SB7 Flashcards
What is a Hormone?
Organic Chemical Messenges produced and secreted by an endocrine cell.
Released by endocrine glands
Describe what is an Endocrine system?
A system made up of various endocrien glands, which controls body functions throug hormones.
Releases hormones into the blood which then these hormones reach the target organs.
Features of the Endocrine System
- Ductless
- Rich Supply of blood
- Hormones produced by the endocrine glands are secreted into the bloodstream.
- Hormones travel in the blood to target cells close by or faraway from point of secretion.
- Hormone receptors have specific binding sites on to the target cells
Define Exocrine Glands
Secretes and releases substances through openings onto your body’s surface.
Such as sweat, enzymes mucus and sebum
Organs used in exocrine system
- Sweat glands which produce sweat in sweat ducts for thermoregulation
- Liver through bile ducts producing bile dor emulsificiation.
- Pancrease which secretes pencreatic juices contsining digestic enzyme from pancreatic ducts.
- Memory glands which through a memory duct release milk to nourish the body
Dfferent Endocrine Organs
- Anterior Pituitary Gland
- Posterior Pituitary Gland
- Kidney
- Thyroid Gland
- Hypothalamus
- Pineal Gland
Name several hormones produced in the Anterior Pituitary Gland?
- Growth Hormone(GH)
-Promotes growth of tissues (if hypersecretion then gigantism, if undersecretion then dwarfism) - Prolactin (Promotes milk production)
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormome (TSH)
-(Stimulates thyroid to release thyroxine)
4.ACTH (stimulates adrenaline)
- Follicle Stimulating Hormome(FSH)
-(Stimulates gamete production) - Luteinizing Hormone(LH)
-(Stiumates the ovary to release oestrogen and progrstrone in females)
-(Stimulates testes which releases Testosterone in males)
Hormones produced in Posterior Pituitary
- Antidiuretuc Hormone(ADH)
-Stinulates water reabsorption by kidneys - Oxytocin
-Stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth
Describe Thyroid in Endocrine Organ and effects of hypo and hyper secretions of thyroxine
Produces Thyroxine and Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone
1) Thyroxine Stimulates metabolism(all the reactions taking place within a cell)
2) Calcitonin Reduces blood Ca levels
3)Patathyroid Hormone increases blood Calcium levels
(calcium is used for bones and teeth)
Hyposecretion of Thyroxine results in Goitre, enlargement of thyroid. which occurs due to a lack of iodine from iodine salts.
Hypersecretion of thyroxine increases BMR
Describe Different Endocrine Glands in the kidney
1) Adrenal Cortex Glands
2) Adrenal Medulla Gland
3) Pancreas
What does adrenal cortext gland release?
1) Aldosterone-increases blood sodium levels
2) Cortico Steroids-increases blood glucose levels
Describe the hormone produced in the adrenal medulla gland?
Adrenaline which stimulates fight or flight reaction
Describe the Pancreas
The pancreas contains both endocrien and exocrine glsnds. Found below the stomache and shaped similar to a leaf like organ.
Releases Insulin and Glucagon Hormones which target the organ the liver.
Glucagon is produced by Alpha cells, Beta cells produce insulin and Delta cells producd stomatostatin
Describe Glucoregulation
Glucoregulation refers to the body’s homeostasis/balance of glucose levels in the blood.
If glucose levels are too high, the pancreas releases insulin which goes to the liver, which converts glucose into glycogen and storing glucose, reducing glucose blood levels.
If glucose levels are too low the pancreas releases glucagon which goes to the liver which converts glycogen to glucose increasing glucose blood levels.
Describe different Hormones found in
1) Ovary 2) Testes
Ovary
1) Oestrogen which thickens the uterine wall and controls secondary sexual characteristics
2) Progesterone maintains the thickening of uterine wall
Testes
1) Testosterone which controls the production of sperm and secondary sexual characteristics in males
Describe a Positive Feedback Loop
Positive feedback loop is in which a process by which a stimulus causes a response which will increase the stimulation
EG) Oxytocin in childbirth and Adrenaline
Least common Hormone Action
Describe a Negative feedback loop
Negative feedback loop tries to maintain a median.(Homeostasis)
It achieves this through receptors detecting a change and initiating a response that will counter that change
EG) Blood Glucose Levels, Temperature, Blood Oxygen levels and CO2 Levels
Describe the negative feedback loop of Thyroxine
Occurs in the hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary
Hypothalamus>TRH> Anterior Pituitary>TSH>Thyroid>Thyroxine>
Hypothalamus
Hypersecretion of Thyoxine
If thyroxine is in high amounts then it inhibits the hypthoalamus which lowrrs production of TRHs which decreases anterior pituitarys production of TSH increasing thyroid production which decreases thyoxine.
Hyposecretion of Thyroxine
If thyroid levels is less it stimulates hypothalamus which increases TRH increasing production of TSH in pituitary hland stimulating production of thyroid so thyroxine levels increase
What stimulates Adrenaline
Things that stimulate adrenaline
-Public speaking
-Slydiving
-a jumpscare
-talking to someone you have a crush on
Effects of adrenaline to organs
1) Heart increases heartrate to increase bloodflow so more oxygen and glucose is available in our cells
2) Lungs increase in breathing rate so more oxygen reaches into cell muscles so aerobic respiration increases so more energy
3) Blood vessels in the lungs dilate more so more glucose and oxygen are available while some other vessels contract to decrease glucose and oxygen levels in those areas such as the digestive system
4) Liver stores glycogen, adrenaline favours the breakdown of glycogen to glucose to increase rate of respiration so more energy in the body
other effects of adrenaline
dilation of pupil so more light reaches rods and cones
dry mouth as salivary glands dexrease
faster brearhinf
heart pounding
tense muscles
slow difestion
decrease in sensitivity of pain
What is the menstral cycle?
A cycle of changes in the woman’s reproductive system that takes about 28 Days.
Prepares the womans body for the fertilidatoon of an egg cell leading to pregnancy
Cycle continues from puberty(around12yrs) to menopause(early 50s)
Organs involved in the menstral cycle and hormones produced
Ovary releases
FSH(follicle stimulating hormone)
-causes the mutation of an egg in the ovary
LH(luteinizing hormone)
- stimulates the release of the eggcell
Anterior Pituitary releases
oestrogen
-involved in repairing and thickening the uterus lining
progestrone
-maintains the uterus lining
What is Primary and secondary sexual characteristics?
Primary Sexual Characteristics
-Enable human beings to reproduce.
-Characteristics when we are born in(occurs in birth)
Secondary sexual characteristics
-occurs in puberty
-men 13-15(lower voice, developed muscles and alot of facial and body hair)
-women 11-14 (higher voice, breasts,wider hips, little body hair)