SBA Trigger Words

Question 1

Microcephalic, small eyes
Cleft lip/palate
Polydactyly
Scalp lesions

Answer 1

Patau’s syndrome - trisomy 13

Question 2

Micrognathia
Low-set ears
Rocker bottom feet
Overlapping of fingers

Answer 2

Edwards syndrome - trisomy 18

Question 3

Learning difficulties
Macrocephaly
Long face
Large ears
Macro-orchidism

Answer 3

Fragile X

Question 4

Webbed neck
Pectus excavatum
Short stature
Pulmonary stenosis

Answer 4

Noonan’s syndrome

Question 5

Micrognathia
Posterior displacement of the tongue (may result in upper airway obstruction)
Cleft palate

Answer 5

Pierre-Robin syndrome

Similar to Treacher-Collins syndrome

Question 6

Hypotonia
Hypogonadism
Obesity

Answer 6

Prader-Willi syndrome

Question 7

Short stature
Learning difficulties
Friendly, extrovert personality
Transient neonatal hypercalcaemia
Supravalvular aortic stenosis

Answer 7

Williams syndrome

Question 8

Fever initially
Itchy, rash starting on head/trunk before spreading. Initially macular then papular then vesicular
Systemic upset is usually mild

Answer 8

Chickenpox

Question 9

Prodrome: irritable, conjunctivitis, fever
Koplik spots: white spots (‘grain of salt’) on buccal mucosa
Rash: starts behind ears then to whole body, discrete maculopapular rash becoming blotchy & confluent

Answer 9

Measles

Question 10

Fever, malaise, muscular pain

Parotitis (‘earache’, ‘pain on eating’): unilateral initially then becomes bilateral in 70%

Answer 10

Mumps

Question 11

Rash: pink maculopapular, initially on face before spreading to whole body, usually fades by the 3-5 day
Lymphadenopathy: suboccipital and postauricular

Answer 11

Rubella

Question 12

Lethargy, fever, headache

‘Slapped-cheek’ rash spreading to proximal arms and extensor surfaces

Answer 12

Erythema Infectiosum
Also known as fifth disease or ‘slapped-cheek syndrome’
Caused by parvovirus B19

Question 13

Fever, malaise, tonsillitis
‘Strawberry’ tongue
Rash - fine punctate erythema sparing face

Answer 13

Scarlet fever

Reaction to erythrogenic toxins produced by Group A haemolytic streptococci

Question 14

Mild systemic upset: sore throat, fever

Vesicles in the mouth and on the palms and soles of the feet

Answer 14

Hand, foot and mouth disease

Caused by the coxsackie A16 virus

Question 15

abnormal tone early infancy
delayed motor milestones
abnormal gait
feeding difficulties

Answer 15

Cerebral palsy

Question 16

Typically an erythematous nappy rash which involve the flexures and has characteristic satellite lesions

Answer 16

Candida dermatitis

Question 17

erythematous nappy rash with flexural sparing is seen

Answer 17

Irritant dermatitis

Question 18

Erythematous rash with flakes in infant. May be coexistent scalp rash

Answer 18

Seborrhoeic dermatitis

Question 19

A less common cause of nappy rash characterised by an erythematous scaly rash also present elsewhere on the skin

Answer 19

Psoriasis

Question 20

Softening of the cartilage of the patella
Common in teenage girls
Characteristically anterior knee pain on walking up and down stairs and rising from prolonged sitting
Usually responds to physiotherapy

Answer 20

Chondromalacia patellae

Question 21

Seen in sporty teenagers
Pain, tenderness and swelling over the tibial tubercle

Gradual in onset and initially mild and intermittent, but may progress to become severe and continuous.
Relieved by rest and made worse by kneeling and activity, such as running or jumping.

Answer 21

Osgood-Schlatter disease

tibial apophysitis

Question 22

Knee Pain after exercise

Intermittent swelling and locking

Answer 22

Osteochondritis dissecans

Question 23

Medial knee pain due to lateral subluxation of the patella

Knee may give way

Answer 23

Patella subluxation

Question 24

More common in athletic teenage boys
Chronic anterior knee pain that worsens after running
Tender below the patella on examination

Answer 24

Patella Tendonitis

Question 25

age-related sensorineural hearing loss

Audiometry shows bilateral high-frequency hearing loss

Answer 25

Presbycusis

Question 26

Onset is usually at 20-40 years - features include:
conductive deafness
tinnitus
tympanic membrane - 10% of patients may have a ‘flamingo tinge’, caused by hyperaemia
positive family history

Answer 26

Otosclerosis

Autosomal dominant, replacement of normal bone by vascular spongy bone.

Question 27

More common in middle-aged adults
recurrent episodes of vertigo, tinnitus and hearing loss (sensorineural). Vertigo is usually the prominent symptom
a sensation of aural fullness or pressure is now recognised as being common
other features include nystagmus and a positive Romberg test
episodes last minutes to hours

Answer 27

Ménière’s disease

Question 28

Recent viral infection
Sudden onset
Nausea and vomiting
Hearing may be affected

Answer 28

Viral labyrinthitis

Question 29

Recent viral infection
Recurrent vertigo attacks lasting hours or days
No hearing loss

Answer 29

Vestibular neuritis

Question 30

Gradual onset
Triggered by change in head position
Each episode lasts 10-20 seconds

Answer 30

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Question 31

hearing loss, tinnitus and sensation of fullness or pressure in one or both ears

Answer 31

Ménière’s disease

Question 32

Elderly patient

Dizziness on extension of neck

Answer 32

Vertebrobasilar ischaemia

Question 33

Hearing loss, vertigo, tinnitus
Absent corneal reflex is important sign
Associated with neurofibromatosis type 2

Answer 33

Acoustic neuroma