SC T1 Flashcards
Smoking in reproductive and early childhood effects
- Infertility
- Preterm delivery
- Still birth
- Low birthweight
- Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
- Cleft palate and lips
- Eye problems
- Colic, wheezing, & respiratory disorders
- Cancer causing agents in infants blood (Potentially carcinogenic genetic mutations & childhood leukemia)
- Learning, developmental, & behavioral problems
- asthma
- Other respiratory & ear infections
- NICU
- Infant death- perinatal disorders
Mainstream (Secondhand smoke)
- Substances that are given off by burning cigarette when smoker exhales.
- 4000+ compounds measured in both mainstream & sidestream smoke.
Sidestream (Secondhand smoke)
- Enters the atmosphere from the end of a burning cigarette.
- Principal contributor to Environmental tobacco exposure (ETS: environmental tobacco smoke)
- No filter and significantly higher concentration of toxin & carcinogenic cmpds.
- 2x tar and nicotine
- 3x benzopyrene
- 3x CO
- 3x ammonia
Contributions to tobacco exposure
- 3000 deaths from lung cancer
- 35,000+ deaths from heart disease
- 300,000 respiratory tract infections in children
- Residual tobacco smoke contamination remains after cigarette is extinguished.
- Offgas gas is from clothes
- Residual smell on carpets, furniture, and clothing contains the same chemicals in cigarettes
- Children are most at ris because they have a higher metabolic rate, less body mass, and breathe faster.
- Important to remove the child from the space
Forms of tobacco
Cigarettes
Cigars
Pipes
Clove cigarettes
Spit smokeless tobacco
Bidis
E cigarettes
Disposable products
Clove cigarettes
Kreteks
Chicartas
Tobacco mixed with chopped cloves
Contains 2x tar
Nicotine and CO
Imported from Indonesia & Pakistan
Spit smokeless tobacco (Types)
Snuff
Chewing tobacco
Snuff (Spit smokeless tobacco)
 Leaf is processed into powder and mix with flavors
Pinch, dip, or quid between lower lip or cheek and gum and it is sucked
Chewing tobacco (Spit smokeless tobacco)
Shredded leaf
Pressed into bricks or cakes
Dried and twisted rope like strands
Wad placed in mouth and then chewed or sucked
Bidis (Beadies)
Tobacco different from that so many US
Import from India
Flavored
Can contain 4x more nicotine
2x tar as US cigarettes
Dissolvable products
Camel orbs
Camel sticks
Camel strips
Camel Orbs
Pellet
Look : TIC TAC
Camel Sticks
“Toothpick” with nicotine
Dissolvable products
Made from finally ground tobacco
Nicotine deliveries high
2009 release date
Sell between $4.00 and $4.50
Nicotine in cigarettes, but they create a desire for cigarettes “Gateway” Effect
High risk for infant ingestion (Rapidly absorb, may enhance toxicity”
No Spitting required
Dissolves in your mouth
Short term (quit smoking)
Improved BP and circulation
Drop and CO levels
Cornerry hard disease wrist begins to decrease in a year of absence (1/2)
Lung function begins to improve
IMPROVED: Sense of smell/taste
Long-term (quit smoking)
Decrease risk heart disease
Decrease risk stroke
Lung cancer rates decrease 30% to 50% after 10 years
RISK: after 5yrs (1/2)
Oral cancer
Esophageal cancer
Bladder cancer
Cervical cancer
Decrease respiratory problems
Overall improvement in health and quality of life:
Ex smokers have less SOB, fatigue
Quit before 50 yo half risk of death & subsequent 15 yes vs smokers
Seven first line medication for smoking cessation
- Five nicotine
NRT (Nicotine Replacement Therapy)
Nicotine gum
Nicotine inhaler
Nicotine license
Nicotine nasal spray
Nicotine patch - Non-nicotine
Bupropion SR
Varenicline (Chanticleer)
Bupropion SR
Anxiolytic & antidepressant
Varenicline (Chantix)
It works by the vacuum the pleasant effects of nicotine on the brain.
About 20% of patients taking VARENICLINE will be continuously absent from smoking for one year after treatment.
The drug should be directed to use in patients who have failed an NRT and or
Bupropion or
Bupropion is contraindicated.
Clonidine
Antihypertensive
May reduce withdrawal symptoms (has significant side effects)
Mecamylamine
Nicotine antagonist
May be effective in reducing desire to smoke
Nortriptyline
Tricyclic antidepressant
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for smoking cessation
Fluoxetine
Sertraline
Paroxetine
Naltrexone
Alternative interventions for smoking cessation
Aversion therapy
Hypnotherapy
Acupuncture
Acupressure
Electro acupressure
Exercise
E cigarettes (facts/ marketing)
- Battery operated
- nicotine cartridges
- other chemicals
- marketed and sold young
- no Health warning comparable to other nicotine contain products
- flavors, e.g. chocolate & mint
- Not submitted to FDA for eval or approval
- Amt nicotine or other chem unknown
Diethylene glycol (antifreeze) (glycine based- sticks to lungs)
Carcinogens, other chemicals
A cigarettes on the market
Products examined, meet the definition; Combo drug- device (Under the federal food, drug and cosmetic act)
He six and other products. I’m not trunks/devices unless the market for therapeutic purposes
Products derive from tobacco rag as tobacco products under FD&C Act
Nicotine Addiction pathway
10-20 seconds after inhaling a puff, nicotine reached the brain
Binds with the nicotinic receptor, autonomic ganglia, the medulla oblongata & neuromuscular junctions
Increases nicotine receptor sites 2 to 3 fold
Smoking Causes
Coronary Artery Dz
Reduced circulation by narrowing the blood vessels
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Adverse health effects of smoking
Postmenopausal women smokers
LOWER bone density
Women smokers
INCREASE risk of hip fracture than women
Pregnant Women & Smoking
1/2 women do not stop smoking
Number of passive smokers unknown
Physical Dependency
Addiction: includes tolerance with withdrawal
Psychological Dependency
Compulsion and indulgence
85% of people who experiment become dependent
Psycho-social aspects of smoking
Modeling: mimic people they admire
Advertising: Images of the beautiful people, target women, minorities, adolescents, direct marketing- ads
Physical addiction
Smell & taste of tobacco
Psychological habit
Drinking & stress relief
Social pressure from tobacco companies
Family members and smoking buddies
Smoking rates US
2003 21.5%
2004 20.8%
2005 20.8%
2006 20.8%
2008 20.6%
2009 20.6%
2010 19.3%
20% of 8S students use tobacco 22.3% you cigarettes
90% of smokers start before age 21
Approx 69% of smokers want to quit completely
Approx 52% of smokers attempted to put in 2010
Nicotine Addiction : Pleasurable Effects
Enhances intellectual skill
Enhanced memory
Improved problem solving behavior
Reduced appetite
