SCBA Maintenance, Fire Behavior, ICS/NIMS, Tools and Equipment, Ropes/ Knots Flashcards
1
Q
SCBA care
A
Check to see Hydrostatic is current
- Inspect for damage
- Remove cylinder check main valve
- Spray Frame and Harness with water
- Scrub tank with brush, mild soap and water
- Scrub face piece and mask with soap and water (ten minute contact time) 3 pumps in and out
- Rinse and Air Dry
2
Q
Who checks the SCBA units at the fire house?
Who’s Responsible for SCBA units at the fire academy?
A
- The Driver and Fire Fighter are responsible for SCBA use and minor maintenance.
- The Cadet is responsible for checking and refilling equipment every morning.
3
Q
When are SCBA’s inspected?
AFD hydrostatic testing?
A
- SCBA are annually inspected for malfunctions
- SCBA’s get hydro static checks every 5 years
(pressure testing)
4
Q
What must a fire fighter be proficient at while changing an air tank?
A
- Changing SCBA for some one else
2. Changing Air Tank in dark and high stress situations.
5
Q
What are Cascade Machines and where are they located?
A
- Cascade machines are used to refill empty SCBA air tanks.
- They are located at Station 13, 17, The Fire Academy and Squad 1, and Squad 3 provide portable Cascade units on HAZMAT apparatus.
6
Q
Skip Breathing
A
- Do not remove face piece
- Skip Breathing helps prolong air tank
- Take a short breath (do not exhale between breaths)
- Relax with a long exhale
- Each breath in should be 5 seconds.
7
Q
Preparing for SCBA emergency
A
- Always check PPE and SCBA before use
1. Be prepared to react
2. Keep calm, stop and think
3. Notify crew and began to Exit IDLH (together)
4. If in danger activate integrated PASS Device SE7
8
Q
Toxic Gases Found in Today’s Fires
A
- Hydrogen Cyanide- A toxic gas produced by the combustion of material containing cyanide usually plastics.
- Carbon Minoxide- Toxic gas silent killer, odorless, tasteless, colorless. Binds 200 times more that O2 causing interruption in hemoglobin exchange.
- Phosgene- combustion of vinyl materials, causes Pulmonary Edema
9
Q
Air Supply Depleted
A
- Remove regulator from face piece
- Cover opening with gloved hand or flash hood
- Notify crew and move out.
- Entire crew must exit the building
10
Q
When should the Emergency By-pass mode be used? How is it activated?
A
- Purge valve must be opened when regulator failure occurs
- Once by-pass mode is activated the fire fighter should advise crew members and exit the hazardous environment together immediately
11
Q
Heat is what?
Smoke is what?
A
- Heat is energy
2. Smoke is fuel
12
Q
Fuel Controlled Fire Behavior include phenomenon?
A
- Ignition
- Growth
- Phenomenon known as flash over occurs - Fully Developed
- Decay- after full is burned out
13
Q
Ventilation Controlled Fires include phenomenon?
A
- Ignition
- Growth
- Early Decay (caused by oxygen/fuel depletion causing heavy,black,thick,turbulent smoke to ignite when ventilated.)
- Flashover Phenomenon
- Fully Developed
- Decay
14
Q
Fire is?
A
a rapid chemical process that produces heat and usually light.
15
Q
What are the three states of matter?
A
Solid, Liquid, Gas
16
Q
Pyrolysis is?
A
Decomposition of a solid brought about by high temperatures.
17
Q
What role does “surface to mass ratio” play in fire behavior?
A
Surface to mass ratio has to do with the displacement and composition of a solid object. These characteristics influence the way the solid will burn (Rate,Heat)
18
Q
At what percentage of oxygen does combustion stop?
A
14% oxygen
19
Q
Fuel Oxidizer
A
when oxygen binds chemically to another substance to create a new compound. Fire is a rapid fuel oxidizer
20
Q
Heat Release Rate?
A
speed at which the energy is released
21
Q
BTU vs. GPM
A
Heat energy is measured in British Thermal Unit, Gallons Per Minute are used to extinguish fires.
22
Q
List and describe the 2 forms of energy?
A
- Potential Energy- has the potential to exert power. Not in motion.
