoid cartilage and articulate with it.

185
Q

Describe the corniculate cartilage

A

2 tiny elastic cartilages sitting atop of the arytenoid cartilages extending their length

186
Q

Describe the cuneiform cartilage

A

Found in epiglottic folds

187
Q

What is the thyrohyoid membrane?

A

A fibroelastic sheet joining the inferior surface of the hyoid bone and the superior aspect of thyroid cartilage

188
Q

Where do the vocal ligaments run?

A

Elastic fibres running from vocal processes of arytenoid to the thyroid cartilage

189
Q

Where do the vestibular ligaments run?

A

From lateral borders of arytenoid cartilages to the internal lamina of the thyroid cartilage

190
Q

Where do the aryepiglottic ligaments run?

A

Pass upwards from apices of arytenoid cartilages to the lateral border of the epiglottis

191
Q

Where does the quadrangular membrane run?

A

From aryepiglottic ligament to ventricular ligament

192
Q

Where does the cricothyroid membrane run?

A

Fills space between vocal cords and cricoid cartilage

193
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Supra and infrahyoid muscles

194
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Posterior, lateral and transverse cricoarytenoid muscles, vocalis, cricothyroid

195
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Opens rims to allow passage of air in and out, close vestibule and rims glottides during swallowing to prevent aspiration of food. Control the tension in vocal cords for phonation.

196
Q

What is the motor supply of the larynx?

A

Intrinsic muscles supplied by laryngeal branches of the vagus nerve, external branches supply cricothyroid, rest by recurrent laryngeal

197
Q

What is the sensory supply of the larynx?

A

Vagus nerve sensory to larynx, internal laryngeal nerve supplies mucus membrane above the vocal fold, recurrent laryngeal supplies below this.

198
Q

What is the arterial supply of the larynx?

A

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries, superior gives off internal laryngeal branch, inferior gives inferior laryngeal branch

199
Q

What is the venous drainage of the larynx?

A

Superior and inferior thyroid veins

200
Q

What is the lymph drainage of the larynx?

A

Above the vocal folds drains to upper deep cervical lymph nodes, below to lower deep cervical lymph nodes

201
Q

How does phonation happen?

A

Vocal folds are adducted to obstruct air flow, pressure builds up until it forces the folds apart so the air can escape. The air is converted to series of puffs at a frequency decided by sub glottal pressure, mass and tension of vocal ligaments. This determines the pitch.

202
Q

How are vowel sounds formed?

A

Continuous flow of air through the oral cavity, tongue and lips modify the sound of this

203
Q

What divides the subclavian artery into 3 parts?

A

The scaleus anterior muscle

204
Q

What is the course of the vertebral artery?

A

Arises from subclavian and goes through the foramen of C1-6, winding round the atlas to enter through the foramen magnum. It forms the basilar artery by uniting with the vessel from the opposite side.

205
Q

What is the course of the thyrocervical trunk?

A

Arises from subclavian, divides into inferior thyroid, supra scapular and transverse cervical branches.

206
Q

What is the course of the costocervical trunk?

A

Arises from subclavian and divides into superior intercostal and deep cervical arteries.

207
Q

What is the course of the common carotid artery?

A

Divides into internal and external branches at upper border of thyroid cartilage

208
Q

What is the course of the internal carotid artery?

A

Continues through neck to reach skull at carotid canal. Inside the skull it supplies brain.

209
Q

Where does the inferior thyroid artery supply?

A

Inferior part of thyroid giving muscular branches and pharyngeal and inferior laryngeal branches

210
Q

Where does the transverse cervical artery supply?

A

Trapezius

211
Q

Where do the deep cervical arteries supply?

A

Muscles of neck and anastomose with the vertebral and occipital arteries

MBBS2 Anatomy (8 decks)

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