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SC T1 Flashcards

1
Q

Smoking in reproductive and early childhood effects

A
  • Infertility
  • Preterm delivery
  • Still birth
  • Low birthweight
  • Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
  • Cleft palate and lips
  • Eye problems
  • Colic, wheezing, & respiratory disorders
  • Cancer causing agents in infants blood (Potentially carcinogenic genetic mutations & childhood leukemia)
  • Learning, developmental, & behavioral problems
  • asthma
  • Other respiratory & ear infections
  • NICU
  • Infant death- perinatal disorders
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2
Q

Mainstream (Secondhand smoke)

A
  • Substances that are given off by burning cigarette when smoker exhales.
  • 4000+ compounds measured in both mainstream & sidestream smoke.
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3
Q

Sidestream (Secondhand smoke)

A
  • Enters the atmosphere from the end of a burning cigarette.
  • Principal contributor to Environmental tobacco exposure (ETS: environmental tobacco smoke)
  • No filter and significantly higher concentration of toxin & carcinogenic cmpds.
  • 2x tar and nicotine
  • 3x benzopyrene
  • 3x CO
  • 3x ammonia
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4
Q

Contributions to tobacco exposure

A
  • 3000 deaths from lung cancer
  • 35,000+ deaths from heart disease
  • 300,000 respiratory tract infections in children
  • Residual tobacco smoke contamination remains after cigarette is extinguished.
  • Offgas gas is from clothes
  • Residual smell on carpets, furniture, and clothing contains the same chemicals in cigarettes
  • Children are most at ris because they have a higher metabolic rate, less body mass, and breathe faster.
  • Important to remove the child from the space
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5
Q

Forms of tobacco

A

Cigarettes
Cigars
Pipes
Clove cigarettes
Spit smokeless tobacco
Bidis
E cigarettes
Disposable products

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6
Q

Clove cigarettes

A

Kreteks
Chicartas

Tobacco mixed with chopped cloves
Contains 2x tar
Nicotine and CO
Imported from Indonesia & Pakistan

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7
Q

Spit smokeless tobacco (Types)

A

Snuff
Chewing tobacco

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8
Q

Snuff (Spit smokeless tobacco)

A

 Leaf is processed into powder and mix with flavors

Pinch, dip, or quid between lower lip or cheek and gum and it is sucked

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9
Q

Chewing tobacco (Spit smokeless tobacco)

A

Shredded leaf

Pressed into bricks or cakes

Dried and twisted rope like strands

Wad placed in mouth and then chewed or sucked

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10
Q

Bidis (Beadies)

A

Tobacco different from that so many US

Import from India

Flavored

Can contain 4x more nicotine

2x tar as US cigarettes

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11
Q

Dissolvable products

A

Camel orbs

Camel sticks

Camel strips

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12
Q

Camel Orbs

A

Pellet

Look : TIC TAC

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13
Q

Camel Sticks

A

“Toothpick” with nicotine

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14
Q

Dissolvable products

A

Made from finally ground tobacco

Nicotine deliveries high

2009 release date

Sell between $4.00 and $4.50

Nicotine in cigarettes, but they create a desire for cigarettes “Gateway” Effect

High risk for infant ingestion (Rapidly absorb, may enhance toxicity”

No Spitting required

Dissolves in your mouth

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15
Q

Short term (quit smoking)

A

Improved BP and circulation
Drop and CO levels
Cornerry hard disease wrist begins to decrease in a year of absence (1/2)
Lung function begins to improve
IMPROVED: Sense of smell/taste

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16
Q

Long-term (quit smoking)

A

Decrease risk heart disease

Decrease risk stroke

Lung cancer rates decrease 30% to 50% after 10 years

RISK: after 5yrs (1/2)
Oral cancer
Esophageal cancer
Bladder cancer
Cervical cancer

Decrease respiratory problems

Overall improvement in health and quality of life:
Ex smokers have less SOB, fatigue
Quit before 50 yo half risk of death & subsequent 15 yes vs smokers

17
Q

Seven first line medication for smoking cessation

A
  1. Five nicotine
    NRT (Nicotine Replacement Therapy)
    Nicotine gum
    Nicotine inhaler
    Nicotine license
    Nicotine nasal spray
    Nicotine patch
  2. Non-nicotine

Bupropion SR
Varenicline (Chanticleer)

18
Q

Bupropion SR

A

Anxiolytic & antidepressant

19
Q

Varenicline (Chantix)

A

It works by the vacuum the pleasant effects of nicotine on the brain.

About 20% of patients taking VARENICLINE will be continuously absent from smoking for one year after treatment.

The drug should be directed to use in patients who have failed an NRT and or

Bupropion or

Bupropion is contraindicated.

20
Q

Clonidine

A

Antihypertensive

May reduce withdrawal symptoms (has significant side effects)

21
Q

Mecamylamine

A

Nicotine antagonist

May be effective in reducing desire to smoke

22
Q

Nortriptyline

A

Tricyclic antidepressant

23
Q

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for smoking cessation

A

Fluoxetine
Sertraline
Paroxetine
Naltrexone

24
Q

Alternative interventions for smoking cessation

A

Aversion therapy
Hypnotherapy
Acupuncture
Acupressure
Electro acupressure
Exercise

25
Q

E cigarettes (facts/ marketing)

A
  • Battery operated
  • nicotine cartridges
  • other chemicals
  • marketed and sold young
  • no Health warning comparable to other nicotine contain products
  • flavors, e.g. chocolate & mint
  • Not submitted to FDA for eval or approval
  • Amt nicotine or other chem unknown
    Diethylene glycol (antifreeze) (glycine based- sticks to lungs)
    Carcinogens, other chemicals
26
Q

A cigarettes on the market

A

Products examined, meet the definition; Combo drug- device (Under the federal food, drug and cosmetic act)

He six and other products. I’m not trunks/devices unless the market for therapeutic purposes

Products derive from tobacco rag as tobacco products under FD&C Act

27
Q

Nicotine Addiction pathway

A

10-20 seconds after inhaling a puff, nicotine reached the brain

Binds with the nicotinic receptor, autonomic ganglia, the medulla oblongata & neuromuscular junctions

Increases nicotine receptor sites 2 to 3 fold

28
Q

Smoking Causes

A

Coronary Artery Dz

Reduced circulation by narrowing the blood vessels

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

29
Q

Adverse health effects of smoking

A

Postmenopausal women smokers
LOWER bone density

Women smokers
INCREASE risk of hip fracture than women

30
Q

Pregnant Women & Smoking

A

1/2 women do not stop smoking

Number of passive smokers unknown

31
Q

Physical Dependency

A

Addiction: includes tolerance with withdrawal

32
Q

Psychological Dependency

A

Compulsion and indulgence

85% of people who experiment become dependent

33
Q

Psycho-social aspects of smoking

A

Modeling: mimic people they admire

Advertising: Images of the beautiful people, target women, minorities, adolescents, direct marketing- ads

Physical addiction
Smell & taste of tobacco
Psychological habit
Drinking & stress relief
Social pressure from tobacco companies
Family members and smoking buddies

34
Q

Smoking rates US

A

2003 21.5%
2004 20.8%
2005 20.8%
2006 20.8%
2008 20.6%
2009 20.6%
2010 19.3%

20% of 8S students use tobacco 22.3% you cigarettes

90% of smokers start before age 21

Approx 69% of smokers want to quit completely

Approx 52% of smokers attempted to put in 2010

35
Q

Nicotine Addiction : Pleasurable Effects

A

Enhances intellectual skill
Enhanced memory
Improved problem solving behavior
Reduced appetite

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