- Kinetic Energy- object, or substance that exerts power during motion.
23
Q
What does Energy, Work, and Power mean?
A
- Energy- heat/light produced
- Work- kinetic energy put to work
- Power- amount of work delivered over time
24
Q
Types of Energy
A
- Chemical
- Mechanical
- Electrical
- Light
- Nuclear
25
Chemical Energy?
Energy created by chemical reaction.
Exothermic- produce heat
Endothermic- absorb heat
Ex. Gasoline and ignition temperature
26
Mechanical Energy?
Energy created when two materials rub against each other/friction.
Ex. compressed air moving into cylinder
27
Electrical Energy?
Energy produced from heat running through wires
| Ex. Overloaded wires, extension cords.
28
Light Energy?
Energy produced by electromagnetic waves bundle in photons.
| Ex. Candles, fires, bulbs, and lasers
29
Nuclear Energy?
Energy produced from Fission or Fussion
Fission- the splitting of a atom into two small nuclei
Fussion- the combination of two small atom nuclei
30
Elements of a Fire Traingle? If you take one element away what happens?
1. Fuel
2. Oxygen
3. Heat
Take one element away the fire is extinguished
31
Elements of a Tetrahedron?
1. Fuel
2. Oxygen
3. Heat
4. Sustained Chemical Chain Reaction
32
Properties of complete combustion vs. incomplete?
Complete combustion emits less smoke Ex. Kitchen stove blue flame.
Incomplete emits more smoke and less flame.
Ex. Plastics and vinyl fabrics
33
Carbon plus Nitrogen?
Hydrogen Cyanide
34
Combustion is?
Rapid chemical process, fuel temperature depends on the amount of oxygen available
35
Smoke is made up of what?
1. Particles
2. Aerosols
3. Gas
36
Types of Fire Spread/Heat Transfer?
1. Conduction- the transfer of energy from molecule to another. Ex. Metal to Metal
2. Convection- the circulatory movement that occurs in a gas or liquid due to gravity and temperature differences. Ex. Heat rises
3. Radiation- transfer of heat in waves Ex. Camp Fire
37
5 Classes of Fire
1. Type A- wood, paper, cloth, ordinary combustibles. Extinguish with water
2. Type B- flammable, or combustible liquids, gases. Turn off fuel source, Foam extinguisher exclude oxygen
3. Type C- energized equipment, overloaded circuits faulty electrical appliances. Turn off electrical source fire then turns into a Type A.
4. Type D- combustibel metals, Sodium, Magnesium, Titanium shavings. Extinguish with dirt or let it burn out on its own do not use water
5. Type K- cooking oils, and fats, Ex. Kitchen Fire
Special extinguishers or smother
38
Turning solid to gas/vapors?
Sublimation
39
What is a "BOX"?
When fighting fires think of the structures as a box, including rooms inside structures.
40
What is the point of "no return"?
The point of no return is five feet into any box, fire fighter has 2 seconds to react to flash over it takes about 2 seconds to move five feet while crawling.
41
Ignition Phase
initial step Ex. lit match on paper
42
Growth Phase
occurs as the kindling starts to burn, increasing convection.
43
Fully Developed Phase
produces the maximum rate of burning. All available fuel has ignited and heat production at maximum rate.
44
Decay
the final phase period when fire is running out of fuel, rate of burning slows down, thermal radiation decreases as well
45
Flashover/Black fire
occurs between growth and fully developed phase, this is the point when fire has exhausted its fuel source and smoke has become so thick that it ignites when oxygen is introduced through ventilation. Causing temperatures to rise to 1000 to 1400 degrees. PPE does not protect against these temperatures.
46
What are signs that a flashover is imminent?
Read the smoke in closed box, thick, black, turbulent smoke cool down smoke with water. Smoke is fuel
47
Flame over/roll over
takes place during the growth phase, the flaming ignition of hot gases/ vapors that are layered in a box. 10 to 15 feet per second
48
Backdraft
Unique set of conditions required, caused by introduction of ventilation
Confined fire with large heat build up
Smoke puffing
Smoked stained windows
Turbulent smoke
Ugly yellow smoke
Backdraft is resolved with vertical ventilation
49
Volatility
amount of liquid that will be vaporized
50
Flash Point
is the lowest temperature at which a liquid fuel produces a flammable vapor
51
Flame Point/ Flame Point
the lowest temperature at which a liquid produces enough vapor to sustain a continuous fire.
