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SPED 6700 Single Case Design > SCD Midterm 2021 > Flashcards

SCD Midterm 2021 Flashcards

1
Q

Social Validity

A

relates to the relevance of what you are doing to everyday life, the acceptability of intervention, and the importance of outcomes.

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2
Q

Habilitation

A

relates to the degree to which the person’s repertoire maximizes short and long-term reinforcers for that individual and for others. Essentially, improving a person’s life by maximizing reinforcers and minimizing punishers.

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3
Q

4 Types of Bx Goals

A

(1) Preventative, (2) Setting/Institutional, (3) Concerning Bx, (4) Impairment

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4
Q

Bx Goal: Preventative

A

at-risk behaviors and/or health and safety.

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5
Q

Bx Goal: Setting

A

aligns with purpose or goals of the setting

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6
Q

Bx Goal: Concerning Bx

A

Bx are of concern to individual or others

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7
Q

Bx Goal: Impairment

A

Identified problem is a barrier to everyday functioning

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8
Q

Requirements for Objectivity

A

Observable

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9
Q

Requirements for Clarity

A

(1) unambiguous, (2) no interpretation needed, (3) “average joe” test

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10
Q

Requirements for Completeness

A

(1) inclusions (what counts), (2) exclusions (what doesn’t count), (3) examples + nonexamples.

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11
Q

Six Characteristics required of Single Case Design

A

(1) Administered repeatedly
(2) Consistency of measurement
(3) Capacity to reflect change
(4) Dimensional Scaling
(5) Relevance of the measure
(6) Importance of the measure

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12
Q

Define measurement

A

Process of assigning numbers and units to features of objects or events.

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13
Q

Name and describe 3 reasons measurement is important.

A

(1) Describe phenomena in precise, consistent, verifiable ways.
(2) Verifies the legitimacy of interventions.
(3) Holds people accountable for what they are doing.

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14
Q

What are the 3 measureable dimensions of Bx?

A

Repeatability
Temporal Extent
Temporal Locus

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15
Q

Repeatability refers to…

A

count, rate/frequency, celebration. Instances of behavior can occur repeatedly through time.

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16
Q

Temporal Extent refers to….

A

Duration. Bx occurs during some amount of time.

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17
Q

Temporal Locus refers to…

A

latency, interresponse time (IRT). Behavior occurs at a certain point in time relative to other events.

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18
Q

What is a continuous recording measure?

A

Observer records Bx throughout an observation period.

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19
Q

What is a product recording measure?

A

Measuring tangible outcomes of Bx

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20
Q

What is interval recording?

A

Recording the presence or absence of Bx during repeated, specified time periods (intervals).

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21
Q

Advantage of Continuous recording?

A

Provides an actual measure of Bx.

Point to point correspondence between the Bx and the measure.

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22
Q

Disadvantage of Continuous recording?

A

Can be labor intensive or even impossible given some practical constraints.

23
Q

When would use continuous recording?

A

Event or duration recording

24
Q

Advantage of product recording?

A

Observer does not have to be present.

25
Q

Disadvantage of product recording?

A

The observer cannot necessarily determine who engaged in the behavior, when, at what rate, etc.

26
Q

What is partial interval recording good for and why?

A

Used for behavior decrease as it overestimate’s the occurrence of behavior.

Ex: screaming or stereotypies

27
Q

What is whole interval recording good for and why?

A

Used for behavior increase as it underestimates the occurrence of behavior.

Ex: Time engaged in seat work

28
Q

What is momentary time sampling good for and why?

A

It is good for high frequency Bx and/or Bx increase. It neither over nor underestimates.

Ex: Time on task

29
Q

Validity

A

extent to which your data are relevant to the Bx you are observing.

30
Q

Accuracy

A

extent to which data matches the true occurrence.

31
Q

Reliability

A

Yielding the same value when repeatedly exposed to target (consistency)

32
Q

(Measurement Bias & Artifacts)

Complexity

A

Cumbersome; requires a lot of time/materials, interferes with other activities. Requires special training.

33
Q

(Measurement Bias & Artifacts)

Reactivity

A

Data collectors may react to each other’s Bx or participants may react to data collectors presence or Bx.

34
Q

(Measurement Bias & Artifacts)

Observer Drift

A

Altering the way a definition is applied over time.

35
Q

(Measurement Bias & Artifacts)

Observer Expectations and Feedback

A

Expectation that a Bx should/shouldn’t occur in certain contexts

36
Q

IOA Calculation

Total

A

Uses total count for sessions

smaller/larger #

37
Q

IOA Calculation

Proportional

A

Breaks sessions into equal intervals. Agreement score is obtained for EACH interval by dividing smaller # by larger # x100

38
Q

IOA Calculation

Exact

A

Break into equal intervals. Score each as agree/disagree.

of agreements / agreements + disagreements

39
Q

IOA Calculation

Occurence

A

only looks at intervals in which someone scored occurrence.

40
Q

IOA Calculation

Nonoccurrence

A

Looking at intervals where at least one person scored “nonoccurrence”.

41
Q

IOA Calculation

Interval-by-Interval

A

of agreements of occurrence and nonoccurrence / total number of intervals.

42
Q

Limitation of Total Interval Recording?

A

Does not ensure that any single recorded instance is the same one that the other observer recorded.

43
Q

Limitation of Proportional Recording?

A

When Bx is low rate, provides too much credit for agreement on the nonoccurrence of Bx

44
Q

Advantage of Proportional Recording?

A

Gives partial credit and reduces limitations for total agreement (time is way off but you get agreement for it).

45
Q

Advantage of Exact Recording

A

Very conservative

46
Q

Disadvantage of Exact Recording?

A

Can be overly stringent if observers are only off slightly on high rate Bx

47
Q

Limitations of Occurrence Recording

A

When Bx is high rate, one person could score Bx without looking and still get high scores.

48
Q

Limitations of Nonoccurrence Recording

A

When Bx is low rate, one person could fall asleep.

Conservative for high rate Bx.

49
Q

Limitation of Interval-by-Interval Recording

A

When Bx is low rate, one person could fall asleep

When Bx is high rate, one person could score without looking and still get high scores.

50
Q

Advantages to graphing data over others

A

Allows for quick and continuous analysis

Encourages independent judgment and interpretation

Unlikely to miss unstable or weak effects (conservative)

Provides a feasible way to provide all the information that allows the reader to make an evaluation.

51
Q

What is the goal of graphing data

A

Make information as clear as possible

52
Q

What is chart junk?

A

unnecessary and/or distracting items that do not add to or enrich the amount of information being provided.

53
Q

What is Data:Ink?

A

The ratio of data displayed to “ink” used.

This should be as high as possible. Provide as much info as possible, using the least “ink” possible.

54
Q

3 General Requirements of Single Case Design

A

(1) Continuous Ax
(2) Baseline (and Tx) Ax
(3) Stability of Performance

SPED 6700 Single Case Design (1 decks)

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