SCD terms

Question 1

occurrence/nonoccurrence agreement

Answer 1

• More conservative measure than interval agreement

* Calculated as interval agreement

Question 2

functional relation

Answer 2

• An intervention reliably produces a behavior change

* Systematic manipulation of IV results in consistent effect on DV

Question 3

baseline

Answer 3

• Background or context for viewing effects of a second type of condition
• Used to establish initial pattern of behavior
• Assessment of the DV prior to the introduction or change of the IV

Question 4

dependent variable

Answer 4

• Behavior targeted

* Changes as a function of IV

Question 5

kappa coefficient

Answer 5

• Consistency in recording categorical data reported conservatively
• Well suited for categorical and interval datak= (Po - Pc)/(1 - Pc)
• Po = proportion of agreements on occurrences and nonoccurrences
• Pc = proportion of expected agreements on the basis of chance

Question 6

replication

Answer 6

• Repeated predictions and verifications within the same study and across studies

Question 7

total agreement

Answer 7

• Total number of responses by each observer
• Index of overall occurrence of behavior(smaller total)/(larger total)× 100

• Less conservative than interval agreement

Question 8

independent variable

Answer 8

• Intervention

* Particular aspect of environment manipulated by experimenter to determine its effect on behavior

Question 9

experimental control

Answer 9

• A predictable change in behavior (DV) reliably produced by systematic manipulation of some aspect of the person’s environment (IV)
• Established by demonstrating functional relation
• Requires at least 2 manipulations

Question 10

external validity

Answer 10

• Extent to which an experiment demonstrates that the intervention accounts for change
• Extent to which results can be generalized

Question 11

causal inference

Answer 11

• Intervention is responsible for behavioral change

Question 12

testing effect

Answer 12

• Exposure to test (e.g., dependent measurement)

Question 13

hypothesis

Answer 13

• Prediction

* If IV has no effect, data path of DV will be unchanged

Question 14

interval agreement

Answer 14

• Point-by-point
• Agreement on occurrence of behavior for each interval
agreements/(agreements + disagreements)× 100

Question 15

operationalized

Answer 15

• Specified so that it is replicable

* Research questions stated in observable and measurable terms

Question 16

internal validity

Answer 16

• Extent to which observed changes in the DV are due to the IV (and not due to extraneous variables)
• Ruling out alternative explanations for results
• Shows that researcher has established experimental control

Question 17

selection bias

Answer 17

• Sample does not represent population (not relevant to SCD)

Question 18

interobserver reliability

Answer 18

• Consistency of measurement
• Applicable to DV and IV
• Agreement between observers is quantifiable

Question 19

treatment fidelity

Answer 19

• Procedural validity; procedural integrity
• Verification that IV was implemented accurately
• Accuracy in implementing experimental treatment

Question 20

threats to validity

Answer 20

• Methodological issues that are likely to rival the explanation that the intervention explained the effect

Question 21

threats to internal validity

Answer 21

• History
• Maturation
• Testing
• Instrumentation
• Statistical regression
• Selection bias
• Attrition (mortality)
• Diffusion of treatment

Question 22

threats to external validity

Answer 22

• Generalizability of findings
• Reactive assessment
• Pretest sensitization
• Multiple treatment interference