52
Lower Flammable Limits
| Lower Explosive Limits
1. refers to the minimum amount of gaseous fuel that must be present in a gas/air mixture for the mix to be flammable or explosive Ex. 12.5 percent
53
Upper Flammable Limits
| Upper Explosive Limits
1. refers to the maximum amount of gaseous fuel that must be present in a gas/air mix for the mix to be flammable or explosive Ex. 74 percent
54
BLEVE
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion- BLEVE occurs when a liquid is stored in a vessel under pressure. Ex. Propane tank, vapor gas does not let water evaporate and cool itself.
55
Smoke Reading using VVDC
Smoke volume, Smoke velocity, Smoke density, Smoke color. Ex. Thick, black , aggressive, turbulent smoke signs of Flash over
56
Laminar
smoothed or streamlined flow, low pressure fire is still young
57
Turbulent smoke Flow
agitated, boiling, angry, caused by rapid molecular expansion of the gases within the box.
58
Steps of smoke reading
1. Key Attributes
2. What is influencing the key attributes
3. Determine the rate of of change
4. Predict the event
59
1. Same level smoke
2. Smoke above level
3. Smoke underneath level
1. smoke exits through the top and fresh air goes through the bottom.
2. smoke rises and opening clears
3. smoke thins, but smoke still fills the door
60
White Smoke, Brown Smoke, Grey Smoke, Black Smoke
1. white smoke is the ignition point
2. brown smoke untreated wood possible structure collapse
3. grey smoke mix of ignition points and fully developed fires
4. black smoke most toxic material for flashover
61
Factors that contribute to smoke and fire behavior
1.Size of building, wind conditions, fuel in building, thermal balance
62
Standard on a Fire Department Incident Management System
NFPA 1561 issued 1990
63
ICS
Incident command system- ensures that operations are coordinated and conducted safely and effectively. Key points Planning, supervision and communications. integrates all facets of response into comprehensive national framework.
64
NIMS Presidential Directive (HSPD-5)
National Incident Management System/ Homeland Security (2003)- The organization- provides a consistant nationwide template to enable federal, state and local governments and private-sector and non-governmental organizations to work together effectively and efficiently to prepare for, prevent, respond to, and recover from domestic incidents, regardless of cause, size or complexity including acts of terrorism. With basic concepts of flexibility and standardization, NIMS principles are now taught in every incident management course.
65
History of the ICS
1. Pre 1970's every FD did their own thing
2. Wildland operations created FIRESCOPE 1980s
3. Then FGC (Fire Ground Command) was developed for day to day operations
4. FGC and ICS were then combined to create NFPA Standard on Emergency Services incidents Management System
66
Characteristics of the ICS
1. Jurisdictional Authority
2. Applicable to all risk and hazard situations
3. Applicable to day-to-day operations as well as major incidents
4. Unity of command
5. Span of Control
6. Modular organization
7. Common Terminology
8. Integrated communications
9. Consolidated incident action plans
10. Designated incident facilites
12. Resource management
67
Unified Command (Jurisdictional Authority)
ICS option that allows representatives from mx jurisdictions or agencies to share command authority and responsibility, working together as a joint incident command team. Usually massive incidents
68
Single Command (Jurisdictional Authority)
```
The IC (Incident Commander) Single authority
running a scene usually smaller incidents
```
69
IAP
Incident Action Plans- Strategic incident objectives created by IC
70
All risk and all hazard system
managing resources at fires, floods, tornados, plane crashes, earthquakes, hazardous materials incidents or any other type of emergency.
71
Everyday Applicability
ICS should be used for everyday operation and major incidents
72
Unity of Command
Management concept in which each person has only one direct supervisor. Most qualified should run the show
73
Span of Control
refers to the number of subordinates who report to one supervisor at any level within the organization. All levels of ICS 3-5 optimal, 3-7 effectively
74
Modular organization General Staff
designed to be flexible and modular. Predefined staff include FLOP
75
FLOP - General Staff
Finance/Administration, Logistics, Operations, Planning
76
Common Terminology
each word has a single definition to avoid miscommunications
77
AFD Staging Procedures
To provide a standard system of initial placement for responding apparatus personnel and equipment prior to assignment at tactical incident.
