SCD Midterm 2021 Flashcards
Social Validity
relates to the relevance of what you are doing to everyday life, the acceptability of intervention, and the importance of outcomes.
Habilitation
relates to the degree to which the person’s repertoire maximizes short and long-term reinforcers for that individual and for others. Essentially, improving a person’s life by maximizing reinforcers and minimizing punishers.
4 Types of Bx Goals
(1) Preventative, (2) Setting/Institutional, (3) Concerning Bx, (4) Impairment
Bx Goal: Preventative
at-risk behaviors and/or health and safety.
Bx Goal: Setting
aligns with purpose or goals of the setting
Bx Goal: Concerning Bx
Bx are of concern to individual or others
Bx Goal: Impairment
Identified problem is a barrier to everyday functioning
Requirements for Objectivity
Observable
Requirements for Clarity
(1) unambiguous, (2) no interpretation needed, (3) “average joe” test
Requirements for Completeness
(1) inclusions (what counts), (2) exclusions (what doesn’t count), (3) examples + nonexamples.
Six Characteristics required of Single Case Design
(1) Administered repeatedly
(2) Consistency of measurement
(3) Capacity to reflect change
(4) Dimensional Scaling
(5) Relevance of the measure
(6) Importance of the measure
Define measurement
Process of assigning numbers and units to features of objects or events.
Name and describe 3 reasons measurement is important.
(1) Describe phenomena in precise, consistent, verifiable ways.
(2) Verifies the legitimacy of interventions.
(3) Holds people accountable for what they are doing.
What are the 3 measureable dimensions of Bx?
Repeatability
Temporal Extent
Temporal Locus
Repeatability refers to…
count, rate/frequency, celebration. Instances of behavior can occur repeatedly through time.
Temporal Extent refers to….
Duration. Bx occurs during some amount of time.
Temporal Locus refers to…
latency, interresponse time (IRT). Behavior occurs at a certain point in time relative to other events.
What is a continuous recording measure?
Observer records Bx throughout an observation period.
What is a product recording measure?
Measuring tangible outcomes of Bx
What is interval recording?
Recording the presence or absence of Bx during repeated, specified time periods (intervals).
Advantage of Continuous recording?
Provides an actual measure of Bx.
Point to point correspondence between the Bx and the measure.
Disadvantage of Continuous recording?
Can be labor intensive or even impossible given some practical constraints.
When would use continuous recording?
Event or duration recording
Advantage of product recording?
Observer does not have to be present.
Disadvantage of product recording?
The observer cannot necessarily determine who engaged in the behavior, when, at what rate, etc.
What is partial interval recording good for and why?
Used for behavior decrease as it overestimate’s the occurrence of behavior.
Ex: screaming or stereotypies
What is whole interval recording good for and why?
Used for behavior increase as it underestimates the occurrence of behavior.
Ex: Time engaged in seat work
What is momentary time sampling good for and why?
It is good for high frequency Bx and/or Bx increase. It neither over nor underestimates.
Ex: Time on task
Validity
extent to which your data are relevant to the Bx you are observing.
Accuracy
extent to which data matches the true occurrence.
Reliability
Yielding the same value when repeatedly exposed to target (consistency)
(Measurement Bias & Artifacts)
Complexity
Cumbersome; requires a lot of time/materials, interferes with other activities. Requires special training.
(Measurement Bias & Artifacts)
Reactivity
Data collectors may react to each other’s Bx or participants may react to data collectors presence or Bx.
(Measurement Bias & Artifacts)
Observer Drift
Altering the way a definition is applied over time.
(Measurement Bias & Artifacts)
Observer Expectations and Feedback
Expectation that a Bx should/shouldn’t occur in certain contexts
IOA Calculation
Total
Uses total count for sessions
smaller/larger #
IOA Calculation
Proportional
Breaks sessions into equal intervals. Agreement score is obtained for EACH interval by dividing smaller # by larger # x100
IOA Calculation
Exact
Break into equal intervals. Score each as agree/disagree.
of agreements / agreements + disagreements
IOA Calculation
Occurence
only looks at intervals in which someone scored occurrence.
IOA Calculation
Nonoccurrence
Looking at intervals where at least one person scored “nonoccurrence”.
IOA Calculation
Interval-by-Interval
of agreements of occurrence and nonoccurrence / total number of intervals.
Limitation of Total Interval Recording?
Does not ensure that any single recorded instance is the same one that the other observer recorded.
Limitation of Proportional Recording?
When Bx is low rate, provides too much credit for agreement on the nonoccurrence of Bx
Advantage of Proportional Recording?
Gives partial credit and reduces limitations for total agreement (time is way off but you get agreement for it).
Advantage of Exact Recording
Very conservative
Disadvantage of Exact Recording?
Can be overly stringent if observers are only off slightly on high rate Bx
Limitations of Occurrence Recording
When Bx is high rate, one person could score Bx without looking and still get high scores.
Limitations of Nonoccurrence Recording
When Bx is low rate, one person could fall asleep.
Conservative for high rate Bx.
Limitation of Interval-by-Interval Recording
When Bx is low rate, one person could fall asleep
When Bx is high rate, one person could score without looking and still get high scores.
Advantages to graphing data over others
Allows for quick and continuous analysis
Encourages independent judgment and interpretation
Unlikely to miss unstable or weak effects (conservative)
Provides a feasible way to provide all the information that allows the reader to make an evaluation.
What is the goal of graphing data
Make information as clear as possible
What is chart junk?
unnecessary and/or distracting items that do not add to or enrich the amount of information being provided.
What is Data:Ink?
The ratio of data displayed to “ink” used.
This should be as high as possible. Provide as much info as possible, using the least “ink” possible.
3 General Requirements of Single Case Design
(1) Continuous Ax
(2) Baseline (and Tx) Ax
(3) Stability of Performance