78
Level 1 Staging
For 3 or more CO. for Fire and HAZ-MAT. First engine, ladder, rescue and Battalion Chief takes control and initiate operations. Additional units park a block away awaiting orders
79
Level 2 Staging Greater Alarm
Additional resources staged at at a central location awaiting order and will be on a different tactical channel.
80
Command Staff
1. Incident Commander- full responsibility for incident management.
2. Safety Officer- Makes sure operations are functioning in a safe manner.
3. Liaison Officer- IC's point of contact for outside agencies.
4. Public Information- Gathers and releases incident info for news media.
81
Operations
Responsible for the management of all actions related to controlling the incident
82
Planning
Responsible for developing and updating IAP (objectives)
83
Logistics
Supplies, services, resources, facilities and material during the incidents.
84
Finance/ Administrations
Accounting and financial responsibilities
85
ICP
Incident Command Post- headquarters location for the incident. Should be protected, allows command staff to function without needless distractions or interruptions.
86
Single Resource
Individual vehicle and its assigned personnel. Ex. Ladder, Engine, forcible entry, ventilation etc.
87
Crew
is a group of fire fighters operating with out apparatus
88
Division
usually refers to companies and crews working in the same geographic area
89
Group
usually refers to companies and crew working on the same task or objective although not necessarily in the same location.
90
Group Supervisor and Division Supervisor
group super must coordinate with division super. when entering geographic area.
91
Branch
higher level of combined resources than divisions and groups
92
Branch Director
appointed by IC to run a number of divisions or groups
93
Task Force
2-5 resources Ex. ladders, engines, brush trucks
| Task Force Leader
94
Strike Force
Five units of the same type under one leader a Strike Force Leader
95
To make ICS work
1. Verify that the ICS is in use
2. Repeat your assignment over the radio to verify it
3. Complete personal size-up to ensure safety
4. Account for yourself and for other team members
5. Update your supervising officer regularly
6. Provide personnel accountability reports as necessary
7. Report completion of each assignment to your supervising officer.
96
Establishing Command
1. Size up report
2. Command designation
3. Unit or individual who is assuming command
4. and initial situation report
5. initial action being taken
97
Passing Command
Option that can be used by a first arriving company officer. Allows officer to pass command to next arriving company officer. Ex. Engine 1 passing command to Engine 2.
98
Transfer of Command
1. Tactical Priorities
2. Action Plans
3. Hazardous or potentially hazardous conditions
4. Accomplishments
5. Assessment of effectiveness of operations
6. Current status of resources (assigned/working, available, En route)
7. Additional Resource Requirements
99
* Know these eight functions
1. Assumption, position, confirmation
2. Size up
3. Communication
4. Resources
5. Strategy
6. Incident organization
7. Review evaluate, Revise
8. Transfer of command and terminate
100
* AFD Command Modes
1. Nothing showing (investigative mode)
2. Fast Attack (Mobile command)
3. Command mode (stationary command post)
101
* AFD Command Levels
1. Strategic- IC level offensive/defensive strategies
2. Tactical- operations activities towards specific objectives
3. Task- work done
102
*AFD Incident Accountability System- Hazard Zone
Fire Fighter Safety
Hazard zone will be defined as an area that requires SCBA or in which a firefighter is at risk of becoming lost, trapped, or injured by the environment or structure.
103
Fire Fighter must use tools
1. Effectively- being able to reach desired goal
2. Efficiently- you produce desired effect without wasting time and energy.
3. Low visibility situations
104
Tool Safety
is a prime consideration when using any kind of tool or equipment
105
5 General functions of tools
1. Rotate
2. Push/pull
3. Pry and Spread
4. Strike
5. Cut
106
Rotating Tools (8)
Assembly and disassembly
1. Box end wrench
2. Gripping pliers
3. Hydrant wrench
4. Open end wrench
5. Pipe wrench
6. Screw driver
7. Socket Wrench
8. Spanner wrench
107
Push or pull (9)
Extend fire fighters reach
1. Ceiling hook
2. Clemens hook
3. Drywall Hook
4. K tool (for deadbolt removal)
5. Multipurpose tool
6. Pike Pole
7. Plaster hook
8. Roofman's hook
9. San Francisco hook
108
Pry and Spread (9)
Simple pry bar, complex hydraulic spreader
1. Claw Bar
2. Crow Bar
3. Flat bar
4. Halligan tool
5. Hux bar
6. Hydraulic spreader
7. Kelly tool
8. Pry bar
9. Rabbet tool (hydraulic)
109
Strike
Forcible entry, holes in wall and roof
1. Battering ram
2. Chisel
3. Chisel
4. Flat head axe
5. Hammer
6. Mallet
7. Maul
8. Pick-head axe
9. Sledgehammer
10. Spring- loaded center punch
110
Cut (9)
1. Axe
2. Bolt cutter
3. Chain saw
4. Cutting torch
5. Hacksaw
6. Handsaw
7. Hydraulic shears
8. Reciprocating saw
9. Rotary Saw
111
1. Pike poles
| 2. Closet hooks
1. puncture, grab used to check for hot spots
2. most common is a 4 foot
3. 6 to 10 ceilings
4. ladder carries 12 to 14 foot (high ceilings)
5. closet hooks 2- 4 feet
111
1. Pike poles
| 2. Closet hooks
1. puncture, grab used to check for hot spots
2. most common is a 4 foot
3. 6 to 10 ceilings
4. ladder carries 12 to 14 foot (high ceilings)
5. closet hooks 2- 4 feet
112
What tools make up the irons
Halligan- pick, Adz, and a fork, (prying tool)
| Flat head axe- 8 pounds
112
AFD Halligan Tool specs
length 30 inches
weight- 9 pounds
steel- 15/16 hexagonal forged steel
112
French hitching overstrike protection
six inches tape from hammer head, wire 12-14 gauge, six inches of tape from hammer head. Protect and extend life of handle/tool
112
AFD Push Pull hooks
1. New york
2. Trash hook
3. National hook
4. Closet hook 2-4 ft
112
French hitching overstrike protection
six inches tape from hammer head, wire 12-14 gauge, six inches of tape from hammer head. Protect and extend life of handle/tool
113
Two types of saws
1. mechanical/electrical
| 2. manual
113
Types of mechanical/electrical saws and advantages
1. rotary
2. chain
3. reciprocating
4. Mechanical/electrical saws are time savers, they cut through various materials depending on blade, and conserve FF energy
113
Types of mechanical/electrical saws and advantages
1. rotary
2. chain
3. reciprocating
4. Mechanical/electrical saws are time savers, they cut through various materials depending on blade, and conserve FF energy
114
Advantages of manual saws
Dependable always keep a set incase of mechanical failure
114
Advantages of manual saws
Dependable always keep a set incase of mechanical failure
115
AFD SOG's Tool Staging
must be appropriate to need, located outside or convenient interior location
115
AFD SOG's Tool Staging
must be appropriate to need, located outside or convenient interior location
116
AFD Tool Maintenance (3)
1. Identify problem fix or have resource management fix problem
2. only fix if you know what your doing
3. once tool has been expected and maintenance need identified maintenance can proceed
116
AFD Tool Maintenance (3)
1. Identify problem fix or have resource management fix problem
2. only fix if you know what your doing
3. once tool has been expected and maintenance need identified maintenance can proceed
117
Power tools
1. Remove dirt/debris
2. Fill with fuel or charge
3. Replace dull damaged blades
4. inspect belts
5. ensure guards are in place
6. clean inspect hydraulic hoses
7. inspect power cords
117
Hand tools
1. remove dirt and debris
2. soap and water
3. dry tools
4. sharpen cutting tools
5. inspect for damage
6. avoid painting tools (hides defects)
117
Power tools
1. Remove dirt/debris
2. Fill with fuel or charge
3. Replace dull damaged blades
4. inspect belts
5. ensure guards are in place
6. clean inspect hydraulic hoses
7. inspect power cords
118
Cutting tools
1. no paint
2. remove gouges, nicks to protect from rust
3. sharpen with file, then hone
4. 1/4 inch blade thickness
5. Mechanical saws any combination of 3 teeth missing replace
118
Cutting tools
1. no paint
2. remove gouges, nicks to protect from rust
3. sharpen with file, then hone
4. 1/4 inch blade thickness
5. Mechanical saws any combination of 3 teeth missing replace
119
Axe, Hammers, Poles
1. no paint- hides possible defects inspect and lightly oil to prevent rust
119
Axe, Hammers, Poles
1. no paint- hides possible defects inspect and lightly oil to prevent rust
120
Pry Bars
1. Clean, Prime and paint
120
Pry Bars
1. Clean, Prime and paint
121
Block Creel
virgin fiber creates strength without knots or slices in the yarns, ply yars, strand, braids, or rope. its 150 ft of rope the fibers are 150 ft each
121
Lock pullers
1. K-tool keep clean and sharpened
2. A tool keep clean and sharpened no mushrooming
3. Duck Bill keep clean
122
TIC/TID
Thermal imaging camera/device
122
TIC/TID
Thermal imaging camera/device
123
Method of knot tying
1. dress it
2. load it
3 set it
124
NFPA 1983
Standard on Life Safety Rope and Equipment for Emergency Services
124
Types of knots (11)
1. Safety knot
2. Half hitch
3. Clove hitch
4. figure 8
5. figure 8 with a bight
6. figure 8 with a follow trough
7. bowline
8. becket/sheet bend
9 hand cuff knot
10. water knot
11. square knot
125
Elements of a knot (3)
1. Bight
2. Loop
3. Run around
126
Method of knot tying
1. dress it
2. set it (safety)
3. load it
127
What is a figure 8 with a follow through used for?
to combine two ropes of the same diameter
128
What is a becket/sheet bend used for?
to combine two ropes of different diameters
129
3 inches of red at the end of ropes
means the safety rope is now a utility rope
130
Types of harnesses
1. Type-1 belts for ladder use
2. Type- 2 seat harness used to support a fire fighter in rescue situations
3. Type- 3 chest harness used to support a fire fighter who is being raised or lowered on a life safety rope.
131
Kernmantel Rope
either dynamic or static, two distinct parts, the kern (inner part of the rope 70% of its strength and mantle (outer layer 30% strength)
132
Dynamic Rope
is designed to be elastic and will stretch when loaded (usually used as safeline)
133
Static
will not stretch under load.
134
Twisted rope
Laid ropes individual fibers twisted into strands
135
Braided Rope
Weaving of fibers
136
Block Creel
without knots or slices in the yarns, ply yars, strand, braids, or rope. its 150 ft of rope the fibers are 150 ft each
137
Synthetic Fibers
used as life lines one time use- (nylon 1938, polyester, polypropylene, and polyethylene.) generally stronger, use smaller diameters without sacrificing strength. Resistant to rotting/mildew, resistance to burning and melting and some can float in water.
138
Natural Fibers
used as utility belts, drawback: lose load-carrying ability over time, mildew, absorb 50% of their weight in water, and degrade quickly.
139
Utility Rope
-used in most other cases, when it is not necessary to support the weight of a person, hoisting or lowering tools or equipment.
140
Life support rope
- used only for saving people. During training or during firefighting, rescue or other emergency ops. Rated for either one or two persons.
141
One person vs two person
light duty life safety rope (300lbs)
general duty life safety rope (600lbs)
142
What synthetic rope floats
Polypropylene
143
Signs of possible rope deterioration
1. Discoloration
2. Shiny Marking from heat or friction
3. Damaged sheath
4. Core fibers poking through the sheath
5. Flat spots
144
Rope Rescue Incidents
1. Trench Rescue
2. Confined- Space Rescue
3. Water Rescue
145
Care of Rope
1. Care
2. Clean
3. Inspect
4. Store
146
1. Working end
2. Standing point
3. Running end
1. part of the rope used for forming the knot
2. in between the working end and the running end
3. the part of the rope used for lifting or hoisting
147
3 inches of red at the end of ropes
means the safety rope is know a utility rope
148
NFPA 1561
ICS
